Active surveillance for Aujeszky's disease and biosecurity aspects of swine farms in Espírito Santo State, Brazil / Vigilância ativa para Doença de Aujeszky e aspectos sobre a biosseguridade de granjas suínas no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Aujeszky's Disease (AD) is a highly infectious swine disease caused by Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV 1). The present study evaluated the biosafety of commercial swine farms and carried out the first serological survey for Aujeszky's Disease in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 55 farms in 27 municipalities of the state were selected, where 416 swine serum samples were collected to be submitted to serological diagnosis for AD. Finally, a survey was carried out using a questionnaire to obtain information on the biosecurity of the farms. The results by the ELISA technique indicated the absence of antibodies for AD. Regarding the biosecurity of the farms, 56.4% of the farms did not meet the requirement of internal isolation, 67.3% did not have changing rooms, 72.7% did not provide specific clothing for employees and visitors, 85.5% did not require visitors bathe to access the sheds and only 10.9% of the farms controlled the flow of visitors and vehicles accessing the property. Another noteworthy factor is that only 25.5% of the farms had an area to quarantine replacement animals and 69.1% had an access ramp located close to the animal pens. With the results, it was concluded that there is a need to improve biosecurity measures on commercial farms in the state of Espírito Santo and that there was no presence of Aujeszky's Disease in the evaluated animals.

A Doença de Aujeszky (DA) é uma enfermidade de suínos altamente infecciosa, causada pelo herpesvírus suíno 1 (SuHV 1). O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a biosseguridade das granjas comerciais capixabas de suínos e realizar o primeiro inquérito sorológico para Doença de Aujeszky no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram selecionadas 55 granjas em 27 municípios do Estado, onde se coletou 416 amostras de soro de suínos para serem submetidos ao diagnóstico sorológico para DA. Por fim, foi realizado inquérito, mediante questionário para obter informações sobre a biosseguridade das granjas. Os resultados pela técnica de ELISA indicaram ausência de anticorpos para DA. Em relação à biosseguridade das granjas, 56,4% das granjas não atenderam o requisito de cerca de isolamento interno, 67,3% não possuíam vestiários, 72,7% não disponibilizavam roupas específicas para funcionários e visitantes, 85,5% não exigiam a prática de banho dos visitantes para acesso aos galpões e somente 10,9% das granjas faziam o controle do fluxo de visitantes e veículos que acessam a propriedade. Outro fator destacado é que apenas 25,5% das granjas apresentavam área para realizar quarentena dos animais de reposição e 69,1% possuíam o embarcador localizado próximo às baias dos animais. Com os resultados, concluiu-se que há necessidade de melhoria das medidas de biosseguridade nas granjas comerciais no Estado do Espírito Santo e que não houve presença da Doença de Aujeszky nos animais avaliados.

Characterization of new strains of Pseudorabies virus in Argentina: Detection of interspecies transmission.

Background: Aujeszky's disease is mainly a swine disease, still endemic worldwide. It can infect other mammalians, including human beings, and it is usually fatal with nervous symptoms. Ever since the disease was detected in 1988 in Argentina, many outbreaks have been reported involving both feral swine and dogs. Aim: At present, in Argentina, Pseudorabies virus (PRV) cases are sporadically reported; however, clinical cases are informed. This study aims to obtain information about the seroprevalence of PRV in wild boars and to isolate and characterize PRV from clinical samples. Methods: From 2018 to 2019, 78 wild boars' serum samples from Bahía de Samborombón natural reserve were analyzed for antibodies to PRV using a virus neutralization test. Clinical samples from 17 pigs, 2 wild boars, 1 dog, and 1 cat were collected from 2013 to 2019 for viral isolation and detection of the presence of the gD gene by PCR. For sequence analysis, the gC partial gene was amplified. Results: Five strains were isolated from the dog, cat, and swine samples. The new PRV strains identified were confirmed by BLAST analysis, which revealed between 99.74% and 100% of similarity to the NIA-3 strain and phylogenetic analysis of the partial gene encoding the gC protein revealed that the PRV strains have divided into two main clades, clade 1 and clade 2. Conclusion: This report informed that most new cases of PRV were detected in the central regions of Argentina, where pig production is concentrated. The study in Bahía de Samborombón revealed a high percentage of detection but, the sampling is not representative of that of the rest of the country. Therefore, a systematic sampling effort of wild boar throughout the country should be included in the national program control. Although in Argentina only the inactivated Bartha vaccine is allowed, recombination risk should not be ignored if attenuated vaccines are incorporated into the National control plan. The two strains, one from the cat and one from the dog sample, are directly related to infected swine. The information about clinical cases and molecular characterization of new strains is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of PRV and to promote preventive measures.

Development of a DIVA ELISA for diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease using recombinant gE fused to thioredoxin as antigen.

The major control methods for Aujeszky's Disease (AD) involve SHV1 gE gene-deleted vaccines and ELISA for detection of specific gE antibodies in infected animals, distinguishing infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This work aimed to develop a DIVA ELISA recombinant gE (gErec) for AD diagnosis using recombinant gE fused to thioredoxin protein. The analytical sensitivity and specificity were assessed with World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) AD serum and sera from specific pathogen free (SPF), vaccinated SPF and AD-vaccinated SPF animals. The OIE serum reacted up to the recommended limit of detection and the other sera presented negative results. The cut-off point, diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity were determined by receiver operating curve analysis. This cut-off value corresponded to a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.60% and diagnostic specificity of 96.42%. Furthermore, two other cut-off points were chosen to discuss the ELISAgErec as a screening test in AD-endemic and free areas.

Application of network analysis and cluster analysis for better prevention and control of swine diseases in Argentina.

RATIONALE/BACKGROUND: Though much smaller than the bovine industry, the porcine sector in Argentina involves a large number of farms and represents a significant economic sector. In recent years Argentina has implemented a national registry of swine movements amongst other measures, in an effort to control and eventually eradicate endemic Aujesky's disease. Such information can prove valuable in assessing the risk of transmission between farms for endemic diseases but also for other diseases at risk of emergence. METHODS: Shipment data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed in an effort to define strategic locations and times at which control and surveillance efforts should be focused to provide cost-effective interventions. Social network analysis (SNA) was used to characterize the network as a whole and at the individual farm and market level to help identify important nodes. Spatio-temporal trends of pig movements were also analyzed. Finally, in an attempt to classify farms and markets in different groups based on their SNA metrics, we used factor analysis for mixed data (FAMD) and hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: The network involved approximate 136,000 shipments for a total of 6 million pigs. Over 350 markets and 17,800 production units participated in shipments with another 83,500 not participating. Temporal data of shipments and network metrics showed peaks in shipments in September and October. Most shipments where within provinces, with Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Santa Fe concentrating 61% of shipments. Network analysis showed that markets are involved in relatively few shipments but hold strategic positions with much higher betweenness compared to farms. Hierarchical clustering yielded four groups based on SNA metrics and node characteristics which can be broadly described as: 1. small and backyard farms; 2. industrial farms; 3. markets; and 4. a single outlying market with extreme centrality values. CONCLUSION: Characterizing the network structure and spatio-temporal characteristics of Argentine swine shipments provides valuable information that can guide targeted and more cost-effective surveillance and control programs. We located key nodes where efforts should be prioritized. Pig network characteristics and patterns can be used to create dynamic disease transmission models, which can both be used in assessing the impact of emerging diseases and guiding efforts to eradicate endemic ones.

Serosurvey for Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) in Free-Range Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) of Brazil.

Free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa) from two different Brazilian biomes were sampled. Only one of 36 (2.8%) animals tested from central-western Brazil were positive for antibodies against pseudorabies virus (PRV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peccaries and other wildlife species can be exposed to PRV in these areas. In addition, wild boars could have impact on livestock and PRV eradication.

Commercial vaccine against pseudorabies virus: A hidden health risk for dogs.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is considered as an infectious agent with a wide of host range, causing considerable economic losses in animal husbandry. Although the commercial vaccine against PRV plays an critical role in control of this disease in swine industry, the potential risk of commercial vaccines against PRV for other host is unclear. Here, we report that the commercial vaccine against PRV is a hidden health risk for dogs. We found that different attenuated PRV strains in commercial vaccines possess different tissue tropism, and that the attenuated PRV strains are lethal to dogs, and that the attenuated PRV strain possesses the ability to spread horizontally among the dogs. Collectively, our findings provide clues that the commercial vaccine against PRV is a hidden risk for dogs, even for the owner of pet dogs to take seriously.

Current status and future recommendations for feral swine disease surveillance in the United States.

USDA APHIS Wildlife Services (WS) responded to the threat of feral swine as a pathogen reservoir as early as 2004. To increase awareness and knowledge on that risk, WS began opportunistic sampling of animals harvested by its operational component to curtail swine damage to agriculture and property. Initially, pseudorabies and swine brucellosis were of most concern, as both serve as a potential threat to the domestic swine industry and the latter also possesses zoonotic implications. In 2006, classical swine fever, a foreign animal disease, became the main driver for feral swine pathogen surveillance. Subsequent years of surveillance identified numerous other disease risks inherent within populations of feral swine. Presently, feral swine surveillance falls under the purview of the APHIS National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, which began in 2014. In January 2018, a panel of animal disease experts representing industry, government, and academia were invited to Fort Collins, Colorado to discuss successes of this surveillance, identify any shortcomings or needs, and propose future feral swine surveillance. This manuscript serves to synthesize WS' surveillance and the future direction of these efforts.

Detección serológica de Brucella suis, virus de influenza y virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky en criaderos porcinos familiares de menos de 100 madres en Argentina / Serological detection of Brucella suis, influenza virus and Aujeszky's disease virus in backyard and small swine holders in Argentina

Los criaderos porcinos de menos de 100 madres representan más del 99% de los de todo el país; sin embargo, existen escasos reportes sobre su situación sanitaria y productiva. Se recabó información productiva y se tomaron muestras para detectar anticuerpos contra Brucella suis (Bs), virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky (VA) y virus de influenza (VI) en 68 establecimientos de menos de 100 madres ubicados en la región norte, centro y sur del país. El 80% de los establecimientos fueron positivos al VI H1 pandémico 2009, el 11% al H3 clúster 2, mientras que el 11,7% presentó anticuerpos contra el VA y el 6% contra Bs. Ninguno de los productores conocía los factores de riesgo para la transmisión de enfermedades del cerdo al humano. El 47% compra sus reproductores a pares o en ferias. En lo que respecta a normas de bioseguridad, solo el 16% de los establecimientos tenía cerco perimetral y el 37% de las granjas contaba con asesoramiento veterinario. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la caracterización productiva y el relevamiento sanitario son de suma importancia para mejorar la productividad y reducir el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades. El conocimiento de la situación sanitaria y de los factores de riesgo es necesario para conseguir un mejor control y la erradicación de enfermedades en sistemas de baja tecnificación. Se deberían llevar a cabo estudios más representativos a nivel país para detectar los agentes circulantes y, sobre la base de esta información, implementar medidas de prevención y control.

Farmers raising less than 100 sows represent more than 99% of swine producers in Argentina, although little is known about their sanitary status and productive characteristics in the country. Sanitary and productive information was obtained. Furthermore, samples for serological studies were taken to detect antibodies against Brucella suis (Bs), Aujeszky's disease virus (AV) and influenza virus (IV) in 68 backyard and small producers with less than 100 sows located in the north, central and south regions of Argentina. Antibodies against H1 pandemic were detected in 80% of the farms while 11%, 11.7% and 6.0% of the producers were positive to influenza H3 cluster 2, AV and Bs, respectively. None of the producers was aware of the risk factors concerning the transmission of diseases from pigs to humans. A percentage of 47% of them buy pigs for breeding from other farmers and markets. With regard to biosecurity measures, only 16% of the farms had perimeter fences. The results of this study demonstrate that productive characterization and disease surveys are important to improve productivity and to reduce the risk of disease transmission among animals and humans. The study of sanitary status and risk factors is necessary for better control and eradication of diseases in backyard or small producers. More representative studies at country level should be carried out to detect the pathogensthat circulate and, with this knowledge, to implement prevention and control measures.

[Serological detection of Brucella suis, influenza virus and Aujeszky's disease virus in backyard and small swine holders in Argentina]. / Detección serológica de Brucella suis, virus de influenza y virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky en criaderos porcinos familiares de menos de 100 madres en Argentina.

Farmers raising less than 100 sows represent more than 99% of swine producers in Argentina, although little is known about their sanitary status and productive characteristics in the country. Sanitary and productive information was obtained. Furthermore, samples for serological studies were taken to detect antibodies against Brucella suis (Bs), Aujeszky's disease virus (AV) and influenza virus (IV) in 68 backyard and small producers with less than 100 sows located in the north, central and south regions of Argentina. Antibodies against H1 pandemic were detected in 80% of the farms while 11%, 11.7% and 6.0% of the producers were positive to influenza H3 cluster 2, AV and Bs, respectively. None of the producers was aware of the risk factors concerning the transmission of diseases from pigs to humans. A percentage of 47% of them buy pigs for breeding from other farmers and markets. With regard to biosecurity measures, only 16% of the farms had perimeter fences. The results of this study demonstrate that productive characterization and disease surveys are important to improve productivity and to reduce the risk of disease transmission among animals and humans. The study of sanitary status and risk factors is necessary for better control and eradication of diseases in backyard or small producers. More representative studies at country level should be carried out to detect the pathogensthat circulate and, with this knowledge, to implement prevention and control measures.

Different methods of real-time PCR for detection of pseudorabies virus / Diferentes métodos de PCR em tempo real para detecção do vírus da pseudorraiva

Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious viral disease of great animal health and economic importance in swine industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate different genomic regions, real-time PCR chemistries and equipment for the molecular diagnosis of PR. Eight primer pairs targeting four genes (gB, gC, gE, gD), three different qPCR chemistries (SybrGreen, hydrolysis probes and plexor) and two equipment (ABI7500, Rotorgene 3000) were evaluated. Oligonucleotides targeting gB using hydrolysis probes showed the best performance after evaluating efficiency (99%), the detection limit (10-1.5 TCID50 mL-1) and diagnostic sensitivity and; therefore, those primers were selected for performance verification factors such as repeatability, reproducibility and robustness (1.39% variance between days, 24% variance between analysts and 4.07% variance in analysis error). The qPCR standardized and validated in this research proved to be reliable for the diagnosis of PR and may be used in diagnostic laboratories that follow ISO 17025 and ISO 16140. (AU)

Pseudorraiva (PR) é uma doença viral altamente contagiosa de grande importância sanitária e econômica na indústria suína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes regiões genômicas, químicas de PCR em tempo real e equipamentos para o diagnóstico molecular de PR. Foram avaliados quatro genes (GB, GC, GE, gD), três diferentes produtos químicos (SybrGreen, sondas de hidrólise e plexor) e dois equipamentos (ABI7500, Rotorgene 3000). Oligonucleotídeos com alvo para gB baseados na química de sondas de hidrólise apresentaram o melhor desempenho nos testes de eficiência (99%), de limite de detecção (10-1.5 TCID50 mL-1) e sensibilidade diagnóstica. Portanto, estes foram selecionados para fatores de verificação de desempenho, tais como a repetibilidade, reprodutibilidade e robustez (1,39% de variância entre dias, 24% variância entre analistas e 4,07% de variância por erro de análise). A qPCR, padronizada e validada neste trabalho, mostrou-se confiável para o diagnóstico de PR e pode ser utilizada em laboratórios de diagnóstico que se seguem normas internacionais como ISO 17025 e ISO 16140. (AU)

Different methods of real-time PCR for detection of pseudorabies virus / Diferentes métodos de PCR em tempo real para detecção do vírus da pseudorraiva

Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious viral disease of great animal health and economic importance in swine industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate different genomic regions, real-time PCR chemistries and equipment for the molecular diagnosis of PR. Eight primer pairs targeting four genes (gB, gC, gE, gD), three different qPCR chemistries (SybrGreen, hydrolysis probes and plexor) and two equipment (ABI7500, Rotorgene 3000) were evaluated. Oligonucleotides targeting gB using hydrolysis probes showed the best performance after evaluating efficiency (99%), the detection limit (10-1.5 TCID50 mL-1) and diagnostic sensitivity and; therefore, those primers were selected for performance verification factors such as repeatability, reproducibility and robustness (1.39% variance between days, 24% variance between analysts and 4.07% variance in analysis error). The qPCR standardized and validated in this research proved to be reliable for the diagnosis of PR and may be used in diagnostic laboratories that follow ISO 17025 and ISO 16140.

Pseudorraiva (PR) é uma doença viral altamente contagiosa de grande importância sanitária e econômica na indústria suína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes regiões genômicas, químicas de PCR em tempo real e equipamentos para o diagnóstico molecular de PR. Foram avaliados quatro genes (GB, GC, GE, gD), três diferentes produtos químicos (SybrGreen, sondas de hidrólise e plexor) e dois equipamentos (ABI7500, Rotorgene 3000). Oligonucleotídeos com alvo para gB baseados na química de sondas de hidrólise apresentaram o melhor desempenho nos testes de eficiência (99%), de limite de detecção (10-1.5 TCID50 mL-1) e sensibilidade diagnóstica. Portanto, estes foram selecionados para fatores de verificação de desempenho, tais como a repetibilidade, reprodutibilidade e robustez (1,39% de variância entre dias, 24% variância entre analistas e 4,07% de variância por erro de análise). A qPCR, padronizada e validada neste trabalho, mostrou-se confiável para o diagnóstico de PR e pode ser utilizada em laboratórios de diagnóstico que se seguem normas internacionais como ISO 17025 e ISO 16140.

Evolutionary Diversity of Suid Herpesvirus 1 Based on Ul44 Partial Sequences.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use partial Ul44 sequences (glycoprotein C) of Suid herpesvirus 1 to examine the evolution and dynamics of the virus in different periods and hosts. METHODS: Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the software MrBayes after analysis in the software jModelTest to evaluate the best phylogenetic models. The software SplitsTree 4.0 was used to create phylogenetic networks, and the BEAST program was used to generate data on phylogeography. Replication kinetics and serum neutralization tests were applied to tree strains from different phylogenetic groups. RESULTS: Ul44 sequences derived from domestic swine and wild swine clustered in different clades and had different selective pressures depending on the host. We found no differences in replication kinetics and serum neutralization tests in the strains tested. Data show that the evolution of herpesviruses is complex, and different genetic groups may be evolving at different rates. Ul44 is an important marker for molecular evolution and epidemiology studies, but it is not useful for biological information.

Production of pseudorabies virus recombinant glycoprotein B and its use in an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for detection of antibodies with sensitivity and specificity equal to the virus neutralization assay.

Pseudorabies virus (PrV) causes Aujeszky's disease (AD), which affects mainly swine, but also cattle, sheep, and wild animals, resulting in substantial economic losses due to animal mortality and lost productivity worldwide. To combat PrV, eradication programs using PrV strains lacking the gene encoding glycoprotein E (gE) are ongoing in several countries. These eradication programs have generated a currently unmet demand for affordable, easy-to-use, and sensitive tests that can detect PrV infection in pigs infected with either wild-type virus or vaccine strain (gE-deleted) virus. To meet this demand, we used the baculovirus-insect cell system to produce recombinant glycoprotein B (gB) as antigen for an immune assay. The high GC-content (70% average) of the gB gene from the Argentinian PrV CL15 strain necessitated the use of betaine as a PCR enhancer to amplify the extracellular domain. Recombinant gB was expressed at high levels and reacted strongly with sera from PrV infected pigs. We used the recombinant gB to develop an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for detection of PrV antibodies. Compared to the gold standard virus neutralization (VN) assay, the AGID sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 96.6% respectively. Thus, recombinant gB produced in the baculovirus-insect cell system is a viable source of antigen for the detection of PrV antibodies in AGID tests. Considering its relatively lower cost, simplicity of use and result interpretation, our AGID is a valuable alternative tool to the VN assay.

Descrição das ações de vigilância em focos da doença de Aujeszky / Description of surveillance actions in outbreaks of Aujeszky´s disease

Aujeszkys disease (AD) is known for causing huge productive and economical losses in the swine industry. This study focused on describing the actions of the official animal health protection used on identification of AD outbreaks. Two outbreaks that occurred in Cerqueira César city were selected, a case presenting only seropositive animals (outbreak 1) and  another one where there were animals with clinical signs of the disease (outbreak 2). The methods used to identify the outbreaks in surveillance actions and to diagnose the epidemiological situation were described. The measures implemented to eliminate the outbreaks in infected pig production systems were appointed in animal health protection laws and were able to eliminated all outbreaks identified. In conclusion, the official animal health protection measures and the appliance of the sanitary legislation were effective in eradicating AD, reassuring that notifications of suspicous cases of AD facilitate animal health surveillance activities.

A doença de Aujeszky (DA) é conhecida na suinocultura pelo seu grande impacto produtivo e econômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a descrição das ações de defesa sanitária animal utilizadas na identificação de focos dessa enfermidade. Foram selecionadas duas situações de foco de DA que ocorreram no Município de Cerqueira César, um caso apresentando somente animais sororreagentes (Foco 1) e outro em que havia animais com sinais clínicos da enfermidade (Foco 2). Estão descritos os métodos de identificação de focos utilizados nas ações de vigilância e o diagnóstico da situação epidemiológica encontrada. As medidas aplicadas na erradicação dos focos nos sistemas de produção de suínos infectados foram as prescritas na legislação de defesa sanitária animal e  todos os focos identificados foram eliminados. Ao final, concluiu-se que as ações de defesa sanitária e a legislação em vigor foram eficazes, demonstrando que os sistemas de notificações das suspeitas da enfermidade são facilitadores das ações de vigilância.

Descrição das ações de vigilância em focos da doença de Aujeszky / Description of surveillance actions in outbreaks of Aujeszky´s disease

Aujeszkys disease (AD) is known for causing huge productive and economical losses in the swine industry. This study focused on describing the actions of the official animal health protection used on identification of AD outbreaks. Two outbreaks that occurred in Cerqueira César city were selected, a case presenting only seropositive animals (outbreak 1) and  another one where there were animals with clinical signs of the disease (outbreak 2). The methods used to identify the outbreaks in surveillance actions and to diagnose the epidemiological situation were described. The measures implemented to eliminate the outbreaks in infected pig production systems were appointed in animal health protection laws and were able to eliminated all outbreaks identified. In conclusion, the official animal health protection measures and the appliance of the sanitary legislation were effective in eradicating AD, reassuring that notifications of suspicous cases of AD facilitate animal health surveillance activities.(AU)

A doença de Aujeszky (DA) é conhecida na suinocultura pelo seu grande impacto produtivo e econômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a descrição das ações de defesa sanitária animal utilizadas na identificação de focos dessa enfermidade. Foram selecionadas duas situações de foco de DA que ocorreram no Município de Cerqueira César, um caso apresentando somente animais sororreagentes (Foco 1) e outro em que havia animais com sinais clínicos da enfermidade (Foco 2). Estão descritos os métodos de identificação de focos utilizados nas ações de vigilância e o diagnóstico da situação epidemiológica encontrada. As medidas aplicadas na erradicação dos focos nos sistemas de produção de suínos infectados foram as prescritas na legislação de defesa sanitária animal e  todos os focos identificados foram eliminados. Ao final, concluiu-se que as ações de defesa sanitária e a legislação em vigor foram eficazes, demonstrando que os sistemas de notificações das suspeitas da enfermidade são facilitadores das ações de vigilância.(AU)

Principais causas de problemas reprodutivos em porcas / Main causes of reproduction disorders in sows

Esta revisão de literatura visa abordar os principais problemas reprodutivos dentro de uma granja suína. O aborto pode ser categorizado em dois tipos: oriundo de causas infecciosas e oriundo de causas não infecciosas. O percentual de aborto aceitável na suinocultura tecnificada encontra-se entre 1 a 1,5%, entretanto, alguns estudos relatam taxa um pouco maiores em alguns rebanhos suínos. Existem diversos fatores predisponentes, tais como abortos sazonais, stress calórico e ambiental, baixo nível de higiene, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros. Entre as causas infecciosas, podemos destacar: doença de Aujeszky, parvovirose, leptospirose, circovirose, peste suína clássica, brucelose e PRRS. Observando todos esses fatores de influência no sucesso reprodutivo de uma granja, devemos sempre estar atentos a suas causas, de modo a prevenir sua ocorrência.

The literature review focused on the main reproductive disorders in pig herds, Abortion are general divided into two categories: abortions caused by infectious agents and caused by non-infectious agents. The acceptable rate of abortion in intensive pig farming is between 1 and 1,5%, however, studies shows higher rates are common in breeding farms. Several predisponent factors such as: seasonal abortion, caloric and environmental stress, sunburns, low level of hygiene, nutritional deficiency, and others, help to raise those rates. Among the infectious agents, which can cause abortion, there are Aujeszky disease virus, parvovirus, leptospirosis, circovirus, classic swine fever virus, brucellosis, PRRS virus and others. Looking through all those factors that have broad influence on the reproductive success of a pig herd, we it is recommended always being aware of the causes so it is possible to prevent them.

Principais causas de problemas reprodutivos em porcas / Main causes of reproduction disorders in sows

Esta revisão de literatura visa abordar os principais problemas reprodutivos dentro de uma granja suína. O aborto pode ser categorizado em dois tipos: oriundo de causas infecciosas e oriundo de causas não infecciosas. O percentual de aborto aceitável na suinocultura tecnificada encontra-se entre 1 a 1,5%, entretanto, alguns estudos relatam taxa um pouco maiores em alguns rebanhos suínos. Existem diversos fatores predisponentes, tais como abortos sazonais, stress calórico e ambiental, baixo nível de higiene, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros. Entre as causas infecciosas, podemos destacar: doença de Aujeszky, parvovirose, leptospirose, circovirose, peste suína clássica, brucelose e PRRS. Observando todos esses fatores de influência no sucesso reprodutivo de uma granja, devemos sempre estar atentos a suas causas, de modo a prevenir sua ocorrência. (AU)

The literature review focused on the main reproductive disorders in pig herds, Abortion are general divided into two categories: abortions caused by infectious agents and caused by non-infectious agents. The acceptable rate of abortion in intensive pig farming is between 1 and 1,5%, however, studies shows higher rates are common in breeding farms. Several predisponent factors such as: seasonal abortion, caloric and environmental stress, sunburns, low level of hygiene, nutritional deficiency, and others, help to raise those rates. Among the infectious agents, which can cause abortion, there are Aujeszky disease virus, parvovirus, leptospirosis, circovirus, classic swine fever virus, brucellosis, PRRS virus and others. Looking through all those factors that have broad influence on the reproductive success of a pig herd, we it is recommended always being aware of the causes so it is possible to prevent them. (AU)

Os desafios da doença de Aujeszky em suínos para a defesa sanitária animal / The challenges of Aujeszky's disease in swine for animal health protection / Los retos de la enfermedad de Aujeszky en cerdos animales en defensa de la salud

A doença de Aujeszky (DA), causada pelo herpesvirus suíno tipo 1 é uma enfermidade de grande importância na suinocultura mundial, pois causa enormes prejuízos nas diversas categorias da criação desses animais. Apesar de não ser uma enfermidade com normas que restringem as exportações, sua presença pode comprometer o comércio internacional devido a restrições dos próprios países importadores. Devido a este fato, muitos países estão com programas de controle e erradicação da DA em andamento, inclusive o Brasil. As legislações brasileiras vigentes para o controle desta enfermidade têm seu embasamento legal em lei federal desde 1934, ocasião que foi aprovado o serviço de defesa sanitária animal e fez da DA enfermidade de notificação obrigatória, passível de medidas de defesa sanitária animal. Ao mesmo tempo, também os Estados têm sua legislação específica que regulamenta o assunto. Para o êxito da erradicação vários fatores são imprescindíveis como: adesão do Estado ao programa, inquérito soroepidemiológico, estratégias de combate à doença, sendo fundamental a existência de um serviço de defesa sanitária animal que dê suporte às ações do programa de erradicação.

Aujeszky's disease (AD), caused by Swine herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) is a disease of major importance in the swine industry worldwide, it causes huge losses in the various categories of the creation of such animals. Although not an illness with rules restricting exports, its presence may jeopardize international trade due to restrictions of importing countries themselves. Due to this fact, many countries have programs to control and eradicate AD underway, including Brazil. The laws in force in that country to control this disease have their legal foundation in federal law since 1934, when it was approved service of animal health protection and the AD made notifiable disease, countervail able of animal health protection. At the same time, states also have their specific legislation regulating the matter. For successful eradication as several factors are essential: the accession of the state program, seroepidemiological survey, strategies to combat the disease, being fundamental to the existence of a service animal health protection that supports the actions of the eradication program.

La enfermedad de Aujeszky (EA), causada por el herpes-vírus porcino tipo 1 es una enfermedad de gran importancia en la indústria porcina a nível mundial, que causa grandes pérdidas en las distintas categorías de la creación de este tipo de animales. A pesar que no es una enfermedad con normas que restringen las exportaciones, su presencia puede comprometer el comercio internacional debido a las restricciones de los propios países importadores. Debido a este hecho, muchos países están con los programas de control y erradicación de la DA en curso, incluido Brasil. Las legislaciones brasileñas en vigor para el control de esta enfermedad tienen su fundamento jurídico en la ley federal desde 1934, ocasión que fue aprovado el servicio de defensa sanitária animal y hizo de la AD enfermedad de notificación obligatoria, responsable de las medidas de defensa sanitária animal. Al mismo tiempo, los estados tienen sus legislaciones específicas que regulan el asunto. Para el éxito de la erradicación varios factores son esenciales como la adhesión del estado al programa, investigaciones seroepidemiológicos, estratégias para combatir la enfermedad, siendo imprescindible disponer de un servicio de protección de la salud animal que apoye las acciones del programa de erradicación.

Soroprevalência de pseudorraiva, peste suína clássica e brucelose em suínos do estado do Piauí / Seroprevalence of pseudorabies, classical swine fever and brucellosis in swine in the state of Piauí

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência de pseudorraiva, peste suína clássica (PSC) e brucelose suína em suínos do estado do Piauí, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas de 384 suínos de criações intensivas e extensivas do estado. Anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. foram detectados pelo teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e confirmados pelo teste 2-mercaptoetanol, enquanto a detecção de anticorpos contra os vírus da PSC e pseudorraiva foi realizada por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando-se kits comerciais específicos. Anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. foram detectados em 1,04% (2/192) dos suínos de criações intensivas. Dos rebanhos avaliados, 0,78% (3/384) dos animais exibiram anticorpos contra o vírus da PSC, sendo 1,04% (2/192) de criações intensivas e 0,52% (1/192) de criações extensivas. Anticorpos contra o vírus da pseudorraiva foram detectados apenas em suínos de criação extensiva, com prevalência de 5,2% (10/192). Esses são os primeiros dados sobre a soroprevalência da brucelose suína, pseudorraiva e PSC em rebanhos do Piauí. A detecção de 10 amostras positivas para pseudorraiva causa preocupação sobre a possibilidade da circulação viral na população suídea desse estado e revela uma necessidade premente de realização de estudos mais extensos para melhor compreender a importância dessas enfermidades de notificação obrigatória em estados da região Nordeste brasileira.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Pseudorabies, Classical Swine Fever (CSF) and Swine Brucellosis in swine in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 384 pigs from intensive and small outdoor systems in the state. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were detected by Buffered Acidified Antigen Test and positive results confirmed by 2-Mercaptoethanol Test. Detection of antibodies against CSF and Pseudorabies virus were performed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using specific commercial kits. Only two samples (1.04% - 2/192) from the intensive system were seropositive to Brucella spp. In the evaluated herds, 0.78% (3/384) of animals had antibodies against CSF virus, two from outdoor pigs (1.04% - 2/192) and one from intensive systems (0.52% - 1/192). Antibodies against the Pseudorabies virus were detected only in outdoor pigs, with seroprevalence of 5.2% (10/192). This is the first report on seroprevalence of Pseudorabies, CSF and Brucellosis in hog farms in Piauí, Brazil. The detection of 10 positive cases raises a concern regarding Pseudorabies virus circulation in the swine population in the state and reveals a need for further studies to better understand the real situation and status of obligatory notified diseases in the swine herds in the Northestern states of Brazil.

Soroprevalência de pseudorraiva, peste suína clássica e brucelose em suínos do estado do Piauí / Seroprevalence of pseudorabies, classical swine fever and brucellosis in swine in the state of Piauí

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência de pseudorraiva, peste suína clássica (PSC) e brucelose suína em suínos do estado do Piauí, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas de 384 suínos de criações intensivas e extensivas do estado. Anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. foram detectados pelo teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e confirmados pelo teste 2-mercaptoetanol, enquanto a detecção de anticorpos contra os vírus da PSC e pseudorraiva foi realizada por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando-se kits comerciais específicos. Anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. foram detectados em 1,04% (2/192) dos suínos de criações intensivas. Dos rebanhos avaliados, 0,78% (3/384) dos animais exibiram anticorpos contra o vírus da PSC, sendo 1,04% (2/192) de criações intensivas e 0,52% (1/192) de criações extensivas. Anticorpos contra o vírus da pseudorraiva foram detectados apenas em suínos de criação extensiva, com prevalência de 5,2% (10/192). Esses são os primeiros dados sobre a soroprevalência da brucelose suína, pseudorraiva e PSC em rebanhos do Piauí. A detecção de 10 amostras positivas para pseudorraiva causa preocupação sobre a possibilidade da circulação viral na população suídea desse estado e revela uma necessidade premente de realização de estudos mais extensos para melhor compreender a importância dessas enfermidades de notificação obrigatória em estados da região Nordeste brasileira.(AU)

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Pseudorabies, Classical Swine Fever (CSF) and Swine Brucellosis in swine in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 384 pigs from intensive and small outdoor systems in the state. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were detected by Buffered Acidified Antigen Test and positive results confirmed by 2-Mercaptoethanol Test. Detection of antibodies against CSF and Pseudorabies virus were performed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using specific commercial kits. Only two samples (1.04% - 2/192) from the intensive system were seropositive to Brucella spp. In the evaluated herds, 0.78% (3/384) of animals had antibodies against CSF virus, two from outdoor pigs (1.04% - 2/192) and one from intensive systems (0.52% - 1/192). Antibodies against the Pseudorabies virus were detected only in outdoor pigs, with seroprevalence of 5.2% (10/192). This is the first report on seroprevalence of Pseudorabies, CSF and Brucellosis in hog farms in Piauí, Brazil. The detection of 10 positive cases raises a concern regarding Pseudorabies virus circulation in the swine population in the state and reveals a need for further studies to better understand the real situation and status of obligatory notified diseases in the swine herds in the Northestern states of Brazil.(AU)