ABSTRACT
Pneumomediastinum denotes the presence of gas within the mediastinum and generally occurs by leakage of air from an aerated viscus that traverses or abuts the mediastinal plane. The Macklin effect has been described in several veterinary studies and describes gas tracking along the perivascular interstitium following alveolar rupture causing interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum and subsequently cervical subcutaneous emphysema. This retrospective case series describes incidental spontaneous pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum and cervical subcutaneous emphysema secondary to the Macklin effect in dogs with no related clinical signs. Twelve dogs were identified from the author's institution, of which 75â¯% were Sighthounds (Greyhounds, Whippets or Lurchers). Pulmonary interstitial emphysema had a predominantly paravascular distribution, although in some cases a parabronchial distribution was also identified. We conclude that incidental pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum and secondary cervical subcutaneous emphysema can be incidental, presumed secondary to the Macklin effect and that Sighthound breeds may be overrepresented.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Mediastinal Emphysema , Pulmonary Emphysema , Subcutaneous Emphysema , Animals , Dogs , Mediastinal Emphysema/veterinary , Mediastinal Emphysema/etiology , Subcutaneous Emphysema/veterinary , Subcutaneous Emphysema/etiology , Female , Male , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinaryABSTRACT
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon condition described in veterinary medicine with concurrent respiratory disease. It can be caused by the Macklin effect, which is when gas leaks from the alveoli into the surrounding interstitial lung tissue. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is the presence of gas within the pulmonary vascular sheaths and indicates the presence of the Macklin effect. In the authors' experience, spontaneous pneumomediastinum and PIE are more prevalent in sighthound dogs than in other breeds and are often considered incidental findings. This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of PIE and subsequent pneumomediastinum in sighthound with other purebred dogs. It characterized the appearance of PIE in CT and analyzed a possible association with concomitant pulmonary pathologies or with the use of general anesthesia. Medical records and thoracic CTs of sighthounds and nonsighthound dogs from two institutions were reviewed. A total of 256 dogs, comprising 127 sighthounds and 129 other purebred dogs, were included. The prevalence of PIE and pneumomediastinum was statistically higher in sighthound (14.2%) compared with other nonsighthound dogs (2.2%). There was no statistical association between the presence of PIE and pneumomediastinum with different age and weight groups or with sex. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of PIE and pneumomediastinum between dogs with and without pulmonary pathology or in dogs undergoing CT with sedation or general anesthesia. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in sighthounds is more prevalent than in other breeds, and its prevalence is not associated with the presence of pulmonary pathology or the use of general anesthesia.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Mediastinal Emphysema , Pulmonary Emphysema , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Animals , Dogs , Mediastinal Emphysema/veterinary , Mediastinal Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Mediastinal Emphysema/epidemiology , Male , Retrospective Studies , Female , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/epidemiology , Prevalence , Radiography, Thoracic/veterinary , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/veterinary , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnostic imaging , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A 2 mo old domestic shorthair kitten was presented for acute respiratory distress and severe ambulatory difficulties. Thoracic radiography revealed hyperinflation of the left cranial lung lobe and a mass with soft-tissue/gas opacity in the caudal mediastinum, leading to the suspicion of congenital lung lobe emphysema and hiatal hernia. Decreased bone radiopacity and suspected pathological fractures were also present. Complete clinicopathological analyses showed significant ionized hypocalcemia and suspicion of secondary hyperparathyroidism related to an inadequate diet. Lung lobectomy and reduction of the hiatal hernia following a median sternotomy and a cranial laparotomy were performed. IV and oral supplementation of calcium led to a full recovery and improvement in the kitten's walking. A histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary emphysema associated with hypoplastic and irregular bronchial cartilage. Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare disease in both humans and animals. This is the first veterinary report describing a kitten affected by congenital lobar emphysema combined with a hiatal hernia and additionally complicated by secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism with a good long-term outcome.
Subject(s)
Cat Diseases , Hernia, Hiatal , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary , Pulmonary Emphysema , Animals , Cats , Female , Hernia, Hiatal/complications , Hernia, Hiatal/surgery , Hernia, Hiatal/veterinary , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/complications , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/surgery , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/veterinary , Lung/abnormalities , Lung/pathology , Lung/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinaryABSTRACT
A 5 mo old male intact English bulldog was evaluated at a veterinary referral hospital for acute respiratory distress and chronic difficulty breathing. Thoracic radiographs revealed multifocal pulmonary hyperinflation and hyperlucency suspected in the left caudal and accessory lung lobes. A thoracic computed tomography scan identified severe diffuse enlargement of the caudal subsegment of the left cranial lung lobe and the dorsal process of the accessory lung lobe, with parenchymal hypoattenuation, rounded margins, and thin pulmonary vessels. Based on clinical signs and imaging findings, he was diagnosed with suspect congenital lobar emphysema in multiple lung lobes. A median sternotomy was performed, which revealed a hyperinflated, emphysematous left cranial lung lobe (caudal subsegment) and accessory lung lobe for which two lung lobectomies were performed. The remaining lung lobes were small and atelectatic. Histopathology revealed bronchial cartilage hypoplasia and aplasia and findings consistent with congenital lobar emphysema. The puppy recovered well from surgical treatment of congenital lobar emphysema, requiring multiple lung lobectomies, with subsequent computed tomography-evidenced re-expansion of the remaining lung lobes 3 mo after surgery. The patient is still alive 1 yr after surgery with a normal activity level and no evidence of respiratory compromise.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Diagnosis, Differential , Dogs , Male , Pedigree , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinaryABSTRACT
An 8-week-old, male, mixed breed puppy was presented because of progressive respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs revealed innumerable coalescing pulmonary bullae throughout the lungs with increased soft tissue opacity of the remaining pulmonary parenchyma and tension pneumothorax. Necropsy and histopathological findings were compatible with bullous emphysema and marked neutrophilic to histiocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia with necrosis, bronchiectasis, fibrosis, dystrophic mineralization, and vasculitis with thrombosis. Tests for agents of infectious disease did not reveal an underlying etiological agent. This case highlights the radiographic, gross necropsy, and histopathologic features of a puppy with bullous emphysema and severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia with necrosis.
Un chiot mâle croisé âgé de 8 semaines fut présenté à cause de détresse respiratoire progressive. Des radiographies thoraciques ont révélé un nombre incalculable de bulles pulmonaires coalescentes à travers les poumons avec augmentation de l'opacité des tissus mous du parenchyme pulmonaire restant et un pneumothorax de tension. La nécropsie et les trouvailles histopathologiques étaient compatibles avec de l'emphysème bulleux et une pneumonie broncho-interstitielle neutrophilique et histiocytaire marquée avec nécrose, de la bronchiectasie, de la fibrose, une minéralisation dystrophique et une vasculite avec thrombose. Des tests pour agents infectieux de maladie n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un agent étiologique sous-jacent. Ce cas met en évidence les trouvailles radiographiques, de nécropsie et histopathologiques chez un chiot avec emphysème bulleux et pneumonie broncho-interstitielle avec nécrose.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Emphysema , Pneumonia , Pneumothorax , Pulmonary Emphysema , Animals , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dogs , Emphysema/veterinary , Male , Necrosis/veterinary , Pneumonia/veterinary , Pneumothorax/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinaryABSTRACT
This study aimed to verify possible alterations involving histological and oxidative stress parameters in the lungs of wild bats in the Carboniferous Basin of Santa Catarina (CBSC) state, Southern Brazil, as a means to evaluate the impact of coal dust on the health of wildlife. Specimens of frugivorous bat species Artibeus lituratus and Sturnira lilium were collected from an area free of coal dust contamination and from coal mining areas. Chemical composition, histological parameters, synthesis of oxidants and antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage in the lungs of bats were analyzed. Levels of Na, Cl, Cu, and Br were higher in both species collected in the CBSC than in the controls. Levels of K and Rb were higher in A. lituratus, and levels of Si, Ca, and Fe were higher in S. lilium collected in the carboniferous basin. Both bat species inhabiting the CBSC areas exhibited an increase in the degree of pulmonary emphysema compared to their counterparts collected from control areas. Sturnira lilium showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) levels, while A. lituratus showed a significant decrease in nitrite levels in the CBSC samples. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not change significantly; however, the activity of catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased in the A. lituratus group from CBSC compared to those in the controls. There were no differences in NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 protein (NQO1) abundance or nitrotyrosine expression among the different groups of bats. Total thiol levels showed a significant reduction in A. lituratus from CBSC, while the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in both A. lituratus and S. lilium groups from coal mining areas. Our results suggested that bats, especially A. lituratus, living in the CBSC could be used as sentinel species for harmful effects of coal dust on the lungs.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera , Coal Mining , Coal/toxicity , Lung/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Brazil , Catalase/metabolism , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Chiroptera/metabolism , Dust , Glutathione/metabolism , Lung/anatomy & histology , Lung/chemistry , Lung/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Metals/analysis , Models, Biological , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) are very rare congenital pulmonary anomalies in veterinary medicine. PH refers to the incomplete pulmonary development due to embryologic imbalance of bronchial development between the lung buds, while CLE is defined as alveolar hyperinflation due to bronchial collapse during expiration caused by bronchial cartilage dysplasia, external bronchial compression, and idiopathic etiology. CLE may develop into pulmonary blebs or bullae that may rupture and induce a spontaneous pneumothorax. There are no reports on concurrent PH and CLE in animals. CASE PRESENTATION: A 7-month-old castrated male Italian Greyhound weighing 5.5 kg presented with vomiting and acute onset of severe dyspnea without any previous history of disease. After emergency treatment including oxygen supplementation and thoracocentesis, plain radiology and computed tomography scanning were performed and lobar emphysema with multiple bullae in the left cranial lung lobe associated with tension pneumothorax was identified. Since the pneumothorax was not resolved despite continuous suction of intrathoracic air for 3 days, a complete lobectomy of the left cranial lung lobe was performed. The excised lobe was not grossly divided into cranial and caudal parts, but a tissue mass less than 1 cm in size was present at the hilum and cranial to the excised lobe. Postoperatively, the dog recovered rapidly without air retention in the thoracic cavity. Histopathologically, the mass was identified as a hypoplastic lung tissue with collapsed alveoli, bronchial dysplasia, and pulmonary arterial hypertrophy. Additionally, the excised lung lobe presented CLE with marked ectasia of alveoli, various blebs and bullae, and general bronchial cartilage dysplasia. According to gross and histopathologic findings, the dog was diagnosed with concurrent PH and CLE in the left cranial lung lobe. During 16 months of follow-up, the dog was well and without any respiratory problems. CONCLUSIONS: This case report confirmed the clinical and histologic features of two different types of rare congenital pulmonary anomalies, PH and CLE, which occurred concurrently in a single lung lobe of a young dog. The condition was successfully managed with lobectomy.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/veterinary , Dog Diseases/congenital , Lung Diseases/veterinary , Lung/abnormalities , Pneumothorax/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Animals , Dogs , Lung/chemistry , Lung/pathology , Lung/surgery , Lung Diseases/congenital , Male , Pneumothorax/etiology , Pneumothorax/pathology , Pneumothorax/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/complications , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A inspeção post mortem de bovinos destinados ao consumo humano, favorece a obtenção de diagnósticos de doenças. As alterações pulmonares são de interesse para a inspeção sanitária, pois são frequentemente encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo em estabelecimentos com serviço oficial de inspeção. O objetivo do trabalho foi levantar a ocorrência de alterações pulmonares que podem ter sido ocasionadas pela insensibilização inadequada em bovinos abatidos para consumo em abatedouro-frigorífico localizado em Belém, Estado do Pará. Avaliou-se 5.654 animais, sendo condenados 603 pulmões que corresponderam a 258 (42,78%) condenações por aspiração de conteúdo ruminal; 191 (31,67%) por enfisema e 154 (25,53%) por aspiração de sangue. Os resultados obtidos podem ter sido decorrentes do método de insensibilização utilizado no estabelecimento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animal Culling , Respiratory Aspiration/veterinary , Animal Welfare , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Lung Injury/veterinary , Food Inspection , AbattoirsABSTRACT
A five-month-old ragdoll cat presented with severe respiratory signs, unresponsive to medical therapy. Hyperinflation of the right middle lung lobe was diagnosed with radiography and computed tomography. Lung lobectomy following a median sternotomy led to full recovery. Histopathological analysis revealed lobar emphysema and, based on the animal's age, congenital lobar emphysema was considered the most likely diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Animals , Cats , Male , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Radiography, Thoracic/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinaryABSTRACT
A 14-week-old female West Highland White Terrier developed acute dyspnea. Radiographically there was an enlarged, hyperlucent caudal portion of the left cranial lung lobe and a diffuse, severe interstitial-to-alveolar pattern in the remaining lung lobes that was accentuated caudodorsally. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of the emphysematous lobe and further showed it to have focal lobar bronchial collapse. Lung lobe resection was performed, and the diagnosis was congenital lobar emphysema secondary to bronchial cartilage hypoplasia.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Dog Diseases/congenital , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dog Diseases/surgery , Dogs , Female , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Radiography, Thoracic/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinaryABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate cattle and buffaloes with respiratory disorders, determine the extent of the lesions, and assess prognosis. The results were compared with the findings determined following physical examination and at slaughter. Animals were referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospitals because of inappetance, loss of body condition, cough, dyspnea, and nasal discharges. Ultrasonographically, it was possible to detect bronchopneumonia, consolidation, pleural effusion, pulmonary emphysema, and pleuritis. It was not possible to visualize lesions located deeper within the lungs where peripheral tissue was not affected. Laboratory findings included a neutrophilic leukocytosis, γ-globulinemia, and increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase. A diagnosis of respiratory disease was made on the basis of clinical and ultrasonographic findings and confirmed in 25 cases at slaughter. Bovine ultrasonography appears to be suitable as a screening tool for detection of pathologic lung processes near the pleura. Thoracic ultrasonography allows assessment of the extent and severity of pulmonary changes so that further evaluations can be considered.
Subject(s)
Buffaloes , Cattle Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Pleurisy/veterinary , Pneumonia/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Ultrasonography/methods , Animals , Cattle , Japan , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Pleurisy/diagnostic imaging , Pneumonia/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography/veterinaryABSTRACT
In humans, pulmonary interstitial emphysema is most frequently seen in ventilated preterm newborns with severe lung disease; it is less frequently reported in adults. We report on a mature dog with pneumopathy that underwent computed tomography (CT) imaging to further characterize the lung disease. A bronchiolar pattern and lobar opacification were seen on the CT images. Moreover, gas was detected along the course of the pulmonary vessels, presumably in the interstitium, as seen in pulmonary interstitial emphysema in humans. Sever lung disease and/or hyperventilation during anesthesia could be a possible explanation of pulmonary interstitial emphysema in this dog.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Fatal Outcome , Female , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsSubject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Phoca , Porpoises , Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary , Virus Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Denmark/epidemiology , Lung/pathology , Mediastinal Emphysema/mortality , Mediastinal Emphysema/pathology , Mediastinal Emphysema/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Pulmonary Emphysema/mortality , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Respiratory Tract Infections/mortality , Respiratory Tract Infections/pathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Sweden/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/mortality , Virus Diseases/pathology , Virus Diseases/virologyABSTRACT
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) and tension pneumothorax (TPT) are rarely reported in dogs. A case of CLE of the right middle lung lobe predisposing to air trapping, alveolar hyperinflation, and pleural rupture resulting in fatal spontaneous TPT in a 6-month-old mixed breed dog is described. The unique alteration of "bloat line" was observed in this case in addition to compressive atelectasis of all other lung lobes and lack of negative pressure within the thoracic cavity, signifying markedly elevated intrathoracic pressure. Bronchial cartilage hypoplasia and bronchiectasis were confirmed microscopically, which likely led to abnormal dynamic collapse of bronchi during expiration, consequentially leading to increased intrapulmonary pressure, bullous emphysema, and pleural rupture resulting in TPT. TPT consequent to CLE may therefore be considered one of the potential causes of sudden death in young dogs without overt clinical illness.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/congenital , Dog Diseases/pathology , Pneumothorax/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Fatal Outcome , Female , Pneumothorax/pathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathologyABSTRACT
Massive lobar emphysema in the middle lobe of the right lung was observed in a dog brought to our clinic with sudden onset of tension pneumothorax, and lobectomy was performed to excise it. Pathological examination resulted in a diagnosis of congenital bronchiectasis associated with bronchial cartilage hypoplasia. Two cases of diagnosis and successful treatment of congenital lobar emphysema have been reported in dogs.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Lung/pathology , Male , Pneumothorax/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , RadiographyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To report thorascopic partial lobectomy for treatment of bullous emphysema in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Three dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax. METHODS: Thoracoscopy without pulmonary exclusion was used to identify bulla. The thorascope was introduced into the thorax lateral to the xyphoid process, and instrument portals were made at different levels along the thoracic wall between the third and tenth intercostal spaces. The thorascope was passed through the mediastinum to view the opposite pleural cavity. After identification of bullae, the affected lung was excised using an endoscopic stapler, and the incision line was checked for air leakage. Thoracic drains were used for air aspiration for 2 days after surgery. RESULTS: Bullae were confirmed histologically as emphysematous lesions. Lung inflation did not interfere with identification of bullae or with surgery. All dogs had full recovery without recurrence for 18 to 29 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Identification and ablation of bulla can be performed thoracoscopically without pulmonary exclusion in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thoracoscopy offers several advantages compared with thoracotomy for treatment and diagnosis of idiopathic pneumothorax, including ease of identification of bullae and reduced postoperative pain and morbidity.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/surgery , Lung/surgery , Pneumothorax/veterinary , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Thoracoscopy/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/mortality , Dogs , Female , Male , Pain, Postoperative/veterinary , Pneumothorax/mortality , Pneumothorax/surgery , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Emphysema/mortality , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Recurrence , Surgical Stapling/veterinary , Thoracoscopy/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Congenital lobar emphysema was found in a three-month-old male springer spaniel. Clinical signs included coughing, progressive dyspnoea and abnormal lung auscultation. Radiographic examination revealed overinflation and hyperlucency of the right middle lung lobe. Following lung lobectomy, clinical signs resolved and the animal had normal exercise tolerance. Previous case reports are reviewed and discussed in relation to human congenital lobar emphysema.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/surgery , Pulmonary Emphysema/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/genetics , Dogs , Male , Pulmonary Emphysema/genetics , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgeryABSTRACT
A 4-month-old, intact female schipperke was presented for evaluation and treatment of subcutaneous (SC) emphysema. Radiographs revealed pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Sequential radiographs confirmed a worsening of the SC emphysema. Extensive, nonsurgical evaluation failed to reveal the source of the air within the mediastinum. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed an emphysematous right middle lung lobe. Lobectomy of the right middle lung lobe resolved both the pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Histopathological evaluation confirmed pulmonary emphysema. A variation of congenital pulmonary emphysema was considered in this case.