Psicologia social e antirracismo: arte-fatos científicos desde caos-mundo / Social psychology and anti-racism: scientific art- facts from chaos-world / Psicología social y antirracismo: arte-factos científicos a partir de caos-mundo

Resumo No presente manuscrito narramos em ficção experiências e questionamentos disruptivos que saboreamos com nossas corpas no processo de invenção e criação desse dossiê, que escuta e compartilha uma gama de possibilidades de "usos" do conceito de poder e de modos de subjetivação, seja na compreensão/vivência das relações raciais, na produção de estratégias de cuidado e de modos de existência de pessoas e comunidades negras, seja no enfrentamento ao racismo e às violências produzidas pela branquitude e pelos variados processos de atualização da lógica colonial. Caos-mundo é a encruzilhada, é a voz de criação, que protagoniza e fia conceitos diante de questionamentos sobre a Psicologia Social e do modo como tem trombado com a luta antirracista. Desde arte-fatos científicos, apresentamos o conjunto de artigos que constituem esse dossiê.

Abstract In this manuscript we narrate in fiction disruptive experiences and questions that we savored with our bodies in the process of invention and creation this dossier, which listens to and shares a range of possible "uses" of the concept of power and modes of subjectivation, in the understanding/experience of racial relations, in the production of care strategies and ways of existence for black people and communities, whether in confronting racism and the violence produced by whiteness and the varied processes of updating colonial logic. Chaos-world is the crossroads, it is the voice of creation, which leads and spins concepts in the face of questions about Social Psychology and the way it has collided with the anti-racist struggle. From scientific art-facts, we present the set of articles that constitute this dossier.

Resumen En este manuscrito narramos en ficción experiencias y preguntas disruptivas que saboreamos con nuestros cuerpos en el proceso de invención y creación de este dossier, que escucha y comparte un abanico de posibles "usos" del concepto de poder y modos de subjetivación, ya sea en la comprensión/vivencia de las relaciones raciales, en la producción de estrategias de cuidado y modos de existencia para las personas y comunidades negras, ya sea en la lucha contra el racismo y la violencia producida por la blanquitud y los variados procesos de actualización de las lógicas coloniales. Caos-mundo es la encrucijada, es la voz de la creación, que lidera y hila conceptos ante los interrogantes sobre la psicología social y su forma de chocar con la lucha antirracista. A partir de arte-factos científicos, presentamos el conjunto de artículos que componen este dossier.

Ouçam Mirtes, mãe de Miguel: precarização e resistência no emprego doméstico durante a pandemia / Listen to Mirtes, Miguel's mother: precarization and resistance in domestic employment during the pandemic

Este artigo é fruto de pesquisa de iniciação científica da PUC Minas sobre trabalho doméstico e pandemia. Em junho de 2020, morreu Miguel, de cinco anos, filho da empregada doméstica Mirtes Renata, que trabalhava durante a pandemia de covid-19. Miguel caiu do edifício enquanto estava sob os cuidados da patroa de Mirtes. A partir do estudo de caso do "caso Miguel", aliado à bibliografia sobre trabalhadoras domésticas e relações étnico-raciais, buscou-se: (1) observar as relações entre raça, classe e gênero e a naturalização da precarização deste trabalho; (2) analisar o caso Miguel em sua relação com a profissão e movimentos de resistência na luta por direitos, reconhecimento e justiça. Como resultados, observa-se a potência das mobilizações de coalizão entre movimentos sociais e redes de solidariedade para a identificação do caráter estrutural do fenômeno, atuando em forma ampla pela justiça e transformação dessas estruturas. Conclui-se que a pandemia de covid-19 evidenciou a linha direta entre precarização da profissão e a desvalorização das vidas das trabalhadoras domésticas, sendo a morte de Miguel uma consequência da violência e precarização histórica do lugar da mulher negra

This article is the result of PUC Minas' scientific initiation research on domestic work and pandemic. In June 2020, five-year-old Miguel, son of the domestic worker Mirtes Renata, who was working during the COVID-19 pandemic, died. Miguel fell of the building while in the care of Mirtes' employer. From the case study of "Caso Miguel," combined with the bibliography on domestic workers and ethnic racial relations, we sought to: (1) observe the relationships between race, class, and gender and the naturalization of the precariousness of this work; (2) analyse Miguel's case related with the profession and with resistance movements in the fight for rights, recognition, and justice. As results the potential of coalition mobilizations between social movements and solidarity networks to identify the structural character of the phenomenon, acting broadly for justice and transformation of these structures, is observed. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic evidenced the direct line between the profession precarization and the devaluation of the domestic workers lives, with Miguel's death a consequence of violence and historical precarization of black women place

Raça e classe na clínica psicológica: concepções de estagiários do interior da amazônia ocidental / Raza y clase en la clínica psicológica: concepciones de pasantes desde el interior de la amazonia occidental / Race and class in the psychological clinic: internship conceptions from western amazon countryside

Resumo Este trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa que verificou as percepções de estagiários de Psicologia, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, sobre questões raciais e de classe social, e como esses fatores se evidenciam na clínica de psicológica. O método de análise das entrevistas foi a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados indicam: restrito conhecimento temático; dificuldades em relacionar conceitos de forma crítica que abarquem as especificidades desses fenômenos na realidade; escasso repertório teórico-metodológico dos estagiários em identificar tais questões em clínica, limitando-se a utilização de técnicas psicoterapêuticas que não contemplam as especificidades dessas demandas. Por fim, as questões raciais e de classe não são suficientemente discutidas no campo das intervenções clínicas, o que sugere que a formação em Psicologia no interior de Rondônia não contempla aprendizados que habilitem os futuros profissionais à intervenção adequada às questões sócio-raciais.

Resumen Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación cualitativa que verificó las percepciones de los pasantes de psicología, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, sobre temas raciales y de clase social, y cómo estos factores se evidencian en la clínica psicológica. El método de análisis de las entrevistas fue el Análisis de contenido de Bardin. Los resultados indican: conocimiento temático limitado; dificultades para relacionar críticamente conceptos que engloben las especificidades de estos fenómenos en la realidad; escaso repertorio teórico-metodológico de los aprendices para identificar tales cuestiones en la práctica clínica, limitando el uso de técnicas psicoterapéuticas que no abordan la especificidad de estas demandas. Finalmente, las cuestiones raciales raciales y de clase no se discuten suficientemente en el campo de las intervenciones clínicas, lo que sugiere que la formación en Psicología en el interior de Rondônia no incluye un aprendizaje que permita a los futuros profesionales intervenir adecuadamente en cuestiones socio-raciales.

Abstract This work is the result of a qualitative research that verified the perceptions of psychology interns, through semi-structured interviews, about racial and social class issues, and how these factors are evidenced in the Psychology clinic. The method of analysis of the interviews was Bardin's Content Analysis. The results indicate: restricted thematic knowledge; difficulties in critically relating concepts that encompass the specificity of these phenomena in reality; scarce theoretical-methodological repertoire of trainees to identify such issues in clinical practice, limiting the use of psychotherapy techniques that do not address the specificity of these demands. Finally, racial and class issues are not sufficiently discussed in the field of clinical interventions, which suggests that the training in Psychology in the countryside of Rondônia does not include learning that will enable future professionals to intervene appropriately to socio-racial issues.

Oxytocin increases the social salience of the outgroup in potential threat contexts.

A growing body of literature suggests that OT administration may affect not only prosocial outcomes, but also regulate adversarial responses in the context of intergroup relations. However, recent reports have challenged the view of a fixed role of OT in enhancing ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. Studying the potential effects of OT in modulating threat perception in a context characterized by racial miscegenation (Brazil) may thus afford additional clarification on the matter. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, White Brazilian participants completed a first-person shooter task to assess their responses towards potential threat from racial ingroup (White) or outgroup (Black) members. OT administration enhanced the social salience of the outgroup, by both increasing the rate at which participants refrained from shooting unarmed Black targets to levels similar to White targets, and by further increasing the rate of correct decisions to shoot armed Black targets (versus White armed targets). In summary, our results indicate that a single dose of OT may promote accurate behavioral responses to potential threat from members of a racial outgroup, thus offering support to the social salience hypothesis.

Amizade e migração internacional: o caso de gregos no Espírito Santo / Friendship and international migration: the case of greeks in Espírito Santo

O processo de migração internacional afeta os relacionamentos de imigrantes de diferentes formas, incluindo suas amizades. A presente investigação teve por objetivo descrever as amizades de imigrantes gregos no Brasil à luz do processo de migração internacional e as relações percebidas entre essas amizades e o contexto social a partir de entrevistas com 10 imigrantes estabelecidos no Brasil havia mais de 10 anos. Os resultados indicaram que as amizades estavam associadas à percepção da receptividade do país e adaptação ao Brasil. Mudanças nas amizades anteriores à migração e o papel da comunidade grega nas amizades dos migrantes também foram investigados. Os dados são discutidos com base nas propostas de Hinde para o estudo do relacionamento interpessoal

The process of international migration affects relationships of immigrants in different ways, including their friendships. The present study aimed to describe the friendships of Greek immigrants in Brazil in light of the process of international migration and the perceived relations between these friendships and social context based on interviews with 10 immigrants settled in Brazil for over 10 years. The results indicated that friendships were associated with the perception of receptivity as well as adaptation to the new country. Changes in friendships prior to migration and the role of the Greek community in friendships were also investigated. The data are discussed based on the proposals of Hinde for the study of interpersonal relationships

Amizade e migração internacional: o caso de gregos no Espírito Santo / Friendship and international migration: the case of greeks in Espírito Santo

O processo de migração internacional afeta os relacionamentos de imigrantes de diferentes formas, incluindo suas amizades. A presente investigação teve por objetivo descrever as amizades de imigrantes gregos no Brasil à luz do processo de migração internacional e as relações percebidas entre essas amizades e o contexto social a partir de entrevistas com 10 imigrantes estabelecidos no Brasil havia mais de 10 anos. Os resultados indicaram que as amizades estavam associadas à percepção da receptividade do país e adaptação ao Brasil. Mudanças nas amizades anteriores à migração e o papel da comunidade grega nas amizades dos migrantes também foram investigados. Os dados são discutidos com base nas propostas de Hinde para o estudo do relacionamento interpessoal (AU)

O desenvolvimento do efeito da outra raça (EOR) em crianças: dos modelos de codificação de faces à emergência do EOR / The development of the other race effect (ORE) in children: from face coding mechanisms to the emergence of the ore

Em tarefas de reconhecimento facial, adultos e crianças apresentam dificuldade ao reconhecer faces de raças diferentes da sua. Esse efeito é conhecido como Efeito da Outra Raça (EOR) e tem sido consistentemente replicado em diversos estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre alguns modelos teóricos que explicam sua emergência e desenvolvimento. Os modelos de codificação de faces baseado no Protótipo, e em Exemplares são a base para a explicação das diferenças na codificação entre faces da mesma raça e faces de outra raça. Uma revisão das recentes pesquisas sobre o EOR e como experiências com faces de outra raça, durante a primeira infância o influenciam, foi apresentada. Finalmente, pesquisas futuras relativas ao contexto cultural foram propostas, para melhor investigar o desenvolvimento do efeito da raça e dos modelos de codificação de faces.

In face recognition tasks, adults and children have difficulty recognizing faces from other races. This effect is known as the Other Race Effect (ORE) and has been consistently replicated in several studies. The aim of this paper is to present a review of some theoretical models that explain the ORE, its emergence and development. Face coding mechanisms based on Prototypes and Exemplars are the basis for the explanation of differences in coding between the same race and other race faces. It was presented a review of recent research on ORE and how the experiences with other race faces during early childhood influences the effect. Finally, further research on the cultural context has been proposed to better investigate the development of ORE and face coding mechanisms.

O desenvolvimento do efeito da outra raça (EOR) em crianças: dos modelos de codificação de faces à emergência do EOR / The development of the other race effect (ORE) in children: from face coding mechanisms to the emergence of the ore

Em tarefas de reconhecimento facial, adultos e crianças apresentam dificuldade ao reconhecer faces de raças diferentes da sua. Esse efeito é conhecido como Efeito da Outra Raça (EOR) e tem sido consistentemente replicado em diversos estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre alguns modelos teóricos que explicam sua emergência e desenvolvimento. Os modelos de codificação de faces baseado no Protótipo, e em Exemplares são a base para a explicação das diferenças na codificação entre faces da mesma raça e faces de outra raça. Uma revisão das recentes pesquisas sobre o EOR e como experiências com faces de outra raça, durante a primeira infância o influenciam, foi apresentada. Finalmente, pesquisas futuras relativas ao contexto cultural foram propostas, para melhor investigar o desenvolvimento do efeito da raça e dos modelos de codificação de faces.(AU)

In face recognition tasks, adults and children have difficulty recognizing faces from other races. This effect is known as the Other Race Effect (ORE) and has been consistently replicated in several studies. The aim of this paper is to present a review of some theoretical models that explain the ORE, its emergence and development. Face coding mechanisms based on Prototypes and Exemplars are the basis for the explanation of differences in coding between the same race and other race faces. It was presented a review of recent research on ORE and how the experiences with other race faces during early childhood influences the effect. Finally, further research on the cultural context has been proposed to better investigate the development of ORE and face coding mechanisms.(AU)

Sim, nós somos racistas: estudo psicossocial da branquitude paulistana / Si, nosotros somos racistas: estudio psico-social de la blancura paulistana / Yes, we are racists: a psicossocial study of whiteness in são paulo

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma contribuição para o campo de estudo que relaciona as categorias raça, racismo e psicologia, e faz parte dos estudos interdisciplinares nacionais e internacionais sobre branquitude. Para tanto, faço uma análise de como sujeitos brancos se apropriam da categoria raça e do racismo na constituição de suas subjetividades. Para essa compreensão foram feitas entrevistas com brancos paulistanos de diferentes classes sociais, gênero e gerações com o intuito de compreender quais os significados que estes sujeitos atribuíam a "ser branco". Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa apontaram que o racismo e a ideia falaciosa de raça, construída no século XIX, ainda fazem eco nos modos de subjetivação de indivíduos brancos. A partir das análises das entrevistas foi possível perceber que estes sujeitos acreditam que "ser branco" determina características morais, intelectuais e estéticas dos indivíduos.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir para el campo de estudio que relaciona las categorías de raza, racismo y psicología, y forma parte de los estudios interdisciplinares nacionales e internacionales sobre blancura. Por lo que, hago un análisis de cómo los individuos blancos se apropian de la categoría raza y del racismo en la constitución de sus subjetividades. Para ésta comprensión se han hecho entrevistas con paulistanos blancos de diferentes clases sociales, género y generaciones, cuyo intuito es de comprender cuales son los significados que estos individuos atribuían a "ser blanco". Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación apuntaron que el racismo y la idea errónea de raza, construida en el siglo XIX, aún hacen eco en los modos de subjetivación de individuos blancos. A partir de los análisis de las entrevistas fue posible observar que estos individuos creen que "ser blanco" determina características morales, intelectuales y estéticas de los individuos.

This article aims to make a contribution to the field of study that relates the categories of race, racism and psychology and is part of the national and international field of critical studies on whiteness. For this purpose, it was made an analysis of how white people appropriate the categories of race and racism in their subjective constitution. Data was drawn from interviews made with white Brazilians from São Paulo of different social classes, gender and generations in order to grasp the ascribed meaning of being "white". The findings show that racism and the fallacious idea of race, built in the nineteenth century, still echoes in the modes of subjectivation of white individuals. Based on the analysis of the interviews, it was possible to realize that they believe that "being white" determines moral, intellectual and aesthetic characteristics of individuals.

Repertórios discursivos contemporâneos sobre as desigualdades raciais no Brasil: um estudo com estudantes paraibanos de pós-graduação / Discursive repertoires contemporaries on the racial inequalities in Brazil: a study with postgraduate students from Paraíba

Esta pesquisa avaliou discursos de mestrandos sobre a natureza das diferenças raciais, suas consequências sociais e os fatores psicossociais a que estão relacionados em um estudo exploratório, de natureza quali-quantitativa, com 19 alunos do mestrado em Psicologia e 15 do de Direito Econômico. Verificou-se que os discursos analisados organizaram-se em três classes: diferenças existem e são genéticas; diferenças não existem; processos de exclusão usam traços fenotípicos como critério de diferenciação. Constatou-se que o primeiro condena as reivindicações do movimento negro e é contrário às quotas e à sua autonomia política e cultural; o segundo, mais frequente em estudantes politizados, é favorável a essas reivindicações; o último agrega respostas negativas, positivas e interrogativas em relação aos aspectos mencionados. Os resultados evidenciam repertórios discursivos que negam ou naturalizam as desigualdades raciais: tanto expressam posições adversas às reivindicações dos negros quanto as justificam, racionalizando como não preconceituosas posições que o são.

This research evaluated graduate students discourses about nature of racial differences, their social consequences and the related psycho-social factors in an exploratory qualitative and quantitative study, with 19 graduate students of psychology and 15 of Economic Law. It was verified that the analyzed speeches had been organized in three classes: (1) differences exist and are genetic; (2) exclusion processes use phenotypic traces as differentiation criterion; (3) differences does not exist. We can observe that the first type of speech condemns the claims by black movement, specially university quotes and their politic autonomy; the second one, more frequent in politicized students, is favorable to these claims; the last one collect negative, positive and interrogative answers in relation to the cited aspects. The results evidence discursive repertoires that deny or naturalize the racial inequalities: expresses adverse positions to black population claims, rationalizing this position as not prejudiced.

Postcolonial Freud: psychoanalysis in the French Antilles.

While Martinique and Guadeloupe were assimilated into the French state in 1946, traces of colonial power relations and economic structures persist despite the islands' current status as French 'départements' equal to any other. This article examines the contributions of Freud's thought to the shift in critical perspective that has allowed the continued "colonial" status of these islands, and the cultural alienation of its people, to be identified as a problem or phenomenon requiring analysis and rectification. Speaking of "postcolonial Freud" in this context is tantamount to asking: which postcolony for the French Antillean future, and which Freud for the thought emerging from this space?

South Africans and Mexicans in Florida: intergroup conflict.

Newly arriving immigrants from Southern Africa and Mexicans do not get on well in the sunbelt state of Florida. A persistent theme emerging from discussions with South Africans on their relationship with Mexicans is that both sides perceive the other as culturally ethnocentric. The antagonistic relationship between both social groups is due to strong ethnic bonds and the clash of cultures.

Between black and brown: blaxican (black-Mexican) multiracial identity in California.

This article explores the racial/ethnic identities of multiracial Black-Mexicans or "Blaxicans." In-depth interviews with 12 Blaxican individuals in California reveal how they negotiate distinct cultural systems to accomplish multiracial identities. I argue that choosing, accomplishing, and asserting a Blaxican identity challenges the dominant monoracial discourse in the United States, in particular among African American and Chicana/o communities. That is, Blaxican respondents are held accountable by African Americans and Chicanas/os/Mexicans to monoracial notions of "authenticity." The process whereby Blaxicans move between these monoracial spaces to create multiracial identities illustrates crucial aspects of the social construction of race/ethnicity in the United States and the influence of social interactions in shaping how Blaxicans develop their multiracial identities.

"Mulata, Hija de Negro y India": Afro-Indigenous Mulatos in early colonial Mexico.

Since the fifteenth century, the term "mulato" has been used to describe individuals of mixed African and European ancestry. Through an examination of mulatos from sixteenth century New Spain this piece complicates our understanding of the usage and implication of this socio-racial ascription. Both demographic and anecdotal evidence suggests that in the early colonial period mulato frequently described individuals of mixed African-indigenous ancestry. Moreover, these individuals may have represented the majority of individuals so named. Additionally this piece uses several case studies to demonstrate that Afro-indigenous mulatos formed frequent and long-term connections to indigenous society and culture. Through acculturation and familial ties, early mulatos helped to encourage interethnic unions and may have played a key role in the growth of a highly varied, multi-ethnic colonial population in Mexico. By highlighting these important trends, this study challenges our traditional assumptions concerning the category of mulato and suggests that we must avoid the homogenizing tendency inherent in such terminology.

¿Qué es racismo?: awareness of racism and discrimination in Ecuador.

In the national consciousness, Ecuador is a mestizo nation. However, it is also an ethnically diverse nation with sizable minorities of indigenous and Afrodescended peoples. In national surveys, there is also a considerable minority who self-identify as blanco (white). Although there is strong evidence of continuing discrimination and prejudice toward both indigenous and Afro-descended peoples, there is little public discussion or political action addressing such issues. The emergence of a powerful and resilient indigenous movement in the late 1980s gained international interest and acclaim in the 1990s, in part because of the peaceful mobilization efforts and effective bargaining tactics of the movement. However, indigenous leaders usually have not engaged in a discourse of racismo and/or discriminación. There has been much less social movement solidarity and activism among Afro-Ecuadorians, but their leaders commonly employ a discourse of racismo and discriminación. In August and September 2004, a survey of more than eight thousand adult Ecuadorians was conducted in regard to racism and related topics. In this research, we use several measures from this survey that focus on awareness of and sensitivity to issues of racism, prejudice, and discrimination. Self-identification of respondents enables us to contrast the responses of whites, mestizos, Indians, and Afro-Ecuadorians to the measures. Other independent variables of interest are level of education, the region in which the respondent resides, and whether the respondent lives in an urban or rural area. Regression results show differences among the ethnic groups in levels of awareness of racism, but more powerful predictors are level of education and rural residence.

Being Yoruba in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro.

Through the experiences of two West Africans shipped to Bahia as slaves, probably in the 1840s, then sold south to Rio de Janeiro where they met, became lovers, bought their freedom, married, and divorced, I comment on an ongoing debate over the refashioning or transfer of African ethnic identities in American slave societies. The sources in this Brazilian case suggest that previous identities were not suddenly erased, but rather, new layers of understanding and ways of responding were added. Whatever the dynamic of cultural formation, it was memory that crucially bridged the distance between the past they carried with them and the present into which they were thrust; and so it becomes illuminating to reconstruct the plausibly remembered African pasts on which this couple drew to make sense of an unfamiliar Brazilian present.

Social status, race, and the timing of marriage in Cuba's first constitutional era, 1902-1940.

This article examines the practice of marriage among whites, "mestizos," blacks, Cubans, and Spaniards during the first constitutional era, focusing upon the reported ages of brides and grooms. The study consists of a quantitative examination of trends found in the records of 900 Catholic marriages celebrated in Havana during the opening decades of independence. The first major finding of the research is that according to most major indicators of status, age was negatively correlated with rank. Thus, contrary to the conclusions of studies conducted in many other contexts, those in the highest strata of society married young. Furthermore, very significant differences were detected in the marital patterns of those identified as mixed-race and those labeled as black. This finding offers empirical weight to the notion that the early-mid twentieth-century Cuban racial structure would best be characterized as tripartite, rather than binary in nature.

Domestic relations in Brazil: legacies and horizons.

Grounded in literature review and an ethnographic study, this article examines contemporary Brazilian domestic life. Relations among women (employers and maids) and between women and men are analyzed with a focus on the home as a space in which gender, race, and class inequalities are constantly reproduced. The article argues that what happens in domestic life is constitutive of wider social divisions and that the domestic is a universe integral to the national social context. A case in point is the connection between the widespread use of paid domestic labor and the naturalization of black women as subservient, complementing the pairing of whiteness and class entitlement. Another case is the buffering role of maids in the development of gender conflicts in well-off homes, thus blurring gender hierarchies at a broader scale. Locating the domestic within the recent discussion on global domestic labor, the article compares particularities of Brazilian domestic life to those elsewhere.

The color of child mortality in Brazil, 1950-2000: social progress and persistent racial inequality.

Now that racism has been officially recognized in Brazil, and some universities have adopted affirmative-action admission policies, measures of the magnitude of racial inequality and analyses that identify the factors associated with changes in racial disparities over time assume particular relevance to the conduct of public debate. This study uses census data from 1950 to 2000 to estimate the probability of death in the early years of life, a robust indicator of the standard of living among the white and Afro-Brazilian populations. Associated estimates of the average number of years of life expectancy at birth show that the 6.6-year advantage that the white population enjoyed in the 1950s remained virtually unchanged throughout the second half of the twentieth century, despite the significant improvements that accrued to both racial groups. The application of multivariate techniques to samples selected from the 1960, 1980, and 2000 census enumerations further shows that, controlling for key determinants of child survival, the white mortality advantage persisted and even increased somewhat in 2000. The article discusses evidence of continued racial inequality during an era of deep transformation in social structure, with reference to the challenges of skin color classification in a multiracial society and the evolution of debates about color, class, and discrimination in Brazil.