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1.
PLoS Biol ; 22(7): e3002673, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39083706

ABSTRACT

Development of optimal therapeutics for disease states that can be associated with increased membrane cholesterol requires better molecular understanding of lipid modulation of the drug target. Type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) agonist actions are affected by increased membrane cholesterol, enhancing ligand binding and reducing calcium signaling, while agonist actions of the closely related CCK2R are not. In this work, we identified a set of chimeric human CCK1R/CCK2R mutations that exchange the cholesterol sensitivity of these 2 receptors, providing powerful tools when expressed in CHO and HEK-293 model cell lines to explore mechanisms. Static, low energy, high-resolution structures of the mutant CCK1R constructs, stabilized in complex with G protein, were not substantially different, suggesting that alterations to receptor dynamics were key to altered function. We reveal that cholesterol-dependent dynamic changes in the conformation of the helical bundle of CCK receptors affects both ligand binding at the extracellular surface and G protein coupling at the cytosolic surface, as well as their interrelationships involved in stimulus-response coupling. This provides an ideal setting for potential allosteric modulators to correct the negative impact of membrane cholesterol on CCK1R.


Subject(s)
Cholesterol , GTP-Binding Proteins , Protein Binding , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A , Receptor, Cholecystokinin B , Animals , Humans , CHO Cells , Cholesterol/metabolism , Cricetulus , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , HEK293 Cells , Ligands , Mutation , Protein Conformation , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/metabolism , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/genetics , Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism , Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
2.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 51: 1-7, May. 2021. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1343303

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore genetic polymorphisms of the CCKAR gene and their relationship with the growth and development of Qinchuan cattle which could be used as molecular markers for the improvement of the breeding of Qinchuan cattle. RESULTS: Here, we have identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at loci g. 1463 C>G; g. 1532 T>A; g. 1570 G>A; g. 1594 C>A; g. 1640 T>C; g. 1677 G>C; and g. 1735 C>T in the coding region of the bovine CCKAR gene. The frequencies identified on allelic and genotypic characteristics have shown that all seven SNPs diverged from the Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium. The SNP2, SNP3, SNP6 and SNP7 had the lowest polymorphism information content values, and remaining SNPs were found to be moderate (0.25 < PIC < 0.50). The genotype CG in SNP1 at loci g.1463 C>G had the greatest association with WH, HW, CD and CCF, while the genotype TA at the very same loci was associated with BFT, ULA and IMF content in Qinchuan cattle. The CCKAR gene expression level in adipose tissue, small intestine, liver and skeleton muscle was found to be higher, whereas, the expression level of mRNA in organs of other digestive system including reticulum, abomasum and omasum was moderate. Some expression of CCKAR mRNA was found in the large intestine, kidney and rumen. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our finding suggested that the CCKAR gene could be used as a potential candidate for the improvement of carcass quality and body measurements of Qinchuan cattle.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/genetics , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/genetics , Genetic Variation , Linkage Disequilibrium , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Digestive System , Livestock , Genotyping Techniques , Gene Frequency , Meat Products
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