O que faz do grupo um dispositivo analítico? Considerações de Freud e Lacan / ¿Qué hace del grupo un mecanismo analítico? Consideraciones de Freud y de Lacan / Qu'est-ce qui fait du groupe un dispositif analytique ? Considérations de Freud et Lacan / What makes the group an analytical device? Considerations by Freud and Lacan

Resumo O intuito deste artigo é retomar a discussão sobre a prática clínica com grupos a partir da psicanálise de Freud e de Lacan, tendo como horizonte ressaltar a ética do psicanalista, seus impasses e suas possibilidades de inserção em espaços coletivos, públicos ou institucionais. O recurso ao coletivo é uma característica privilegiada na atenção psicossocial e na "clínica ampliada" preconizada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Contudo, vê-se com frequência a diluição da perspectiva inovadora proposta no surgimento dos grupos no campo clínico e o predomínio do atendimento massificado, o que justifica esta retomada clínica. Para isto, apresentamos contrapontos entre os grupalistas no interior da psicanálise e a perspectiva lacaniana acerca da lógica coletiva e do laço social. Em seguida, retomamos alguns trabalhos de extração lacaniana em diferentes contextos coletivos e, por último, enfatizamos algumas considerações sobre a prática clínica, tendo como norte atravessar os efeitos imaginários do grupo e privilegiar o sujeito e sua singularidade.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es retomar la discusión sobre la práctica clínica con grupos a partir del psicoanálisis de Freud y de Lacan con el fin de resaltar la ética del psicoanalista, sus impasses y posibilidades de inserción en espacios colectivos, públicos o institucionales. El recurso del colectivo es una característica privilegiada en la atención psicosocial y en la "clínica ampliada" recomendada por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Sin embargo, suele haber una dilución de la perspectiva innovadora propuesta en la emergencia de grupos en el campo clínico y el predominio de la atención masiva, lo que justifica esta reanudación clínica. Para ello, se presenta contrapuntos entre los grupos del psicoanálisis y la perspectiva de Lacan sobre la lógica colectiva y el lazo social. Después, se vuelve a algunos trabajos de extracción lacaniana en diferentes contextos colectivos para, por último, enfatizar algunas consideraciones sobre la práctica clínica, con el objetivo de atravesar los efectos imaginarios del grupo y privilegiar al sujeto y su singularidad.

Résumé Cet article aborde la pratique clinique avec des groupes basé sur la psychanalyse freudienne et lacanienne, en visant à souligner l'éthique du psychanalyste, ses enjeux et ses possibilités d'insertion dans des espaces collectifs, publics ou institutionnels. L'appel au collective est une caractéristique privilégiée du soin psychosociale et de la « clinique élargi ¼ conçu par le Système de Santé Unifié (SUS). Cependant, nous constatons souvent la dilution de la perspective innovatrice proposée dans l'émergence de groupes dans le domaine clinique et la prédominance des soins en masse, justifiant cette reprise clinique. Pour ce faire, nous présentons des contrepoints entre les groupistes au sein de la psychanalyse et la perspective lacanienne sur la logique collective et le lien social; ensuite, nous reprenons quelques études d'extraction lacanienne dans différents contextes collectifs. Enfin, nous soulignons quelques considérations sur la pratique clinique, en cherchant à franchir les effets imaginaires du groupe et à privilégier le sujet et sa singularité.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to take up the discussion on clinical practice with groups, based on the psychoanalysis of Freud and Lacan, highlighting the psychoanalyst's ethics, its impasses and possibilities of being part of collective, public or institutional environments. The "collective" is an important aspect in psychosocial care and in the "extended medical practice (clinic)" proposed by the Unified Health System (SUS). However, innovative perspectives proposed by new groups in the field are often forgotten, in the emergence of groups in the clinical field and the predominance of mass care, which justifies our discussion. For this, we present counterpoints between the groupism concept in psychoanalysis and the Lacanian perspective on the collective logic and social bonds. Then, we return to some Lacanian works in different collective contexts and, finally, emphasize some considerations about clinical practice, in order to go beyond the imaginary effects of groups and privilege the subject and his uniqueness.

[From counterculture to somatherapy: the creation and early development of an anarchist therapy]. / Da contracultura à somaterapia: a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial de uma terapia anarquista.

This work is part of a larger survey on how Roberto Freire's somatherapy emerged and developed from the counterculture of the 1970s, addressing the creation and initial development of somatherapy, starting from what is understood to be a "creation myth," an orderly and coherent narrative explaining the emergence of this therapy that is frequently repeated with few changes. Later narratives referring to the process of naming somatherapy are also examined, revealing inconsistencies and conflicts in the data that indicate the complexity of these processes and the authors' efforts to add order and legitimacy to this therapeutic technique.

Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa maior, na qual se procura compreender como a somaterapia de Roberto Freire surgiu e se desenvolveu a partir da contracultura dos anos 1970. Abordam-se a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial da somaterapia, partindo do que se compreende ser um "mito de criação": uma narrativa ordenada e coerente que explica o surgimento da terapia e que aparece, de forma recorrente, com poucas alterações. Analisam-se, ainda, narrativas posteriores a esse período que remetem ao processo de nomeação da somaterapia. Nesta análise, são encontrados conflitos de dados e incongruências que indicam a complexidade desses processos e o esforço dos autores no sentido de ordenação e legitimação da técnica terapêutica.

¿Qué es el grupoanálisis? / What is group analysis?

En este trabajo exponemos las características de lo que para nosotros es el grupoanálisis, diferenciándolo de otras formas de psicoterapia de grupo. Es el resultado de nuestros años de experiencia y aprendizaje. Explicamos también los criterios formativos emanados de la European Group Analytic Training Institutions Network (EGATIN), que son los que se siguen en los cursos formativos de los que formamos parte. (AU)

In this paper we expose the characteristics of what group analysis is for us, differentiating it from other forms of group psychotherapy. This is derived from our clinical experience and training process. We also explain the training criteria decided by the European Group Analytic Training Institutions Network (EGATIN), which are the ones we follow in the training courses we lead. (AU)

Group Weight Loss and Multiple Screening: A Tale of Two Heart Disease Programs in Postwar American Public Health.

In the late 1940s, amid elevated concern about heart disease and new funding to fight it, multiple screening emerged alongside group psychotherapy for weight loss as two innovative responses of the American public health community. I describe the early trajectory and fate in the 1950s of both programs as shaped by the ongoing political controversy about national health insurance. Group weight loss became the main de facto American response to a perceived obesity-driven heart disease crisis. The episode casts light on the larger picture of how postwar American public health gravitated toward interventions centered on individual behavior and may offer lessons for obesity interventions today.

O trabalho com grupos e as fronteiras do movimento analítico brasileiro: 1967 a 1976 / Working with groups and the borders of brazilian's analytic movement: 1967-1976 / El trabajo con grupos y las fronteras del movimiento analítico brasileño: 1967-1976

Entre os anos de 1951 e 1969, pioneiros das primeiras Sociedades de Psicanálise no Brasil trabalharam com o dispositivo clínico de grupos e tentaram validar esses trabalhos como psicanalíticos. Neste período, fundaram, paralelamente, sociedades voltadas para o trabalho com grupos; fizeram diversas tentativas de legitimar seus trabalhos nas instituições ligadas à IPA. Essa parte da história corre risco de ser esquecida, pois, a partir dos anos 1970, a busca pela "verdadeira psicanálise" marca o início do afastamento entre o trabalho com grupos e o movimento analítico, principalmente o ligado à IPA. A partir desse momento, o grupo cada vez menos será uma questão para estas "Sociedades de Psicanálise", pouco tendo sido alterado este quadro até a publicação deste trabalho. O objetivo deste artigo é recuperar esta história e discutir a questão do grupo no âmbito do movimento analítico brasileiro, tema que retoma uma discussão sobre as fronteiras da psicanálise.(AU)

From 1951 to 1969, pioneers of the first Psychoanalytic Societies in Brazil worked with groups and attempted to validate their works as psychoanalytic ones. In that period of time, they also founded societies for the purpose of working with groups; there were several attempts to validate their work in the IPA Societies. This part of history may be forgotten: since the 1970's, the search for the "true psychoanalysis" has been considered a starting point for the gap between the group psychoanalytic therapy and the psychoanalytic movement, especially the one connected to the IPA. From that moment, the group has gradually been a less and less important matter to the Psychoanalytic Societies related to IPA. Almost nothing has changed (at least, by the time this work was published). In this paper, the author intends to recover this history and to discuss the issue of the group inside the Brazilian psychoanalytic movement - a subject that brings up the discussion about boundaries in psychoanalysis.(AU)

Entre los años 1951-1969, los pioneros de las primeras sociedades psicoanalíticas de Brasil trabajaron con grupos e intentaron validar este trabajo como psicoanalítico. En ese período, fundaron sociedades de grupo e hicieron varios intentos de legitimar su trabajo en las instituciones vinculadas a IPA. Se trata de una parte de la historia del psicoanálisis que corre riesgo de ser olvidada porque a partir de 1970, la búsqueda por el "verdadero psicoanálisis" marcó el inicio de un distanciamiento entre el trabajo con grupos y el movimiento analítico, principalmente el relacionado a IPA. A partir de ese momento, el grupo, será cada vez menos considerado como cuestión en las sociedades psicoanalíticas vinculadas a IPA. Esa situación no ha cambiado significativamente hasta la fecha de publicación de esta obra. El propósito de este artículo es recuperar esa historia y discutir el tema del grupo dentro del movimiento analítico brasileño, tema que enciende una discusión sobre los límites del psicoanálisis.(AU)

O trabalho com grupos e as fronteiras do movimento analítico brasileiro: 1967 a 1976 / Working with groups and the borders of brazilian's analytic movement: 1967-1976 / El trabajo con grupos y las fronteras del movimiento analítico brasileño: 1967-1976

Entre os anos de 1951 e 1969, pioneiros das primeiras Sociedades de Psicanálise no Brasil trabalharam com o dispositivo clínico de grupos e tentaram validar esses trabalhos como psicanalíticos. Neste período, fundaram, paralelamente, sociedades voltadas para o trabalho com grupos; fizeram diversas tentativas de legitimar seus trabalhos nas instituições ligadas à IPA. Essa parte da história corre risco de ser esquecida, pois, a partir dos anos 1970, a busca pela "verdadeira psicanálise" marca o início do afastamento entre o trabalho com grupos e o movimento analítico, principalmente o ligado à IPA. A partir desse momento, o grupo cada vez menos será uma questão para estas "Sociedades de Psicanálise", pouco tendo sido alterado este quadro até a publicação deste trabalho. O objetivo deste artigo é recuperar esta história e discutir a questão do grupo no âmbito do movimento analítico brasileiro, tema que retoma uma discussão sobre as fronteiras da psicanálise...

From 1951 to 1969, pioneers of the first Psychoanalytic Societies in Brazil worked with groups and attempted to validate their works as psychoanalytic ones. In that period of time, they also founded societies for the purpose of working with groups; there were several attempts to validate their work in the IPA Societies. This part of history may be forgotten: since the 1970's, the search for the "true psychoanalysis" has been considered a starting point for the gap between the group psychoanalytic therapy and the psychoanalytic movement, especially the one connected to the IPA. From that moment, the group has gradually been a less and less important matter to the Psychoanalytic Societies related to IPA. Almost nothing has changed (at least, by the time this work was published). In this paper, the author intends to recover this history and to discuss the issue of the group inside the Brazilian psychoanalytic movement - a subject that brings up the discussion about boundaries in psychoanalysis...

Entre los años 1951-1969, los pioneros de las primeras sociedades psicoanalíticas de Brasil trabajaron con grupos e intentaron validar este trabajo como psicoanalítico. En ese período, fundaron sociedades de grupo e hicieron varios intentos de legitimar su trabajo en las instituciones vinculadas a IPA. Se trata de una parte de la historia del psicoanálisis que corre riesgo de ser olvidada porque a partir de 1970, la búsqueda por el "verdadero psicoanálisis" marcó el inicio de un distanciamiento entre el trabajo con grupos y el movimiento analítico, principalmente el relacionado a IPA. A partir de ese momento, el grupo, será cada vez menos considerado como cuestión en las sociedades psicoanalíticas vinculadas a IPA. Esa situación no ha cambiado significativamente hasta la fecha de publicación de esta obra. El propósito de este artículo es recuperar esa historia y discutir el tema del grupo dentro del movimiento analítico brasileño, tema que enciende una discusión sobre los límites del psicoanálisis...

Group Psychotherapy in Italy.

This article describes the history and the prevailing orientations of group psychotherapy in Italy (psychoanalytically oriented, psychodrama, CBT groups) and particularly group analysis. Provided free of charge by the Italian health system, group psychotherapy is growing, but its expansion is patchy. The main pathways of Italian training in the different group psychotherapy orientations are also presented. Clinical-theoretical elaboration on self development, psychopathology related to group experiences, and the methodological attention paid to objectives and methods in different clinical groups are issues related to group therapy in Italy. Difficulties in the relationship between research and clinical practice are discussed, as well as the empirical research network that tries to bridge the gap between research and clinical work in group psychotherapy. The economic crisis in Italy has led to massive cuts in health care and to an increasing demand for some forms of psychological treatment. For these reasons, and because of its positive cost-benefit ratio, group psychotherapy is now considered an important tool in the national health care system to expand the clinical response to different forms of psychological distress.

Group Psychotherapy in Germany.

This article gives an overview of the development of group psychotherapies in Germany originating from a psychodynamic tradition. The German health system provides access to inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy for all of its citizens. Whereas groups are common in inpatient settings, the provision of outpatient group treatment still could be improved, as it is the case for the general training of group psychotherapists. Group research in Germany largely reflects clinical practice, with more studies coming from the inpatient field. It is stated that the general image of group treatment seems to be largely positive, which could provide a basis for political initiatives to improve the dissemination of group therapy in this country.

Group Psychotherapy in Sweden.

The paper presents an overview of the national developments of group psychotherapy (GPS) in Sweden during the period from World War II until the present time. Methods and concepts, imported primarily from England and the United States, inspired trainings and widespread psychodynamic and group analytic applications in schools, health treatment, and social care. Education in psychotherapy and GPS at universities opened new therapeutic and vocational areas during the period 1970-2005. Increasing criticism of psychodynamics, as in other Western societies, but more radical in Sweden, has in the last decades made group analytic GPS diminish in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy models. Prospects for GPS further development may presently look bleak but, in a longer perspective, are promising.

Group Psychotherapy in Finland.

This article describes the development of group psychotherapy in Finland as a treatment in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Different theoretical preferences split the training programs into two; both are now trying to survive in a psychotherapeutically changing landscape. All training programs have been transferred to the universities, but a lack of interest in, and knowledge about, group psychotherapy has resulted in fewer students choosing this program. This may result, in the future, in even less knowledge of, and research in, group dynamics in Finland.

Group Psychotherapy in Norway.

This paper gives an overview of group psychotherapy in Norway: the history, approaches in use, programs for systematic training, how group services are financed, and finally how practice and research are integrated in the public mental health system.

Group Psychotherapy in Denmark.

This is a short article on the history and training standards in the Institute of Group Analysis in Copenhagen (IGA-CPH). We describe theoretical orientations and influences in the long-term training program and new initiatives, like courses in mentalization-based group treatment and a dynamic short-term group therapy course, as well as research in group psychotherapy in Denmark. Some group analytic initiatives in relation to social issues and social welfare are presented, as well as initiatives concerning the school system and unemployment.

Group Psychotherapy in Iceland.

In this overview of group psychotherapy in Iceland, an attempt will be made to describe how it is practiced today, give some glimpses into its earlier history, and clarify seven issues: (1) the standing of group psychotherapy in Iceland, its previous history, and the theoretical orientation of dynamic group therapy in the country; (2) the role of group therapy in the health care system; (3) how training in group therapy is organized; (4) the relationship between group psychotherapy research and clinical practice; (5) which issues/processes can be identified as unique to therapy groups in Iceland; and (6) how important are group-related issues within the social background of the country; and (7) what group work holds for the future.

Group Psychotherapy in Canada.

Canada is a relatively young country, spanning a vast geographical area; yet, it has matured quickly, becoming a diverse, prosperous, and proud nation. The development of group psychotherapy in this country has followed a similar path: its roots can be traced back to fairly recent times, but it has given rise to a rich fabric of practice, teaching, and research traditions. This article provides a brief synopsis of how group therapy is provided, taught, and studied in Canada. Given the growing emphasis on providing group therapy, we recommend that Canadian mental health services invest in continuing education in group therapy; accrediting bodies require that foundational knowledge in group principles be taught to all trainees; and institutions encourage researchers to engage clinicians in practice-based research.

Group Psychotherapy in Egypt: Past, Present, and Future.

Egypt has a central position in Africa and the Middle East. Events in the last few years have brought Egypt to the forefront of the world's interest in politics, sociology, and group psychology. This paper explores the evolution, development, and current status of group psychotherapy and group processes in Egypt. Starting from times of old in Pharaonic, Islamic, and Christian cultures, the paper discusses the theoretical orientation of contemporary group psychotherapy in the country, its status in the health care system, its training and research opportunities, and its current and future challenges.

Group Analytic Psychotherapy in Brazil.

Group analytic practice in Brazil began quite early. Highly influenced by the Argentinean Pichon-Rivière, it enjoyed a major development from the 1950s to the early 1980s. Beginning in the 1970s, different factors undermined its development and eventually led to its steep decline. From the mid 1980s on, the number of people looking for either group analytic psychotherapy or group analytic training decreased considerably. Group analytic psychotherapy societies struggled to survive and most of them had to close their doors in the 1990s and the following decade. Psychiatric reform and the new public health system have stimulated a new demand for groups in Brazil. Developments in the public and not-for-profit sectors, combined with theoretical and practical research in universities, present promising new perspectives for group analytic psychotherapy in Brazil nowadays.

Elementos para uma história da psicoterapia de grupo / Elements for a history of group psychotherapy / Elementos para una historia de la psicoterapia de grupo

O texto discute a história da psicoterapia de grupo, destacando suas transformações até o surgimento dos grupos gestálticos. A história da psicoterapia de grupo revela sua evolução sócio-pedagógica. As primeiras propostas, eminentemente didáticas, exortativas e repressivas, foram seguidas pela inclusão da psicanalíse, permitindo a ampliação do enfoque sobre o indivíduo para uma perspectiva interpessoal, que enfatizava o grupo como uma "família". O texto destaca o advento das propostas de Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin e Rogers, que criaram um vasto campo de atuação entre as psicoterapias humanistas, caracterizadas como "pedagogias da vida", voltadas aos recursos disponíveis nos grupos. É neste contexto que podemos incluir a gestalt-terapia, apesar de alguns limites quanto às suas iniciativas grupais, pelo menos na prática de seu criador, Frederick Perls, e de alguns de seus seguidores. Para além de sua formação psicanalítica, Perls incorporou, a partir de sua própria experiência, uma série de influências, que vão desde o teatro expressionista ao zen-budismo, passando pela análise do caráter, o psicodrama, até a fenomenologia e o existencialismo. Perls, que se considerava um psicanalista medíocre, criou uma abordagem viva, que, hoje, integra o rol dos referenciais psicológicos mais reconhecidos, particularmente no que se refere às práticas grupais.(AU)

The paper discusses the history of group psychotherapy, highlighting its transformations until the emergence of the gestaltic groups. The history of group psychotherapy reveals its socio-pedagogical evolution. The first proposals, eminently didactic, exhortative and repressive, were followed by the inclusion of psychoanalysis, allowing the expansion from the focus on the individual to an interpersonal perspective, which had emphasized the group as a "family". The text highlights the advent of the proposals of Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin and Rogers, who have created a vast field of action between the humanistic psychotherapies, characterized as "pedagogies of life", focused on the available resources in groups. It is in this last context that we can include the gestalt therapy, although some limits on their group initiatives, at least in the practice of its founder, Frederick Perls, and some of his followers. Beyond his psychoanalytic training, Perls had incorporated, from his own experience, a number of influences, ranging from expressionist theatre to zen buddhism, character analysis, psychodrama, until phenomenology and existentialism. Perls, who considered himself a mediocre psychoanalyst, have created a living approach, which integrates the list of the more recognized psychological references, particularly with regard to group practices.(AU)

El artículo analiza la historia de la psicoterapia de grupo, destacando sus transformaciones hasta la aparición de los grupos gestálticos. La historia de la psicoterapia de grupo revela su evolución socio-pedagógica. Las primeras propuestas, eminentemente didácticas, exhortativas y represivas, fueron seguidas por la inclusión del psicoanálisis, permitiendo la expansión del foco en el individuo a una perspectiva interpersonal, que enfatizó el grupo como una "familia". El texto destaca la llegada de las propuestas de Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin y Rogers, que crearan un vasto campo de acción entre las psicoterapias humanistas, caracterizadas como "pedagogías de la vida", centradas en los recursos disponibles en grupos. Es en este último contexto que podemos incluir la terapia gestáltica, aunque algunos límites en sus iniciativas de grupo, al menos en la práctica de su creador, Frederick Perls, y algunos de sus seguidores. De formación psicoanalítica, Perls hay incorporado, desde su propia experiencia, una serie de influencias, que van desde el teatro expresionista al budismo zen, el análisis del carácter, el psicodrama, hasta la fenomenología y el existencialismo. Perls, que se consideraba un psicoanalista mediocre, creó un enfoque vívido, que integra el rol de referenciales psicológicos más reconocidos, particularmente con respecto a las prácticas de grupo.(AU)

Elementos para uma história da psicoterapia de grupo / Elements for a history of group psychotherapy / Elementos para una historia de la psicoterapia de grupo

O texto discute a história da psicoterapia de grupo, destacando suas transformações até o surgimento dos grupos gestálticos. A história da psicoterapia de grupo revela sua evolução sócio-pedagógica. As primeiras propostas, eminentemente didáticas, exortativas e repressivas, foram seguidas pela inclusão da psicanalíse, permitindo a ampliação do enfoque sobre o indivíduo para uma perspectiva interpessoal, que enfatizava o grupo como uma "família". O texto destaca o advento das propostas de Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin e Rogers, que criaram um vasto campo de atuação entre as psicoterapias humanistas, caracterizadas como "pedagogias da vida", voltadas aos recursos disponíveis nos grupos. É neste contexto que podemos incluir a gestalt-terapia, apesar de alguns limites quanto às suas iniciativas grupais, pelo menos na prática de seu criador, Frederick Perls, e de alguns de seus seguidores. Para além de sua formação psicanalítica, Perls incorporou, a partir de sua própria experiência, uma série de influências, que vão desde o teatro expressionista ao zen-budismo, passando pela análise do caráter, o psicodrama, até a fenomenologia e o existencialismo. Perls, que se considerava um psicanalista medíocre, criou uma abordagem viva, que, hoje, integra o rol dos referenciais psicológicos mais reconhecidos, particularmente no que se refere às práticas grupais...

The paper discusses the history of group psychotherapy, highlighting its transformations until the emergence of the gestaltic groups. The history of group psychotherapy reveals its socio-pedagogical evolution. The first proposals, eminently didactic, exhortative and repressive, were followed by the inclusion of psychoanalysis, allowing the expansion from the focus on the individual to an interpersonal perspective, which had emphasized the group as a "family". The text highlights the advent of the proposals of Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin and Rogers, who have created a vast field of action between the humanistic psychotherapies, characterized as "pedagogies of life", focused on the available resources in groups. It is in this last context that we can include the gestalt therapy, although some limits on their group initiatives, at least in the practice of its founder, Frederick Perls, and some of his followers. Beyond his psychoanalytic training, Perls had incorporated, from his own experience, a number of influences, ranging from expressionist theatre to zen buddhism, character analysis, psychodrama, until phenomenology and existentialism. Perls, who considered himself a mediocre psychoanalyst, have created a living approach, which integrates the list of the more recognized psychological references, particularly with regard to group practices...

El artículo analiza la historia de la psicoterapia de grupo, destacando sus transformaciones hasta la aparición de los grupos gestálticos. La historia de la psicoterapia de grupo revela su evolución socio-pedagógica. Las primeras propuestas, eminentemente didácticas, exhortativas y represivas, fueron seguidas por la inclusión del psicoanálisis, permitiendo la expansión del foco en el individuo a una perspectiva interpersonal, que enfatizó el grupo como una "familia". El texto destaca la llegada de las propuestas de Moreno, Adler, Burrow, Bierer, Lewin y Rogers, que crearan un vasto campo de acción entre las psicoterapias humanistas, caracterizadas como "pedagogías de la vida", centradas en los recursos disponibles en grupos. Es en este último contexto que podemos incluir la terapia gestáltica, aunque algunos límites en sus iniciativas de grupo, al menos en la práctica de su creador, Frederick Perls, y algunos de sus seguidores. De formación psicoanalítica, Perls hay incorporado, desde su propia experiencia, una serie de influencias, que van desde el teatro expresionista al budismo zen, el análisis del carácter, el psicodrama, hasta la fenomenología y el existencialismo. Perls, que se consideraba un psicoanalista mediocre, creó un enfoque vívido, que integra el rol de referenciales psicológicos más reconocidos, particularmente con respecto a las prácticas de grupo...