Psoas abscess in pregnancy: a review of the literature and suggestion of minimally invasive treatment options.

AIM: Less than a dozen cases of psoas abscesses in pregnancy have been described in the literature. We reviewed the literature when treating a patient with a psoas abscess after ipsilateral double J-ureteral stent placement (in the following: "double J-stent") due to infected hydronephrosis. METHODS: In January 2022, this review was searched using the Pubmed/MEDLINE database and the mesh terms "Psoas Abscess" AND "Pregnancy". Studies were included in any language and of all years, describing a psoas abscess during pregnancy. When patients did not have a psoas abscess, the abscess occurred after pregnancy, or when there was no full text available, the article was excluded. MAIN RESULTS: Ten case reports about patients with psoas abscesses during pregnancy were included. The classical symptomatic triad of psoas muscle abscess included lower back pain, limping and persistent fever with daily spikes. However, in most cases, not all three symptoms can be found. Especially, fever is absent in more than half of the patients. Psoas abscesses are described between 13 and 39 weeks of gestation. Primary psoas abscesses with haematogenous spread are more common during pregnancy than secondary with spread per continuitatem. In the literature, the main reasons for psoas abscess are spinal tuberculosis, drug abuse or underlying diseases such as Crohn's disease. It is not uncommon for the definite cause to be unclear. Regarding the patient's symptoms, pyelonephritis is often considered a possible aetiology. In general, the main treatment options include antibiotic treatment and abscess drainage. There is no higher caesarean section rate, and no negative outcome for the foetus has been described. CASE PRESENTATION: In our patient, a 38-year-old obese Caucasian woman, who had received a left double J-stent for infected hydronephrosis at 15 weeks of gestation, we successfully treated a psoas abscess of 20 × 10 cm with a sonographically assisted abscess drainage and antibiotics. The further course of pregnancy and the elective repeat caesarean section at 38 + 0 weeks of gestation were without any problems. Double J-stent placement and laser stone lithotripsy during puerperium were performed because of recurrent urolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, psoas abscesses can occur during pregnancy, and it has often been treated surgically in the past. A psoas abscess as a complication after infected hydronephrosis and intervention during pregnancy has never been reported in the literature. Even for obese patients, minimally invasive therapy may be a treatment option that has rarely been reported in the literature.

Campylobacter fetus-induced primary psoas abscess in patient with gouty arthritis: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Campylobacter fetus is rare pathogen with high mortality rate in immunosuppressive hosts. This study aimed to summarize clinical and pathological presentation of C fetus induced psoas abscess. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 66-year-old male patient with long medical history of poorly-controlled gouty arthritis and steroid intake complained of a severe low back pain. Physical examination showed tenderness in his psoas. DIAGNOSES: The patient underwent puncture biopsy to the lesion in the psoas under ultrasound guidance. The lesion was indicated as abscess by pathological examination, and its pathogen was indicated as C fetus by the next generation sequencing. INTERVENTIONS: Meropenem 1 g q8.h were administered intravenously for 10 days. Then the antibiotic treatment was switched to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium 0.375g q.8.h and levofloxacin 0.5g q.d oral administration when discharge. OUTCOMES: The patient's fever and low back pain improved and infectious parameters declined. He was discharged in good general condition with advice for further monitoring and therapy. In the first month follow-up, the patient did not report recurrence or aggravation of his symptoms. LESSONS: C fetus should be noticed in immunosuppressive patient with exposure to livestock who present with rare systematic or local invasive infection. We advocated the meropenem for the first-line treatment against C fetus.

Polybacterial Iliopsoas Muscle Abscess as an Indication for Early Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease characterized by penetrations or fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract and abscesses in the surrounding tissues. Diagnosis of CD is difficult with an iliopsoas muscle abscess (IMA) as an initial presentation. CASE REPORT A 22-year-old Japanese man had right hip pain 17 days prior to admission. Because of worsening pain, he was admitted to our hospital. Physical examination revealed limitation of his right hip motion and a positive right psoas sign. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a large right IMA. Continuous drainage, which revealed polymicrobial pus, with intravenous administration of antibiotics dramatically decreased the size of the IMA. The drainage tube was removed on hospitalization day 9 because barium enema and contrast radiography of the abscess through the drainage tube showed no fistula. However, on day 19 of hospitalization, the IMA was redetected by abdominal CT. Continuous abscess drainage was resumed, and the third contrast radiograph of the abscess revealed contrast medium flow into the small intestine. Colonoscopy detected stenoses and circumferential ulceration of the terminal ileum. Histopathological examination of the ileum biopsy showed histocyte aggregation with lymphocyte or plasmacyte infiltration of the lamina propria, compatible with a CD diagnosis. Laparoscopic ileocecal resection was performed on day 64 of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Penetration of the intestinal tract caused by CD should be suspected in a patient with a polymicrobial IMA. It is essential to identify the fistula and subsequently perform surgical resection of the affected intestinal area.

Unusual presentation of Pott disease and diagnostic challenges in a resource-limited setting: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pott disease is rare and responsible for only 1%-2% of all tuberculosis cases. It poses diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings due to unusual presentation and limited investigative capacity, resulting in debilitating sequelae if diagnosed late. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of severe Pott disease of the lumbar spine, with a large paravertebral abscess tracking down to the gluteal region in a 27-year-old Black African Ugandan woman living with human immunodeficiency virus, whose main complaint was right lower abdominal pain. She was initially misdiagnosed from the peripheral clinics as a case of lumbago and later with a psoas abscess. The diagnosis of severe Pott disease was established at the regional referral hospital following an abdominal computed tomography scan, and the patient was appropriately initiated on anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, only abscess drainage and provision of a lumbar corset were possible, with no neurosurgical intervention done on the spine due to financial constraints. Clinical review at 2, 6, and 12 months revealed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Pott disease may present with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain resulting from pressure effects of an expansile cold abscess. This, coupled with limited diagnostic capacity in resource-limited settings; results in significant morbidity and possible mortality. Hence, there is need to train clinicians to increase their index of suspicion and equip health units with basic radiological equipment, such as x-ray, for timely detection and subsequent management of Pott disease.

Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent State: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases of mankind and remains a significant health concern, especially in developing countries. Clinical manifestations of TB are broad and sometimes very challenging for clinicians to diagnose early. Tuberculous psoas abscess was generally secondary to spinal tuberculosis or direct extension from adjacent structures in immunocompromised individuals, but tuberculous psoas abscess in the immunocompetent state is very infrequent. In addition, pancytopenia and new onset neck swelling simultaneously make this presentation a very unusual clinical entity in tuberculosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We now present a case of a 21-years-old, unmarried, otherwise healthy girl presented with fever, lower abdominal pain and weight loss for two months. She also noticed painless neck swelling for 15 days. She later had a tuberculous left sided psoas abscess with pancytopenia and a cold abscess on the left side of the neck with no sign of any other apparent focus, according to the evidence. Diagnosis of disseminated TB without lung involvement was established and ATT was started. The outcome was successful on follow up. CONCLUSION: Among the broad spectrum of atypical manifestations of TB, this case report draws attention to its rarity, diagnostic challenge and awareness of the clinical spectrum, especially in developing countries.

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Resolution of Posas Abscess: Case Reports and Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Psoas abscess is a rare pathological entity being retroperitonescopy an unusual therapeutic modality for its resolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The objective is to present and describe five patients with a diagnosis of psoas abscess that were resolved by retroperitoneoscopy in our institution and then carried out a non-systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: The mean age was 58.8 years and 80% were male. All patients had back pain and none had therapeutic resolution with conservative treatment. 60% of the patients had a methicillin sensitive Staphyylococus Aureus. In the follow-up with a mean of 10.2 months, no recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of psoas abscess is important for its correct resolution. In our small series of patients, retroperitoneoscopy was an effective treatment.

Nocardia elegans primary iliopsoas abscess: A case report and literature review.

Nocardia species are rare causative agents of psoas abscess, more frequently occurring as part of disseminated infection. Only sporadic cases have been reported so far, with Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia farcinica being the most common causative agents. Nocardia elegans is an opportunistic pathogen, accounting for only 0.3-0.6% of infections caused by Nocardia species, usually affecting the respiratory tract.In this study, a previously healthy 74-year-old man was admitted to the University Hospital of Heraklion with fever and intense pain radiating from the lumbar region to the groin and the left thigh, increasing with movement. Imaging findings revealed a large abscess in the left iliopsoas. Blood and pus aspirate cultures yielded a pure culture of Nocardia that was identified by 16S rRNA sequence as N. elegans. The patient was successfully treated with drainage of the abscess along with administration of ceftriaxone, linezolid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of iliopsoas abscess caused by N. elegans. Early, accurate diagnosis and timely treatment with drainage of the abscess and long-term administration of antimicrobial agents optimize the outcome.

Iliopsoas Hematoma and Abscess Formation as a Complication of an Anterior Abdominal Penetrating Injury: a Case Report and Review of Literature.

Background: Abdominal stab wounds are common in clinical practice. However, the development of psoas muscle abscess following such an injury is extremely rare. Moreover, literature surrounding psoas muscle hematoma formation as a consequence of penetrating abdominal injury is scarce. Objective: We report a case of psoas abscess formation following the development of psoas hematoma in a patient who suffered from a penetrating abdominal injury. Case presentation: A 40-year-old Indian male presented to the Emergency department with multiple abdominal cut and stab wounds as a result of physical assault. A computed tomography scan revealed injuries to the ascending colon along with hemoperitoneum and right psoas muscle hematoma. Exploratory laparotomy was performed in which a right hemicolectomy and a right psoas muscle evacuation were successfully achieved along with multiple drainage tubes placed. Six days later, a peritoneal fluid culture tested positive, and a computed tomography scan revealed right psoas muscle collection which was diagnosed as an abscess. Treatment of the abscess included antibiotics and ultrasound-guided drainage. Patient was eventually discharged but was lost to follow-up. Conclusion: The development of iliopsoas abscess and hematoma as a consequence of abdominal penetrating injuries is a rare occurrence. Diagnosis can be made by computed tomography imaging and examination of the drained fluid. Managing a case with both of these rare phenomena can be challenging due to the scarce literature highlighting and comparing the different management modalities.

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Resolution of Posas Abscess: Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Introduction: Psoas abscess is a rare pathological entity being retroperitonescopy an unusual therapeutic modality for its resolution Materials and Methods: The objective is to present and describe five patients with a diagnosis of psoas abscess that were resolved by retroperitoneoscopy in our institution and then carried out a non-systematic review of the literature. Results: The mean age was 58.8 years and 80% were male. All patients had back pain and none had therapeutic resolution with conservative treatment. 60% of the patients had a methicillin sensitive Staphyylococus Aureus. In the follow-up with a mean of 10.2 months, no recurrence was observed. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of psoas abscess is important for its correct resolution. In our small series of patients, retroperitoneoscopy was an effective treatment (AU)

Tricuspid valve infective endocarditis in a patient with psoas abscess complicated by septic pulmonary emboli and severe tricuspid regurgitation in Cameroon: challenges in the diagnosis and management in a resource limited setting (a case report).

Infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve is rare in non-intra-venous drug abusers. Few cases of psoas abscess complicated by tricuspid infective endocarditis have been reported. A 61-year-old man underwent a laminectomy. Three weeks later he developed persistent fever, abdominal pain, back pain and hip pain, weight loss, gradually and abdominal distension. Abdomino-thoracic computed tomographic scan showed a left psoas muscle abscess and cavitary pulmonary lesions suggestive of septic pulmonary emboli. Two dimensional transthoracic echocardiography showed an oscillating mass on the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve compatible with a vegetation. There was severe tricuspid regurgitation with right atrial and right ventricular dilatation. Secondary psoas abscess though rare is an important cause of bacteremia and there is a potential of bacteremia progressing to serious systemic infection like tricuspid endocarditis which can be fatal without prompt and appropriate treatment.

Retroperitoneal and iliopsoas abscess as Crohn's disease onset mimicking a common lumbosciatic pain.

Crohn's Disease (CD) refers to a chronic transmural bowel inflammation affecting a range between 5 and 15 per 100,000 person-years worldwide 1. In patients with stricturing CD, the transmural pattern of inflammation may trigger the development of sinus tracts able to connect to other tissues, leading to the formation of fistulas or abscesses 2. Intra-psoas abscesses are rare, affecting between 0.4-4.3% of patients with CD 3. We present the case of a 36-year-old male with no past medical history except for a two-week worsening lumbosciatalgia not responding to standard nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, who complained sudden abdominal pain, with right lower abdominal stiffness combined to a severe edema and erythema of the right lower limb, extended from the gluteus down to the knee, involving the anteromedial and posteromedial areas of his thigh. Patient was septic and CT scans revealed a large complex air-fluid collection within the right iliac region, involving terminal ileum, right retroperitoneum and right lateral abdominal wall towards the inner edge of his thigh. Diagnosis of CD was made on histopathology and the patient gained full recovery thanks to a prompt surgical intervention followed by high-dose antibiotic infusion and vacuum-assisted wound closure. Intra-psoas abscesses, albeit rare, are a known manifestation of CD and frequently lead to misdiagnosis because of their rarity and their unusual location easily mimicking other diseases. Therefore, clinician's awareness must be heightened for complicated CD in the setting of intra-psoas abscesses in order to avoid delayed treatment. KEY WORDS: Crohn disease, Psoas abscess, Sciatica, Late onset disorders, Negative pressure Wound therapy.

[An abdominal mass of unexpected etiology]. / Une masse abdominale d'étiologie inattendue.

Concomitant existence of spondylodiscitis and a psoas abscess in a patient with a history of plasmacytoma should be the subject of extensive etiological research.

A missed psoas abscess diagnosis: A forensic case report.

Psoas abscess is a rare pathology that usually presents with non-specific signs and rare clinical features. These characteristics can delay the diagnosis leading to complications and death. We report a forensic autopsy case of a 65-year-old male, alcoholic, smoker, with a history of hypertension, and urinary infection, who presented to the emergency room for anorexia and consciousness disorder. On physical examination, the patient was febrile and confused. Laboratory exams revealed leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Two days later, he died despite extensive resuscitation. Forensic autopsy revealed a large amount of green pus in the left psoas muscle extending to the muscles of the thigh of the same side with multiple cavities. The pus extended to the left kidney with destructive parenchyma and coralliform lithiasis. Histological examination showed destroyed renal tissue by lesions of chronic and acute pyelonephritis with dilatation of the pyelocaliceal cavities. Bacteriological analysis of the pus showed the presence of Escherichia coli. The psoas abscess was secondary to pyonephrosis favored by the immunodeficiency. Thus, death was attributed to a septic shock secondary to a psoas abscess complicating pyonephrosis.

Detection of mecA and 16S rRNA Genes Using Real-Time PCR Can Be Useful in Diagnosing Iliopsoas Abscess, Especially in Culture-Negative Cases: RT-PCR for Iliopsoas Abscess.

The rapid detection of etiological agents is important for the successful treatment of iliopsoas abscess (IPA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that targets the mecA gene for methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and the 16S rRNA gene for pan-bacteria. Our retrospective diagnostic study included 22 patients exhibiting IPAs and four patients with noninfectious iliopsoas mass regions who underwent computerized tomography or ultrasonography-guided biopsy and/or surgical treatment. Clinical symptoms, serum data, imaging analysis, and tissue microbiological culture were utilized for the diagnosis of IPA. The diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR was determined based on the diagnosis of IPA and microbiological culture results. The microbiological culture was positive for 12 IPA cases that included 2 MRSA infections. Among 12 culture-positive IPA cases, 16S rRNA-PCR was positive in 12 and MRS-PCR in two. Among 10 culture-negative IPA cases, including 3 TB cases, 16S rRNA-PCR was positive in 8 and MRS-PCR in 2. In noninfectious iliopsoas mass patients, neither 16S rRNA nor MRS-PCR detected bacterial DNA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of 16S rRNA-PCR for diagnosing IPA were 0.91, 1.00, 1.00, and 0.67, respectively, while those for the diagnosis of MRS infection with MRS-PCR were 1.00, 0.92, 1.00, and 0.50, respectively. Real-time PCR targeting bacterial DNA can detect bacterial DNA in culture-negative cases and offer improved detectability of MRS infection in IPA patients.

[Malignant psoas syndrome secondary to uterine cervical carcinoma]. / Síndrome del psoas maligno secundario a cáncer de cuello uterino.

A 40-year-old woman was scheduled to receive chemotherapy for a high-risk common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diagnosed 10 months earlier in the wake of lower limb bruising and petechiae, and metrorrhagia. At that time, she had thrombocytopenia and a normal transvaginal gynecological ultrasound. Upon admission, she complained of a 3-month history of incapacitating left groin pain radiated to the thigh, and right lower quadrant abdominal pain associated with diarrhea. On physical examination, she had tenderness in the right iliac fossa and a positive psoas sign on the left. Computerized scan of the abdomen and pelvis reported an image compatible with a left psoas abscess and signs of typhlitis. The biopsy of the left psoas muscle demonstrated infiltration by nests and cords of moderately differentiated keratinizing squamous carcinoma. Gynecological examination revealed macroscopic abnormalities of the cervix correlated with the same histopathological diagnosis. The second primary cancers most frequently associated with ALL are Hodgkin lymphoma, squamous skin cancer, endocrine tumors, kidney cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and breast cancer. Muscle metastases from solid tumors are rare, and usually arise from the lung, kidney, thyroid, and melanoma. Malignant psoas syndrome is caused by neoplastic infiltration of the muscle. The differential diagnosis should be made with a psoas abscess, which may arise from typhlitis if secondary. We have not been able to find records of cervical cancer as second primary cancer after ALL.

Una mujer de 40 años se internó de forma programada para recibir quimioterapia por una leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) B común de alto riesgo, diagnosticada 10 meses antes a raíz de hematomas y petequias en los miembros inferiores, y metrorragia. En ese momento, presentaba trombocitopenia y una ecografía ginecológica transvaginal normal. Al ingreso de la internación programada, se quejó de dolor inguinal izquierdo con irradiación al muslo e impotencia funcional de 3 meses de evolución, dolor en fosa ilíaca derecha y diarrea. En el examen físico tenía dolor a la palpación profunda en la fosa ilíaca derecha y signo del psoas positivo a la izquierda. La tomografía de abdomen y pelvis reveló una imagen compatible con un absceso del psoas izquierdo y signos de tiflitis. La biopsia del psoas izquierdo demostró infiltración por nidos y cordones de carcinoma escamoso queratinizante moderadamente diferenciado. El examen ginecológico dirigido evidenció anomalías macroscópicas del cuello uterino correlacionadas con el mismo diagnóstico histopatológico. Los segundos cánceres primarios más frecuentemente asociados a LLA son linfoma de Hodgkin, cáncer escamoso de piel, tumores endocrinos, cáncer renal, linfoma no-Hodgkin y cáncer de mama. Las metástasis musculares de tumores sólidos son infrecuentes, y habitualmente provienen del pulmón, riñón, tiroides y melanoma. El síndrome del psoas maligno es causado por infiltración neoplásica del músculo. El diagnóstico diferencial debe realizarse con el absceso del psoas, que puede originarse en una tiflitis si es secundario. No hemos podido encontrar registros de cáncer de cuello uterino como segundo cáncer primario luego de LLA.

Persistent bacteremia and psoas abscess caused by a lethal toxin-deficient Paeniclostridiumsordellii.

We present a case of persistent bacteremia and psoas abscess from Paeniclostridium sordellii without severe symptoms or the classically associated toxic shock syndrome. Further laboratory evaluation demonstrated that the Paeniclostridium sordellii isolate lacked the lethal toxin gene and there was no cytotoxicity to exposed Vero cells.

Pott's disease associated with bilateral psoas abscess: a case report on surgical management using anterior approach.

Pott's disease may accompany psoas abscesses, but bilateral psoas abscess is rarely encountered. Computerised Tomography (CT) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of psoas abscesses. Treatment of psoas abscess usually involves drainage of abscess and antibiotic therapy. CT and USG-guided catheters are often utilised for abscess drainage. In cases where neurological symptoms are observed, open surgery may be required. Pott's disease accompanied by bilateral psoas abscess was detected in a 21-year-old male patient who was admitted to the clinic with complaints of low back pain and weakness in his left leg at the Selcuk University, Turkey, in 2018. The reason for the development of neurological deficit only on the left side was the compression of the nerve roots by the abscess tissue. The patient underwent debridement and anterior instrumentation with an anterior approach. In the postoperative follow-up it was observed that the patient's complaints were relieved. Pott's disease with bilateral psoas abscesses, in which debridement and instrumentation with an anterior approach is applied, has not been previously reported in the literature, and the current case is a first in this respect.

Six-stage revision surgery of a triple periprosthetic joint infection due to a delayed diagnosis of a bilateral psoas abscess: a case report.

CASE: We present a case of a 70-year-old woman with simultaneous periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of both hips and left knee due to a bilateral psoas abscess. The patient underwent debridement and implants removal with the consequent reimplantation in a sequential six-stage revision surgery. At four years of follow-up and in spite of the patient's comorbidities and current PJI presentation, she maintains full activities of daily living without restrictions. CONCLUSION: Accurate and early diagnosis of a psoas abscess is crucial. This case report provides experience of a complex scenario, the decision-making involved and the outcomes of an underdiagnosed complication.