Estrogen increases KISS1 expression in newly generated immortalized KISS1-expressing cell line derived from goat preoptic area.

Kisspeptin neurons located in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) are suggested to be responsible for the induction of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge and the following luteinizing hormone (LH) surge to regulate female mammals' ovulation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the preovulatory level of estrogen activates the POA kisspeptin neurons (estrogen positive feedback), which in turn induces a GnRH/LH surge. This study aimed to derive a cell line from goat POA kisspeptin neurons as an in vitro model to analyze the estrogen positive feedback mechanism in ruminants. Neuron-derived cell clones obtained by the immortalization of POA tissue from a female Shiba goat fetus were analyzed for the expression of kisspeptin (KISS1) and estrogen receptor α (ESR1) genes using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and three cell clones were selected as POA kisspeptin neuron cell line candidates. One cell line (GP64) out of the three clones showed significant increase in the KISS1 level by incubation with estradiol for 24 h, indicating that the GP64 cells mimic endogenous goat POA kisspeptin neurons. The GP64 cells showed immunoreactivities for kisspeptin and estrogen receptor α and retained a stable growth rate throughout three passages. Further, intracellular calcium levels in the GP64 cells were increased by the KCl challenge, indicating their neurosecretory ability. In conclusion, we generated a new KISS1-expressing cell line derived from goat POA. The current GP64 cell line could be a useful model to elucidate the estrogen positive feedback mechanism responsible for the GnRH/LH surge generation in ruminants.

Neuronal Lhx1 expression is regulated by DNMT1-dependent modulation of histone marks.

Apart from the conventional view of repressive promoter methylation, the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was recently described to modulate gene expression through a variety of interactions with diverse epigenetic key players. We here investigated the DNMT1-dependent transcriptional control of the homeobox transcription factor LHX1, which we previously identified as an important regulator in cortical interneuron development. We found that LHX1 expression in embryonic interneurons originating in the embryonic pre-optic area (POA) is regulated by non-canonic DNMT1 function. Analysis of histone methylation and acetylation revealed that both epigenetic modifications seem to be implicated in the control of Lhx1 gene activity and that DNMT1 contributes to their proper establishment. This study sheds further light on the regulatory network of cortical interneuron development including the complex interplay of epigenetic mechanisms.

Hippocampal CA1 Somatostatin Interneurons Originate in the Embryonic MGE/POA.

Oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) interneurons constitute 40% of hippocampal interneurons expressing Somatostatin (SST). Recent evidence has indicated a dual origin for these cells in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), with expression of Htr3a as a distinguishing factor. This is strikingly different from cortical SST interneurons that have a single origin within the MGE/preoptic area (POA). We reassessed the origin of hippocampal SST interneurons using a range of genetic lineage-tracing mice combined with single-cell transcriptomic analysis. We find a common origin for all hippocampal SST interneurons in NKX2-1-expressing progenitors of the telencephalic neuroepithelium and an MGE/POA-like transcriptomic signature for all SST clusters. This suggests that functional heterogeneity within the SST CA1 population cannot be attributed to a differential MGE/CGE genetic origin.

The DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Controls the Shape and Dynamics of Migrating POA-Derived Interneurons Fated for the Murine Cerebral Cortex.

The proliferative niches in the subpallium generate a rich cellular variety fated for diverse telencephalic regions. The embryonic preoptic area (POA) represents one of these domains giving rise to the pool of cortical GABAergic interneurons and glial cells, in addition to striatal and residual POA cells. The migration from sites of origin within the subpallium to the distant targets like the cerebral cortex, accomplished by the adoption and maintenance of a particular migratory morphology, is a critical step during interneuron development. To identify factors orchestrating this process, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and detected Dnmt1 expression in murine migratory GABAergic POA-derived cells. Deletion of Dnmt1 in postmitotic immature cells of the POA caused defective migration and severely diminished adult cortical interneuron numbers. We found that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) preserves the migratory shape in part through negative regulation of Pak6, which stimulates neuritogenesis at postmigratory stages. Our data underline the importance of DNMT1 for the migration of POA-derived cells including cortical interneurons.

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the mouse optic nerve originate in the preoptic area.

The present study aims to examine the origin of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the mouse optic nerve (ON) by labeling OPCs in the fetal forebrain. The labeling of OPCs in the ON was performed by injection of a retrovirus vector carrying the lacZ gene into the lateral ventricle, or by inducible Cre/loxP of Olig2-positive cells. The retrovirus labeling revealed that ventricular zone-derived cells of the fetal forebrain relocated to the ON and differentiated into oligodendrocytes. In addition, lineage tracing of Olig2-positive cells and whole-mount staining of PDGFRα-positive cells demonstrated that OPCs appeared by E12.5 in the preoptic area, and spread caudally to enter the ON. Our results also suggest that OPCs generated during the early stage are depleted from the ON after maturation.

Vascular Influence on Ventral Telencephalic Progenitors and Neocortical Interneuron Production.

The neocortex contains glutamatergic excitatory neurons and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory interneurons. Extensive studies have revealed substantial insights into excitatory neuron production. However, our knowledge of the generation of GABAergic interneurons remains limited. Here we show that periventricular blood vessels selectively influence neocortical interneuron progenitor behavior and neurogenesis. Distinct from those in the dorsal telencephalon, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in the ventral telencephalon responsible for producing neocortical interneurons progressively grow radial glial fibers anchored to periventricular vessels. This progenitor-vessel association is robust and actively maintained as RGPs undergo interkinetic nuclear migration and divide at the ventricular zone surface. Disruption of this association by selective removal of INTEGRIN ß1 in RGPs leads to a decrease in progenitor division, a loss of PARVALBUMIN and SOMATOSTATIN-expressing interneurons, and defective synaptic inhibition in the neocortex. These results highlight a prominent interaction between RGPs and periventricular vessels important for proper production and function of neocortical interneurons.

The COUP-TFII/Neuropilin-2 is a molecular switch steering diencephalon-derived GABAergic neurons in the developing mouse brain.

The preoptic area (POa) of the rostral diencephalon supplies the neocortex and the amygdala with GABAergic neurons in the developing mouse brain. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the pathway and destinations of POa-derived neurons have not yet been identified. Here we show that Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII)-induced expression of Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) and its down-regulation control the destination of POa-derived GABAergic neurons. Initially, a majority of the POa-derived migrating neurons express COUP-TFII and form a caudal migratory stream toward the caudal subpallium. When a subpopulation of cells steers toward the neocortex, they exhibit decreased expression of COUP-TFII and Nrp2. The present findings show that suppression of COUP-TFII/Nrp2 changed the destination of the cells into the neocortex, whereas overexpression of COUP-TFII/Nrp2 caused cells to end up in the medial part of the amygdala. Taken together, these results reveal that COUP-TFII/Nrp2 is a molecular switch determining the pathway and destination of migrating GABAergic neurons born in the POa.

Effect of Testosterone on Neuronal Morphology and Neuritic Growth of Fetal Lamb Hypothalamus-Preoptic Area and Cerebral Cortex in Primary Culture.

Testosterone plays an essential role in sexual differentiation of the male sheep brain. The ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN), is 2 to 3 times larger in males than in females, and this sex difference is under the control of testosterone. The effect of testosterone on oSDN volume may result from enhanced expansion of soma areas and/or dendritic fields. To test this hypothesis, cells derived from the hypothalamus-preoptic area (HPOA) and cerebral cortex (CTX) of lamb fetuses were grown in primary culture to examine the direct morphological effects of testosterone on these cellular components. We found that within two days of plating, neurons derived from both the HPOA and CTX extend neuritic processes and express androgen receptors and aromatase immunoreactivity. Both treated and control neurites continue to grow and branch with increasing time in culture. Treatment with testosterone (10 nM) for 3 days significantly (P < 0.05) increased both total neurite outgrowth (35%) and soma size (8%) in the HPOA and outgrowth (21%) and number of branch points (33%) in the CTX. These findings indicate that testosterone-induced somal enlargement and neurite outgrowth in fetal lamb neurons may contribute to the development of a fully masculine sheep brain.

Dopaminergic Neurons Controlling Anterior Pituitary Functions: Anatomy and Ontogenesis in Zebrafish.

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons located in the preoptico-hypothalamic region of the brain exert a major neuroendocrine control on reproduction, growth, and homeostasis by regulating the secretion of anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) hormones. Here, using a retrograde tract tracing experiment, we identified the neurons playing this role in the zebrafish. The DA cells projecting directly to the anterior pituitary are localized in the most anteroventral part of the preoptic area, and we named them preoptico-hypophyseal DA (POHDA) neurons. During development, these neurons do not appear before 72 hours postfertilization (hpf) and are the last dopaminergic cell group to differentiate. We found that the number of neurons in this cell population continues to increase throughout life proportionally to the growth of the fish. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation analysis suggested that this increase is due to continuous neurogenesis and not due to a phenotypic change in already-existing neurons. Finally, expression profiles of several genes (foxg1a, dlx2a, and nr4a2a/b) were different in the POHDA compared with the adjacent suprachiasmatic DA neurons, suggesting that POHDA neurons develop as a distinct DA cell population in the preoptic area. This study offers some insights into the regional identity of the preoptic area and provides the first bases for future functional genetic studies on the development of DA neurons controlling anterior pituitary functions.

Identification of the optic recess region as a morphogenetic entity in the zebrafish forebrain.

Regionalization is a critical, highly conserved step in the development of the vertebrate brain. Discrepancies exist in how regionalization of the anterior vertebrate forebrain is conceived since the "preoptic area" is proposed to be a part of the telencephalon in tetrapods but not in teleost fish. To gain insight into this complex morphogenesis, formation of the anterior forebrain was analyzed in 3D over time in zebrafish embryos, combining visualization of proliferation and differentiation markers, with that of developmental genes. We found that the region containing the preoptic area behaves as a coherent morphogenetic entity, organized around the optic recess and located between telencephalon and hypothalamus. This optic recess region (ORR) makes clear borders with its neighbor areas and expresses a specific set of genes (dlx2a, sim1a and otpb). We thus propose that the anterior forebrain (secondary prosencephalon) in teleosts contains three morphogenetic entities (telencephalon, ORR and hypothalamus), instead of two (telencephalon and hypothalamus). The ORR in teleosts could correspond to "telencephalic stalk area" and "alar hypothalamus" in tetrapods, resolving current inconsistencies in the comparison of basal forebrain among vertebrates.

Prenatal influence of an androgen agonist and antagonist on the differentiation of the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus in male and female lamb fetuses.

The ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN) is 2 times larger in rams than in ewes. Sexual differentiation of the oSDN is produced by testosterone exposure during the critical period occurring between gestational day (GD)60 and GD90 (term, 147 d). We tested the hypothesis that testosterone acts through the androgen receptor to control development of the male-typical oSDN. In experiment 1, pregnant ewes received injections of vehicle, androgen receptor antagonist flutamide, or nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) propionate during the critical period. Fetuses were delivered at GD135. Both antagonist and agonist treatments significantly reduced mean oSDN volume in males but had no effects in females. Experiment 2, we analyzed the effect of treatments on the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to determine whether compensatory changes in hormone secretion occurred that could explain the effect of DHT. Pregnant ewes were injected with vehicle, flutamide, or DHT propionate from GD60 to GD84, and fetuses were delivered on GD85. Flutamide significantly increased LH and testosterone in males, whereas DHT significantly decreased both hormones. In females, LH was unaffected by flutamide but significantly reduced by DHT exposure. DHT significantly decreased pituitary gonadotropin and hypothalamic kisspeptin mRNA expression in males and females. These results suggest that androgen receptor mediates the effect of testosterone on oSDN masculinization, because this process was blocked by the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide in eugonadal males. In contrast, the reduction of oSDN volume observed after DHT exposure appears to be mediated by a negative feedback mechanism exerted on the hypothalamus to reduce LH and testosterone secretion. The reduced androgen exposure most likely accounted for the decreased oSDN volume. We conclude that, during the critical period, the male reproductive axis in long gestation species, such as sheep, is sufficiently developed to react to perturbations in serum androgens and mitigate disruptions in brain masculinization.

Cell death in the central division of the medial preoptic nucleus of male and female lamb fetuses.

The medial preoptic area of the adult sheep contains an ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN) that is larger and has more neurons in males than in females. In the lamb fetus, the nascent oSDN occupies the central division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc) and consists of a cluster of cells that is organized by the action of testosterone during gestational days 60-90 of a 147 day term pregnancy. The current study sought to determine whether programmed cell death contributes to the emergence of the oSDN. Male and female lamb fetuses were euthanized at different ages spanning the period during which the oSDN is organized. The expression of the pro- and anti-apoptotic genes bcl-2 and bax, respectively, was measured by quantitative RT-PCR to assess possible sex differences in neuron vulnerability to programmed cell death. The appearance of DNA-fragmentation was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and used to estimate the occurrence of apoptotic cell death. We found that bcl-2 and bax mRNA expression in the medial preoptic area of the developing lamb fetus decreased during the last half of the 147-day gestation. The ratio of bcl-2/bax gene expression was highest at gestational day 85 but was equivalent between males and females. TUNEL staining in the MPNc was very low and although it decreased significantly with age, it was not significantly different between sexes. These results using two different methods to assess cell death indicate that a sex difference in the incidence of cell death is not a primary mechanism leading to sexual differentiation of the oSDN.

Neuroanatomy of the kisspeptin signaling system in mammals: comparative and developmental aspects.

Our understanding of kisspeptin and its actions depends, in part, on a detailed knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the kisspeptin signaling system in the brain. In this chapter, we will review our current knowledge of the distribution of kisspeptin cells, fibers, and receptors in the mammalian brain, including the development, phenotype, and projections of different kisspeptin subpopulations. A fairly consistent picture emerges from this analysis. There are two major groups of kisspeptin cell bodies: a large number in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and a smaller collection in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) of rodents and preoptic area (POA) of non-rodents. Both sets of neurons project to GnRH cell bodies, which contain Kiss1r, and the ARC kisspeptin population also projects to GnRH axons in the median eminence. ARC kisspeptin neurons contain neurokinin B and dynorphin, while a variable percentage of those cells in the RP3V of rodents contain galanin and/or dopamine. Neurokinin B and dynorphin have been postulated to contribute to the control of GnRH pulses and sex steroid negative feedback, while the role of galanin and dopamine in rostral kisspeptin neurons is not entirely clear. Kisspeptin neurons, fibers, and Kiss1r are found in other areas, including widespread areas outside the hypothalamus, but their physiological role(s) in these regions remains to be determined.

Peripubertal proliferation of progenitor cells in the preoptic area of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

Brain structures related to reproduction are thought to depend on the action of gonadal steroids acting either during early life (organizing irreversible effects) or adulthood (activating transient effects). More recently puberty has become a focus of attention and it was demonstrated that action of sex steroid hormones at this time plays a critical role in the final organization of brain and behavior. We studied by BrdU immunohistochemistry the ontogeny from hatching to sexual maturity of a previously identified cell population in the preoptic area labeled by a BrdU injection at the end of embryonic period (E12) of sexual differentiation in male and female Japanese quail. After an initial increase between E12 and hatching, the density of BrdU-immunoreactive cells decreased until the beginning of puberty but then increased again during sexual maturation in the caudal preoptic area specifically. Divisions of these cells took place in the brain parenchyma as indicated by the large numbers of pairs of labeled cells. No sex difference affecting these processes could be detected at any stage of development. Large numbers of new cells thus arise around puberty in the caudal preoptic area and presumably contribute to the reorganization of this structure that precedes the emergence of adult reproductive behaviors.

Estrogen-induced cell signaling in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area: potential involvement of cofilin in actin dynamics for cell migration.

Estrogen is a key factor to induce the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) in the preoptic area (POA) of the rat brain. Identification of estrogen-dependent signaling pathways at SDN in POA during the critical period is a prerequisite for elucidating the mechanism. In the present study, we treated female rats with/without 17ß-estradiol (E2) at birth, designated as postnatal day 1 (P1), and prepared total RNA from brain slices containing SDN for DNA microarray analysis. Among the estrogen-responsive genes identified, protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ) was significantly up-regulated by E2 at P5. We examined the downstream effectors of PKC-δ protein by Western blotting and found an E2-induced PKC-δ/Rac1/PAK1/LIMK1/cofilin pathway. In the pathway, E2 suppressed the phosphorylation (inactive form) of cofilin. This result was supported by immunohistochemistry, where the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of cofilin occurred at SDN, which suggests that cell migration is a cue to create sexual dimorphism in POA.

Developmental fluoxetine exposure and prenatal stress alter sexual differentiation of the brain and reproductive behavior in male rat offspring.

Depression during pregnancy and postpartum is a significant health problem and affects up to 20% of women. While selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications are the drug of choice for treatment of maternal depression, the combined effect of maternal depression and perinatal SSRI exposure on offspring development is poorly investigated. Our aim was to determine the role of exposure to fluoxetine during development on sexual behavior and sexually dimorphic brain structures in male offspring using a rodent model of maternal adversity. Sprague-Dawley rat dams were stressed during gestation and were chronically treated throughout lactation with either fluoxetine or vehicle beginning on postnatal day 1. Four groups of offspring were used: (1) Control+Vehicle, (2) Control+Fluoxetine, (3) Prenatal Stress+Vehicle, and (4) Prenatal Stress+Fluoxetine. We show here that developmental fluoxetine treatment decreases the anogenital distance in juvenile male offspring. In adult male offspring, maternal fluoxetine treatment results in a decrease in the number of intromissions, a longer latency to the first intromission, and a longer latency to the first ejaculation. Furthermore, developmental fluoxetine and/or prenatal stress decrease the area of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA). Prenatal stress, but not exposure to developmental fluoxetine, decreases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv) and the volume of the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBST) in male offspring. These results provide important evidence for the long-term impact of maternal adversity and maternal fluoxetine use on the development of primary endocrinology systems in juvenile and adult male offspring.

Prenatal immune stress in rats dampens fever during adulthood.

Fever is a major component of the host's defense against infection. Inadequate febrile response can predispose an individual to the deleterious effects of infection. Neonatal exposure to infectious agents such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) permanently dampens the adult febrile response. Whether prenatal immune challenge alters febrile response during adulthood is still not known. In the present study, LPS (100 µg/kg, i.p.) or pyrogen-free saline was administered to pregnant rats on either gestation day (GD) 12, 15 or 19 and the febrile response of their respective adult offspring was monitored. During adulthood (>70 days old), the rats born to LPS-injected dams on GD15 displayed a significantly attenuated febrile response to LPS (50 µg/kg, i.p.) compared to their control counterparts born to dams given saline on GD15. Immune challenge during either early (GD12) or late (GD19) pregnancy did not have a significant impact on fever in the adult offspring. Immune challenge on GD15, but not on GD12 or 19, heightened the plasma corticosterone response to a subsequent LPS injection to the adult offspring but did not have a significant effect on their basal plasma corticosterone levels. Finally, LPS-induced COX-2 in the fever-controlling regions of the hypothalamus was significantly reduced in the adult rats born to dams given LPS on GD15 compared to their counterparts born to dams given saline on GD15. Such COX-2 reduction was not observed in the adult offspring born to dams given LPS on either GD12 or 19. Taken together, these data suggest that a single immune challenge during a critical window of pregnancy alters the neuroimmune response in adult offspring.

Low oral doses of bisphenol A increase volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male, but not female, rats at postnatal day 21.

Perinatal treatment with relatively high doses of bisphenol A (BPA) appears to have little effect on volume of the rodent sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA). However, doses more relevant to human exposures have not been examined. Here, effects of pre- and post-natal treatment with low BPA doses on SDN-POA volume of postnatal day (PND) 21 Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. Pregnant rats were orally gavaged with vehicle, 2.5 or 25.0 µg/kg BPA, or 5.0 or 10.0 µg/kg ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on gestational days 6-21. Beginning on the day after birth, offspring were orally treated with the same dose their dam had received. On PND 21, offspring (n=10-15/sex/group; 1/sex/litter) were perfused and volume evaluation was conducted blind to treatment. SDN-POA outline was delineated using calbindin D28K immunoreactivity. Pairwise comparisons of the significant treatment by sex interaction indicated that neither BPA dose affected female volume. However, females treated with 5.0 or 10.0 µg/kg EE2 exhibited volumes that were larger than same-sex controls, respectively (p<0.001). Males treated with either BPA dose or 10.0 µg/kg/day EE2 had larger volumes than same-sex controls (p<0.006). These data indicate that BPA can have sex-specific effects on SDN-POA volume and that these effects manifest as larger volumes in males. Sensitivity of the methodology as well as the treatment paradigm was confirmed by the expected EE2-induced increase in female volume. These treatment effects might lead to organizational changes within sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways which, if persistent, could theoretically alter adult reproductive physiology and socio-sexual behavior in rats.

Involvement of postnatal apoptosis on sex difference in number of cells generated during late fetal period in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in rats.

Postnatal apoptosis is involved in formation of the sex difference in neuron number of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in rats. In this study, we examined the origin of neurons that die with apoptosis on the postnatal period to exhibit the sex difference in neuron number of the SDN-POA. First, we measured the number of cells that were labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) on embryonic day (ED) 17, ED18, and ED19 in the SDN-POA of rats on postnatal day (PD) 4 and PD8. The SDN-POA had many more cells labeled with BrdU on ED17 and ED18 than those on ED19. Significantly fewer cells labeled with BrdU on ED18 in the female SDN-POA from PD4 to PD8 resulted in a significant sex difference in the number at PD8. Next, combination analyses of BrdU-labeling and immunohistochemistry for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), an apoptotic marker, were succeeded to investigate whether SDN-POA neurons generated during ED17-18 were removed by apoptosis. Many more ssDNA-immunoreactive cells that had been labeled with BrdU during ED17-18 were found in the SDN-POA of PD8 females, but few in the SDN-POA of PD8 males and PD4 females and males. These results suggest that the sex difference in the number of SDN-POA neurons generated during the late fetal period was caused by postnatal apoptosis.

Bidirectional ephrinB3/EphA4 signaling mediates the segregation of medial ganglionic eminence- and preoptic area-derived interneurons in the deep and superficial migratory stream.

The integration of interneuron subtypes into specific microcircuits is essential for proper cortical function. Understanding to what extent interneuron diversity is regulated and maintained during development might help to reveal the principles that govern their role as synchronizing elements as well as causes for dysfunction. Particular interneuron subtypes are generated in a temporally regulated manner in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the caudal ganglionic eminence, and the preoptic area (POA) of the basal telencephalon. Long-range tangential migration from their site of origin to cortical targets is orchestrated by a variety of attractive, repulsive, membrane-bound, and secreted signaling molecules, to establish the critical balance of inhibition and excitation. It remains unknown whether interneurons deriving from distinct domains are predetermined to migrate in particular routes and whether this process underlies cell type-specific regulation. We found that POA- and MGE-derived cortical interneurons migrate within spatially segregated corridors. EphrinB3, expressed in POA-derived interneurons traversing the superficial route, acts as a repellent signal for deeply migrating interneurons born in the MGE, which is mediated by EphA4 forward signaling. In contrast, EphA4 induces repulsive ephrinB3 reverse signaling in interneurons generated in the POA, restricting this population to the superficial path. Perturbation of this bidirectional ephrinB3/EphA4 signaling in vitro and in vivo leads to a partial intermingling of cells in these segregated migratory pathways. Thus, we conclude that cell contact-mediated bidirectional ephrinB3/EphA4 signaling mediates the sorting of MGE- and POA-derived interneurons in the deep and superficial migratory stream.