Association between the DRD2-141C Insertion/Deletion polymorphism and schizophrenia.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the genetic component is an important risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. The genes that codify the different compounds of the dopaminergic system have created interest for molecular investigations in patients with schizophrenia because the antipsychotic drugs, especially those of first generation, act on this cerebral system. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between the -141 Ins/Del (rs1799732) polymorphism of the dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and schizophrenia. The distribution of the alleles and genotypes of the studied polymorphism was investigated in a sample of 229 patients and 733 controls. There were statistical differences in the allelic (chi2=9.78; p=0.001) and genotypic genotypic (chi2=12.74; p=0.001) distributions between patients and controls. Thus the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism of the DRD2 gene (allele Ins) was associated to the SCZ phenotype in the investigated sample.

Sensitization to ethanol's stimulant effect is associated with region-specific increases in brain D2 receptor binding.

RATIONALE: Stimulation of locomotor activity by low doses of ethanol (EtOH) and the potentiation of this response after repeated administration (sensitization) have been related to EtOH's rewarding and addictive properties and to altered dopaminergic activity in brain. In mice, behavioral sensitization to EtOH occurs only in a subset of treated animals, and this provides an opportunity for distinguishing general drug effects from sensitization-specific brain effects. OBJECTIVES: In view of evidence suggesting a role for dopamine D2 receptors in EtOH preference and abuse liability, the present study addressed the hypothesis that D2 binding would be altered in specific brain regions in mice showing differential sensitization responses to chronic EtOH administration. METHODS: Male albino Swiss mice received 2.4 g/kg EtOH i.p. daily for 21 days and were then separated into sensitized or non-sensitized subgroups on the basis of weekly locomotor activity tests. RESULTS: Autoradiographic analyses of [(3)H]raclopride binding to D2 sites revealed significant increases in the anterior caudate-putamen of mice in the EtOH-sensitized group when compared with either saline controls (+40%, P<0.00009) or to mice in the EtOH non-sensitized group (+32%; P<0.0003). Smaller increases were seen in the ventrolateral caudate-putamen of sensitized animals (+18% vs. control, P<0.02; and 12% vs. non-sensitized mice, P<0.07). No differences were found in other brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, olfactory bulb and substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS: The observed increases in D2-receptor binding in circumscribed targets of nigrostriatal projections may reflect either a pre-existing condition in sensitization-prone animals or a selective vulnerability of D2 receptors to chronic EtOH in these animals. In either case, it may be a marker for differential susceptibility to EtOH sensitization.

Distribution of D4 dopamine receptor in rat brain with sequence-specific antibodies.

The distribution of the dopaminergic D4 receptor in rat brain was studied employing site directed polyclonal antibodies. Antisera were raised in rabbits to two oligopeptides corresponding to amino acids 160-172 of the second extracellular loop (P1) and amino acids 260-273 of the third intracellular loop (P2) of the D4 receptor sequence. Affinity-purified antibodies (anti-P1 and anti-P2) specifically recognized two major bands of 42-45 and 95 kDa in Western blots of denatured preparations of various rat brain areas. Immunocyto-chemistry studies showed that D4 receptor is widely distributed in rat central nervous system (CNS) showing higher labelling in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus) frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, cerebellum, supraoptic nucleus and sustancia nigra pars compacta. In addition, anti-P1 decreased the binding of the antagonist [3H]YM-09151-2 selective for D2, D3 and D4 receptors but did not modify the binding of [3H]raclopride an antagonist selective for D2 and D3, in striatal synaptosomes. Anti-P2 did not modify the binding of these ligands. These results confirm the selectivity of the antibodies towards the D4 receptor and suggest that the binding site for the antagonists might be located at or close to the second extracellular loop of the protein sequence. D4 receptor protein is mainly expressed in plasma membranes and in the peripheral cytoplasm of neurons and is more widely distributed than was originally proposed based on mRNA localization, since it is present both in limbic, diencephalic and motor areas of rat brain.

Autoradiographic localization of the putative D4 dopamine receptor in rat brain.

The putative dopamine D4 receptor protein in rat brain was labelled and quantified autoradiographically using two selective benzamides: [3H]YM-09151-2 which labels D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors and [3H]Raclopride which labels D2 and D3. The difference in densities of both ligands at saturable concentrations, show a regional distribution for the putative D4 receptor in the following rank order: hippocampus > caudate putamen > olfactory tubercle = substancia nigra > nucleus accumbens core > cerebral cortex > cerebellum. A calculated value of 0.34 pmol/mg protein was attributable to D4 receptor maximum capacity in caudate putamen and was obtained after subtracting the Bmax of the ligands. Our results show that the distribution of D4 receptor only partially overlaps with the D4 mRNA localization reported earlier and is not only associated to limbic structures but to motor areas as well.