ABSTRACT
A 48-year-old female patient with complaints of shortness of breath and coughing had bilateral diffuse infiltration in her chest X-ray and diffuse ground-glass opacities in her chest computed tomography. Despite her polymerase chain reaction test being negative, she was treated 10 days for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia due to her radiological images and clinical hypoxia. As there was no improvement in her symptoms, she was administered fiberoptic bronchoscopy and she was diagnosed with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). PAP can be confused with COVID-19 pneumonia due to their similar clinical and radiological appearances.
Una paciente de 48 años con quejas de disnea y tos tenía infiltración difusa bilateral en la radiografía de tórax y opacidades difusas en vidrio deslustrado en la tomografía computarizada de tórax. A pesar de que su prueba de PCR fue negativa, fue tratada durante 10 días por neumonía COVID-19 debido a sus imágenes radiológicas e hipoxia clínica. Como no hubo mejoría en sus síntomas, se le administró fibrobroncoscopia y se le diagnosticó proteinosis alveolar pulmonar. La proteinosis alveolar pulmonar se puede confundir con la neumonía COVID-19 debido a su apariencia clínica y radiológica similar.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis , Diagnostic Errors , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the accumulation of lipoprotein material in the alveoli. It is classified as primary, secondary and congenital. The primary form, of autoimmune origin, is characterized by antibodies against granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The aim of this article is to present a case of PAP with adequate response to treatment with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and GM-CSF. CLINICAL CASE: A 28-year-old female patient who started with mild to moderate effort dyspnea, distal cyanosis and lower respiratory tract infection. We found restrictive pattern respiratory function tests, chest X-ray with bilateral nodular reticulum pattern and high-resolution tomography with ground glass image and bronchiectasis, besides video bronchoscopy with inflammatory process. The open biopsy revealed data of alveolar proteinaceous material and mononuclear infiltrate. Treatment was given with BAL and GM-CSF which was suspended by dermal reaction. The patient had a satisfactory evolution and is currently asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: The present case had clinical, imaging and histological manifestations for the diagnosis of autoimmune PAP with a satisfactory response to treatment. Although PAP is a low prevalence entity, the diagnosis and therapeutic options must be taken into account, including BAL and GM-CSF, since this factor is required for surfactant factor homeostasis.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la proteinosis alveolar pulmonar (PAP) se caracteriza por la acumulación de material lipoproteináceo en los alveolos, y se clasifica en primaria, secundaria y congénita. La primaria, de origen autoinmune, se caracteriza por anticuerpos contra el factor estimulante de colonia de granulocitos y macrófagos (GM-CSF). El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un caso de PAP con buena respuesta al tratamiento con lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) y GM-CSF. CASO CLÍNICO: Caso clínico: distal e infección de vías respiratorias bajas. Se efectuaron pruebas de función respiratoria con patrón restrictivo, radiografía de tórax con patrón retículo nodular bilateral y tomografía de alta resolución con imagen de vidrio despulido y bronquiectasias, así como video broncoscopía con proceso inflamatorio. La biopsia a cielo abierto evidenció datos de material proteináceo alveolar e infiltrado mononuclear. Se dio tratamiento con LBA y GM-CSF, el cual fue suspendido por reacción dérmica. Tuvo evolución satisfactoria y actualmente se encuentra asintomática. CONCLUSIÓN: el presente caso tuvo manifestaciones clínicas, de imagen e histológicas para el diagnóstico de PAP autoinmune con respuesta satisfactoria. Para el tratamiento de la PAP, aunque es una entidad de baja prevalencia, se debe tener en cuenta el diagnóstico y las opciones terapéuticas, entre ellas, el LBA y el GM-CSF, puesto que este factor se requiere para la homeostasis del factor surfactante.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis , Adult , Biopsy , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Bronchoscopy , Female , Humans , Lung , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapyABSTRACT
La proteinosis alveolar pulmonar es una enfermedad pulmonar difusa caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de surfactante y lipoproteínas en el espacio alveolar, lo cual empeora el intercambio gaseoso y lleva a un curso variable desde una presentación clínica asintomática hasta una falla respiratoria grave.Se presenta a una adolescente de 16 años con este diagnóstico que fue remitida a nuestro Hospital para la realización de un lavado pulmonar total luego de una historia de disnea progresiva, dificultad respiratoria, caída de la función pulmonar y anormalidades radiológicas. Se le realizaron estudios de función pulmonar y mediciones de laboratorio antes y después del lavado pulmonar terapéutico.Luego, la paciente presentó una inmediata mejoría tanto de los síntomas, radiografía de tórax y mediciones de estudios de función pulmonar como en el intercambio gaseoso. El lavado pulmonar total continúa siendo el estándar de oro para el tratamiento de la proteinosis alveolar pulmonar en casos graves
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an unusual diffuse lung disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant and lipoproteins in the alveolar space, which impairs gas exchange with a variable clinical course, ranging from an asymptomatic clinical presentation to severely affected respiratory failure.A 16-year-old girl with diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis presented to our hospital for therapeutic lung lavage after a recent history of progressive dyspnea, respiratory distress, declining lung function measurements, and worsening radiographic abnormalities. We obtained baseline pulmonary function tests and laboratory measurements before and after therapeutic bilateral lung lavage. After the lavage, the patient demonstrated an immediate improvement in symptoms, chest radiograph appearance, pulmonary function test measurements, as well as in gas exchange. Whole lung lavage is still the gold standard for treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in severe cases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Respiratory Insufficiency , Lung DiseasesABSTRACT
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an unusual diffuse lung disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant and lipoproteins in the alveolar space, which impairs gas exchange with a variable clinical course, ranging from an asymptomatic clinical presentation to severely affected respiratory failure. A 16-year-old girl with diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis presented to our hospital for therapeutic lung lavage after a recent history of progressive dyspnea, respiratory distress, declining lung function measurements, and worsening radiographic abnormalities. We obtained baseline pulmonary function tests and laboratory measurements before and after therapeutic bilateral lung lavage.
La proteinosis alveolar pulmonar es una enfermedad pulmonar difusa caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de surfactante y lipoproteínas en el espacio alveolar, lo cual empeora el intercambio gaseoso y lleva a un curso variable desde una presentación clínica asintomática hasta una falla respiratoria grave. Se presenta a una adolescente de 16 años con este diagnóstico que fue remitida a nuestro Hospital para la realización de un lavado pulmonar total luego de una historia de disnea progresiva, dificultad respiratoria, caída de la función pulmonar y anormalidades radiológicas. Se le realizaron estudios de función pulmonar y mediciones de laboratorio antes y después del lavado pulmonar terapéutico. Luego, la paciente presentó una inmediata mejoría tanto de los síntomas, radiografía de tórax y mediciones de estudios de función pulmonar como en el intercambio gaseoso. El lavado pulmonar total continúa siendo el estándar de oro para el tratamiento de la proteinosis alveolar pulmonar en casos graves.
Subject(s)
Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosisABSTRACT
La Proteinosis Alveolar Pulmonar (PAP) es una enfermedad poco frecuente, caracterizada por la acumulación de material lipoproteico derivado del surfactante pulmonar al interior de los alvéolos por una falla de depuración de este material por los macrófagos alveolares, siendo la causa más frecuente de esta disfunción la acción bloqueadora producida por anticuerpos anti factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos (GM-CSF) lo que lleva a un deterioro del intercambio gaseoso. La evolución es variable abarcando desde la resolución espontánea hasta la insuficiencia respiratoria grave y la muerte. Se describen tres formas de PAP: Genética, secundaria y autoinmune (antes primaria o idiopática) siendo esta última la más frecuente en adultos. Clínicamente, se manifiesta por disnea, tos seca e hipoxemia que pueden ser progresivas. En la radiografía de tórax se encuentran opacidades bilaterales y la tomografía computarizada de tórax de alta resolución (TACAR) muestra vidrio esmerilado con sobre posición de engrosamiento septal intra e interlobulillar, patrón conocido como "crazy paving". El diagnóstico se basa en la clínica y en el lavado broncoalveolar con material PAS positivo. La biopsia quirúrgica es confirmatoria. El tratamiento clásico es el lavado pulmonar total (LPT) para remover el contenido alveolar. Otras alternativas son la administración de GM-CSF subcutáneo o inhalado, plasmaferesis y rituximab, cuyos resultados son variables. Diferentes autores han modificado la forma del LPT y combinado los diferentes métodos de tratamiento con el fin de obtener resultados más rápidos y efectivos.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant derived lipoproteinaceous material filling the alveoli, secondary to failure of its clearance by macrophages. Most of the patients are adults that have auto antibodies directed to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF). The evolution is towards disturbed gaseous exchange with a wide spectrum of disease from spontaneous recovery to death. There are three forms of PAP: genetic, secondary and autoimmune. Symptoms are scarce and patients may present with dyspnea, dry cough and hypoxemia. Chest X ray shows bilateral opacities and thorax CT depicts ground glass opacities surrounded by septal widening, the so called "crazy paving" pattern. Diagnosis is made on clinical and radiological grounds and confirmed by PAS positive staining of bronchoalveolar lavage material or surgical lung biopsy. Accepted treatment is whole lung lavage (WLL) with saline. Alternatives are subcutaneous or inhaled GM-CSF, Plasmapheresis or Rituximab, and even modification of the method of WLL and combination of different manner of treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/etiology , Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor , Plasmapheresis , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Rituximab/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare, diffuse interstitial lung disease, characterized by alveolar obstruction due to the accumulation of pulmonary surfactant. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old male with progressively worsening dyspnea and non-productive cough for one year. He was a sugar cane plantation worker and had prior recurrent respiratory infections. Physical exam revealed cyanosis, and bilateral coarse and fine rales. Chest computed tomography showed diffuse crazy paving pattern. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage yielded a foamy, thick whitish material. Cytology revealed lymphocytes and acellular proteinaceous eosinophilic material. Transbronchial biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Patient met criteria for whole lung lavage, responding favorably to this therapy. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare lung disease and important to consider due to the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge it represents.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La proteinosis alveolar pulmonar es una enfermedad intersticial difusa poco frecuente, en la cual se produce obstrucción alveolar, debido al acúmulo de surfactante pulmonar. REPORTE DEL CASO: Varón de 30 años de edad, presentó disnea progresiva y tos seca de un año de evolución. Antecedente personal: estibador de caña de azúcar. Presentó infecciones respiratorias recurrentes. Al examen físico se encontró cianosis, crepitantes difusos bilaterales y subcrepitantes en bases pulmonares. En la tomografía torácica con contraste se encontró un patrón de "empedrado loco". Se realizó videobroncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar, aspirando material lechoso, espumoso y mucoso. Por citología se encontró linfocitos y material eosinofílico proteináceo acelular. El estudio anatomopatológico de la biopsia transbronquial reveló proteinosis alveolar pulmonar. El paciente reunió los criterios para tratamiento con lavado broncoalveolar total. Luego de este procedimiento, evolucionó favorablemente. CONCLUSIÓN: La proteinosis alveolar pulmonar constituye una enfermedad importante a considerar, por el desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico que representa.
Subject(s)
Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods , Dyspnea/etiology , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Adult , Biopsy , Bronchoscopy/methods , Cough/etiology , Humans , Male , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/physiopathology , Rare Diseases/diagnosis , Rare Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Rare Diseases/physiopathology , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Surfactant protein B encoding gene mutations have been related to early onset fatal respiratory distress in full-term neonates. We report a school-aged male child homozygous for a surfactant protein B encoding gene missense mutation who presented after the neonatal period. His respiratory insufficiency responded to high dose intravenous methylprednisolone and hydroxychloroquine.
Subject(s)
Delayed Diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/congenital , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B/deficiency , Child , Genetic Markers , Homozygote , Humans , Male , Mutation , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/genetics , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B/geneticsABSTRACT
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare diffuse lung disease in the pediatric population. There are currently few cases documenting hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a cause for secondary PAP. We describe an ex-preterm child with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, complicated by PAP and hypoxemic respiratory failure.
Subject(s)
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/diagnosis , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/therapy , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Abnormalities, Multiple/therapy , Biopsy, Needle , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Infant , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/complications , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/complications , Radiography, Thoracic/methods , Rare Diseases , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Insufficiency/diagnosis , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Tracheostomy/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Introducción: El déficit congénito de surfactante es una entidad de diagnóstico inhabitual en recién nacidos. Se reporta un caso clínico de déficit de proteína B del surfactante, se revisa el estudio, tratamiento y diagnóstico diferencial de los déficit de proteínas del surfactante y enfermedad crónica intersticial de la infancia. Caso clínico: Recién nacido de término que cursa dificultad respiratoria, con velamiento pulmonar recurrente y respuesta transitoria a administración de surfactante. El estudio inmunohistoquímico y genético confirmaron diagnóstico de déficit de proteína B de surfactante. Conclusiones: La enfermedad pulmonar congénita requiere un alto índice de sospecha. El déficit de proteína B de surfactante genera un cuadro clínico progresivo y mortal en la mayoría de los casos, al igual que el déficit de transportador ATP binding cassette, sub-family A member 3 (ABCA3). El déficit de proteína C es insidioso y puede presentarse con un patrón radiológico pulmonar intersticial. Debido a la similitud en el patrón histológico, el estudio genético permite una mayor certeza en el pronóstico y la posibilidad de entregar un adecuado consejo genético.
Introduction: Congenital surfactant deficiency is a condition infrequently diagnosed in newborns. A clinical case is presented of surfactant protein B deficiency. A review is performed on the study, treatment and differential diagnosis of surfactant protein deficiencies and infant chronic interstitial lung disease. Case report: The case is presented of a term newborn that developed respiratory distress, recurrent pulmonary opacification, and a transient response to the administration of surfactant. Immunohistochemical and genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of surfactant protein B deficiency. Conclusions: Pulmonary congenital anomalies require a high index of suspicion. Surfactant protein B deficiency is clinically progressive and fatal in the majority of the cases, similar to that of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) deficiency. Protein C deficiency is insidious and may present with a radiological pulmonary interstitial pattern. Due to the similarity in the histological pattern, genetic studies help to achieve greater certainty in the prognosis and the possibility of providing adequate genetic counselling.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/congenital , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/etiology , Pulmonary Surfactants/administration & dosage , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B/deficiency , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/complications , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/drug therapy , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/genetics , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
La proteinosis alveolar es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica poco frecuente, especialmente en pediatría, caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de lipoproteínas y derivados del surfactante en el espacio intraalveolar, que genera una grave reducción del intercambio gaseoso. La forma de presentación idiopática constituye más del 90% de los casos relacionados con un fenómeno de autoinmunidad, con producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos. Se presenta un caso clínico de una niña de 4 años de edad tratada por neumonía atípica con evolución desfavorable por hipoxemia persistente. El diagnóstico se obtuvo a través del estudio anatomopatológico de la biopsia pulmonar por toracotomía. Se llevaron a cabo 17 lavados broncopulmonares mediante endoscopía respiratoria y la paciente evidenció franca mejoría clínica.
Alveolar proteinosis is a rare chronic lung disease, especially in children, characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins and derived surfactant in the intra-alveolar space that generates a severe reduction of gas exchange. Idiopathic presentation form constitutes over 90% of cases, a phenomenon associated with production of autoimmune antibodies directed at the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A case of a girl of 5 years of age treated because of atypical pneumonia with unfavorable evolution due to persistent hypoxemia is presented. The diagnosis is obtained through pathologic examination of lung biopsy by thoracotomy, as treatment is carried out by 17bronchopulmonary bronchoscopy lavages and the patient evidences marked clinical improvement.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/complications , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Cough/etiology , Hypoxia/etiologyABSTRACT
Alveolar proteinosis is a rare chronic lung disease, especially in children, characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins and derived surfactant in the intra-alveolar space that generates a severe reduction of gas exchange. Idiopathic presentation form constitutes over 90% of cases, a phenomenon associated with production of autoimmune antibodies directed at the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A case of a girl of 5 years of age treated because of atypical pneumonia with unfavorable evolution due to persistent hypoxemia is presented. The diagnosis is obtained through pathologic examination of lung biopsy by thoracotomy, as treatment is carried out by 17bronchopulmonary bronchoscopy lavages and the patient evidences marked clinical improvement.
La proteinosis alveolar es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica poco frecuente, especialmente en pediatría, caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de lipoproteínas y derivados del surfactante en el espacio intraalveolar, que genera una grave reducción del intercambio gaseoso. La forma de presentación idiopática constituye más del 90% de los casos relacionados con un fenómeno de autoinmunidad, con producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos. Se presenta un caso clínico de una niña de 4 años de edad tratada por neumonía atípica con evolución desfavorable por hipoxemia persistente. El diagnóstico se obtuvo a través del estudio anatomopatológico de la biopsia pulmonar por toracotomía. Se llevaron a cabo 17 lavados broncopulmonares mediante endoscopía respiratoria y la paciente evidenció franca mejoría clínica.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Cough/etiology , Female , Humans , Hypoxia/etiology , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/complicationsSubject(s)
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis , Adult , Autoantibodies/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Child, Preschool , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology , Humans , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Male , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/blood , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/etiology , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Congenital surfactant deficiency is a condition infrequently diagnosed in newborns. A clinical case is presented of surfactant protein B deficiency. A review is performed on the study, treatment and differential diagnosis of surfactant protein deficiencies and infant chronic interstitial lung disease. CASE REPORT: The case is presented of a term newborn that developed respiratory distress, recurrent pulmonary opacification, and a transient response to the administration of surfactant. Immunohistochemical and genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of surfactant protein B deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary congenital anomalies require a high index of suspicion. Surfactant protein B deficiency is clinically progressive and fatal in the majority of the cases, similar to that of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) deficiency. Protein C deficiency is insidious and may present with a radiological pulmonary interstitial pattern. Due to the similarity in the histological pattern, genetic studies help to achieve greater certainty in the prognosis and the possibility of providing adequate genetic counselling.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/congenital , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B/deficiency , Pulmonary Surfactants/administration & dosage , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/complications , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/drug therapy , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/geneticsABSTRACT
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare clinical syndrome that was first described in 1958. To date, whole-lung lavage (WLL) is still the gold-standard therapy for PAP. Herein, we report the case of a male patient who was diagnosed with PAP by open-lung biopsy 8 years prior to presentation at our clinic. The man underwent his first WLL in 2004 and showed marked clinical and radiological improvement after the operation. However, after his original presentation, proteinaceous material continued to accumulate in his lungs. Lavage was performed four additional times, but these attempts failed to arrest the decline in pulmonary function. Each lavage resulted in significant, although transient, clinical improvement.
Subject(s)
Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Adult , Biopsy , Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lung/pathology , Male , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Respiratory Function Tests , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
La proteinosis alveolar es una rara enfermedad, sobre la que se han ido conociendo progresivamente sus características y su etiopatología, lo que ha permitido tener un poco más de claridad sobre ella. En general son pocos los casos reportados en el mundo. Por este motivo es de suma importancia realizar el reporte de caso y revisar la literatura actual, donde se encontraron nuevas opciones terapéuticas con resultados adecuados que permitieron manejar a los pacientes sin respuesta al tratamiento convencional. Es necesario considerar que el 25 por ciento de los casos tiene resolución espontánea, pero otro alto porcentaje requiere tratamiento convencional con lavado pulmonar total que muchas veces no mejora el pronóstico de la enfermedad. El caso reportado se asoció a diabetes y a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, por lo que se puede considerar que el diagnóstico de proteinosis alveolar primaria presenta en este tipo de pacientes una relación directa con las patologías asociadas.
Alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease. Its etiology, pathology, and manifestations are becoming increasingly more apparent. Few cases have been reported, which highlights the importance of reporting this case and reviewing current literature. New therapeutic options are being introduced with adequate outcomes thereby making it possible to manage patients who were previously unresponsive to conventional treatment. 25 percent of cases resolve spontaneously, while most patients require conventional treatment with total lung lavage that often does not improve prognosis. The case reported in this article was associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and diabetes. Primary alveolar proteinosis can have a direct relationship to these concomitant conditions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/therapy , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Fatal OutcomeABSTRACT
Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 21 anos com história de seis meses de dispneia progressiva, tosse seca e perda de peso. A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução revelou padrão de pavimentação em mosaico com áreas focais poupadas. A paciente foi submetida a biópsia pulmonar transbrônquica, que confirmou o diagnóstico de proteinose alveolar. Dois anos depois, sem tratamento, houve importante melhora das opacidades pulmonares.
The authors report the case of a 21-year-old female patient with a six-month history of progressive dyspnea, dry cough, and weight loss. High-resolution computed tomography revealed a "crazy‑paving" pattern with areas of focal sparing. The patient underwent transbronchial lung biopsy which confirmed the diagnosis of alveolar proteinosis. Two years later, without treatment, a marked improvement in pulmonary opacities was observed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Lung , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Biopsy , Cough , Dyspnea , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Weight LossABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Relatar os aspectos na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução de diversas doenças que cursam com o padrão tomográfico de "pavimentação em mosaico". MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados sete pacientes, com diagnósticos de proteinose alveolar, carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar, pneumonia lipídica e pneumocistose, e é discutida a correlação dos aspectos tomográficos com os achados anatomopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Nos casos de pneumocistose, os espaços alveolares estavam cheios de material espumoso, no qual eram encontrados parasitas de permeio a surfactante, fibrina e restos celulares. Nos casos de carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar, os septos estavam espessados por fibrose ou por linfangite associada, com células tumorais revestindo internamente as paredes alveolares, e produção de muco. No paciente com proteinose alveolar foram observados septos espessados por edema, com enchimento alveolar determinado por material lipoproteico. No paciente com aspiração de óleo mineral, os achados histopatológicos foram de espessamento dos septos alveolares determinado por proliferação celular, observando-se vacúolos de gordura no interior dos septos alveolares. CONCLUSÃO: O padrão de pavimentação em mosaico oferece um amplo diagnóstico diferencial, necessitando ser avaliado em conjunto com os dados clínicos.
OBJECTIVE: To describe high-resolution computed tomography findings in several diseases that run their course with the "crazy-paving" pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study has evaluated seven patients with diagnoses of alveolar proteinosis, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, lipoid pneumonia and pneumocystosis, correlating tomographic and pathological findings. RESULTS: In the cases of pneumocystosis, the alveolar spaces were filled with foamy material where parasitic organisms intermingled with surfactants, fibrin and cell debris were observed. In the cases of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, the septa were thickened by associated fibrosis or lymphangitis, with the alveolar walls internally lined with tumor cells, and production of mucus. In the patient with alveolar proteinosis, the septa were thickened by edema, with alveolar filling determined by lipoprotein. In the patient with mineral oil aspiration, the histopathological findings included alveolar septa thickening caused by cell proliferation, with presence of fat vacuoles in alveolar septa. CONCLUSION: The crazy-paving pattern offers a wide range of differential diagnoses and must be evaluated in conjunction with clinical findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Carcinoma, Bronchogenic , Lung Diseases , Lung Neoplasms , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis , Pneumonia, Lipid/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedSubject(s)
Humans , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis , Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Vasculitis/diagnosis , Biopsy , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/diagnosis , Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/diagnosis , RadiographyABSTRACT
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease characterized by extensive radiological and tomographic pulmonary lesions and a variable clinical picture ranging from pulmonary insufficiency to spontaneous remission. Among its three described forms, the so called Idiopathic or Adult form is responsible for more than 80% of published cases. It's physiopathology depends on an autoimmune process directed against the GM-CSF (Granulocite Macrophage- Colony Stimulating Factor) that induces a functional defect of the macrophage with consequent intraalveolar accumulation of surfactant. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections, are common, often with unusual pathogens. Diagnosis can be made from the combination of clinical, radiological and bronchoalveolar lavage data, although sometimes histopathologic material is needed for confirmation. Total pulmonary lavage is currently the treatment of choice. Mortality is usually low and related mostly to infectious complications. We hereby describe our experience with two patients.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/pathology , Radiography , Young AdultABSTRACT
La Proteinosis Alveolar Pulmonar es una patología poco frecuente, especialmente en la edad pediátrica, caracterizada por acumulación de material lipoproteináceo proveniente del surfactante en los macrófagos alveolares. Objetivo: Comunicar un caso de proteinosis pulmonar en el cual el uso de la fibrobroncoscopía (FB) permitió el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Caso Clínico: Escolar de 7 años, que consulta por un cuadro febril, en la cual se plantea inicialmente el diagnóstico de neumonía. Ante la mala evolución, con aumento de las imágenes radiológicas de tipo nodular, el ascenso de los niveles de LDH en plasma, y la mínima sintomatología clínica respiratoria, se planteó el diagnóstico de proteinosis alveolar, realizando una FB con lavado alveolar. Las tinciones de Sudán y PAS confirmaron la sospecha diagnóstica, lo cual fue apoyado por la mejoría radiológica y clínica de la paciente. Discusión: Se discute las formas clínicas de presentación, los hallazgos clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio que permiten plantear el diagnóstico. Se destaca el rol de la fibrobroncoscopía como método diagnóstico y terapéutico.