ABSTRACT
Introducción: el objeto del estudio es la población de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Debido a la implantación del Servicio Militar obligatorio en España, el reclutamiento se efectuaba basándose en los censos de los Ayuntamientos, eligiendo a una quinta parte de los mozos sorteables. Objetivo: exponer las causas de exención por parte de los quintos para no realizar el Servicio Militar, durante el siglo XIX. Material y métodos: la investigación en el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de los Caballeros, así como en publicaciones actuales y de la época, refiriendo las patologías médicas esgrimidas según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades de Jacques Bertillon. Resultados: los mozos utilizaban toda clase de argumentos, entre ellos patologías médicas, reales o no, para eludir el Servicio Militar, el cual era muy cuestionado en la época, y que suponía muchas veces una sentencia de muerte para el quinto, debido a los frecuentes conflictos militares en los que estuvo envuelta España durante el siglo XIX. Discusión: el sorteo se efectuaba mediante unos bombos de manera pública, pero se podía evitar la realización del Servicio Militar, mediante el pago de una cantidad, o sustituciones, lo que suponía una gran discriminación. Conclusiones: a consecuencia del descontento popular que suponía el Servicio Militar obligatorio, los mozos seleccionados esgrimían toda clase de excusas para eludir su realización, circunstancia que fue aumentado con el correr de los años, y por consecuencia también la cantidad de quintos que lo lograban.
Introduction: the object of the study is the population of Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Due to the implementation of the obligatory Military Service in Spain, the recruitment was carried out based on the census of the City Councils, choosing a fifth part of the drawable young men. Objective: to expose the causes of exemption on the part of the fifth for not performing the Military Service, during the 19th century. Material and methods: research in the Municipal Historical Archive of Jerez de los Caballeros, as well as in current and period publications, referring to the medical pathologies used according to Jacques Bertillon's International Classification of Diseases. Results: the young men used all kinds of arguments, among them medical pathologies, real or not, to avoid the Military Service, which was very questioned at the time, and which was often a death sentence for the fifth, due to the frequent military conflicts in which Spain was involved during the 19th century. Discussion: the lottery was carried out by means of a public drawing of lots, but the Military Service could be avoided by paying an amount, or substitutions, which meant a great discrimination. Conclusions: as a consequence of the popular dissatisfaction with the compulsory military service, the selected young men used all kinds of excuses to avoid performing it, a circumstance that increased over the years, and as a consequence, so did the number of young men who did so.
Introdução: o objeto de estudo é a população de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Devido à introdução do serviço militar obrigatório na Espanha, o recrutamento foi realizado com base nos censos dos conselhos municipais, sendo selecionado um quinto dos jovens elegíveis. Objetivo: expor as causas da isenção por parte dos quintos por não prestarem o serviço militar durante o século XIX. Material e métodos: pesquisa no Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de los Caballeros, bem como em publicações atuais e da época, referentes às patologias médicas utilizadas de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças de Jacques Bertillon. Resultados: os jovens usaram todos os tipos de argumentos, incluindo patologias médicas, reais ou não, para evitar o serviço militar, que era altamente questionado na época e que muitas vezes significava uma sentença de morte para o quinto, devido aos frequentes conflitos militares nos quais a Espanha estava envolvida durante o século XIX. Discussão: o sorteio era realizado por meio de um sorteio público, mas o serviço militar podia ser evitado mediante o pagamento de uma taxa ou substituições, o que significava uma grande discriminação. Conclusões: como resultado do descontentamento popular com o serviço militar obrigatório, os jovens selecionados usaram todos os tipos de desculpas para não cumpri-lo, uma circunstância que aumentou com o passar dos anos e, consequentemente, também o número de recrutas que o cumpriram.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 19th Century , Personnel Selection , Physical Fitness , Refusal to Participate , Military Personnel , SpainABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo Analisar a recusa familiar de doação de córnea para transplante em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Métodos Estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal sobre as recusas de córnea de doadores em situação de morte encefálica. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelos Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados entre janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2020 em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Os dados foram coletados, tabulados e analisados de forma descritiva e inferencial. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados Dos 2.447 Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados no período, 620 (25.34%) recusaram a doação de córneas. Com relação à tendência temporal de recusas de doação de córneas, o único período que apresentou significância foi de 2001 a 2009, quando as faixas etárias de zero a 11 anos e 12 a 19 anos demonstraram tendência decrescente, e a faixa etária maior ou igual a 60 anos, mostrou-se crescente. No período total de 2001 a 2020, as faixas etárias dos 20 a 40 anos, 41 a 59 anos e maior ou igual a 60 anos apresentaram, 48%, 59% e 73%, respectivamente, menores chances de recusa da doação de córneas. Conclusão A faixa etária apresentou associação com a recusa, tendo em vista que os indivíduos de maior idade apresentaram maiores índices.
Resumen Objetivo Analizar la negativa familiar de donación de córneas para trasplante en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo tipo transversal sobre la negativa de córnea de donantes en situación de muerte encefálica. La fuente de datos estuvo compuesta por los Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2020 en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Se recopilaron los datos, luego se tabularon y se analizaron de forma descriptiva e inferencial. El presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados De los 2447 Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados en el período, 620 (25,34 %) negaron la donación de córneas. Con relación a la tendencia temporal de negativas de donación de córneas, el único período que presentó significación fue de 2001 a 2009, cuando los grupos de edad de 0 a 11 años y de 12 a 19 años demostraron una tendencia decreciente, y el grupo de edad mayor o igual a 60 años se mostró creciente. En el período total de 2001 a 2020, los grupos de edad de 20 a 40 años, de 41 a 59 años y mayor o igual a 60 años presentaron un 48 %, un 59 % y un 73 %, respectivamente, menor probabilidad de negativa de donación de córneas. Conclusión El grupo de edad presentó relación con la negativa, considerando que los individuos de mayor edad presentan mayores índices.
Abstract Objective To analyze family refusals to donate a cornea for transplantation in an Organ Procurement Organization. Methods This was a quantitative cross-sectional study on corneal donation refusals from potential brain-dead donors. The data source was based on the Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed from January 2001 to December 2020 in an Organ Procurement Organization. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed in a descriptive and inferential manner. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results Of the 2,447 Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed in the above period, 620 (25.34%) of them refused to donate a cornea. Regarding the time trend of corneal donation refusals, the period 2001-2009 was the only one that showed significance, when the 0-11 and 12-19 age groups showed a decreasing trend and that of 60 years or older showed an increasing trend. In the period 2001-2020, the age groups of 20-40, 41-59, and 60 years or older had lower rates of refusal to donate a cornea (48%, 59%, and 73%, respectively). Conclusion The age group is associated with refusal because older individuals had the highest refusal rates.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Family , Cornea , Refusal to Participate , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
O texto propõe-se a refletir sobre a pandemia de covid-19 à luz do problema da vulnerabilidade. Discute-se a pertinência dos diagnósticos sobre a distribuição desigual da vulnerabilidade e as necropolíticas, enquanto chaves compreensivas de nossa realidade histórica. Tensiona-se o argumento de que a epidemia se constituiu enquanto marco histórico de um progresso moral civilizatório. Por fim, insiste-se na vulnerabilidade e no valor renovado da proteção e do amparo aos corpos, enquanto problemas cujo sentido ético depende de suas conversões em políticas e em imaginários de igualdade.
The text proposes a reflection on the covid-19 pandemic in the light of the problem of vulnerability. The relevance of diagnoses on the unequal distribution of vulnerability and necropolitics is discussed, as comprehensive keys to our historical reality. The argument that the epidemic was constituted as a historical landmark of a civilizing moral progress is offered. Finally, the text insists on the vulnerability and renewed value of protecting and supporting bodies, as problems whose ethical meaning depends on their conversion into policies and imageries of equality.
El texto propone reflexionar sobre la pandemia del covid-19 a la luz del problema de la vulnerabilidad. Se discute la relevancia de los diagnósticos sobre la distribución desigual de la vulnerabilidad y la necropolítica, como claves comprensivas de nuestra realidad histórica. Ofertase el argumento de que la epidemia se constituyó como un hito histórico de un progreso moral civilizatorio. Finalmente, insistese en la vulnerabilidad y el valor renovado de los cuerpos protectores y de apoyo, como problemas cuyo significado ético pasa por su conversión en políticas e imaginarios de igualdad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disaster Vulnerability , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Socioeconomic Factors , Universal Access to Health Care Services , Value of Life , Refusal to Participate , Government , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Opt-out procedures are sometimes used instead of standard consent practices to enable patients to exercise their autonomous preferences regarding research participation while reducing patient and researcher burden. However, little is known about the characteristics of patients who opt-out of research and their reasons for doing so. We gathered such information in a large pragmatic clinical trial (PCT) evaluating the effect of theory informed text messages on medication adherence.Eligible patients, identified through electronic health records, were sent information about the study and provided with an opportunity to opt-out. Those opting out were asked to complete a voluntary survey regarding their reasons for doing so. Demographic data were compared among patients opting-out vs those included in the study using chi-squared tests and a log binomial regression model.Of 9046 patients receiving study packets, 906 (10.0%) patients returned opt-out forms. Of those, 451 (49.8%) returned the opt-out survey. Patients who opted out were more likely to be older, white, and nonHispanic than those who were included in the PCT. Survey respondents expressed high levels of trust in their health care providers, research, and system. Nearly half (46.6%) reported concerns about time as a reason to opt-out.In this PCT, 10% of patients receiving packets opted out, with significant differences in age, race, gender, and ethnicity compared to those included. Future trials should further investigate representativeness and reasons patients choose to opt-out of participating in research.
Subject(s)
Medication Adherence , Patient Participation , Refusal to Participate , Research Personnel , Text Messaging , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Informed Consent , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Outcome Assessment , Patient Selection , Population Health , Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic , Surveys and Questionnaires , Trust , Young AdultABSTRACT
En el presente trabajo se analiza si es posible que el empleador exija a los trabajadores vacunarse contra el COVID-19 en el marco la obligación de preservar la salud e higiene en el lugar de trabajo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Labor Relations , Occupational Health , Vaccination/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19/prevention & control , Uruguay , Refusal to Participate , Freedom , Right to HealthSubject(s)
Family/psychology , Refusal to Participate , Third-Party Consent , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Attitude to Health , Colombia , Culture , Fear , Humans , Motivation , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether race or ethnicity was independently associated with parental refusal of consent for their child's participation in a multisite pediatric critical care clinical trial. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analyses of data from Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE), a 31-center cluster randomized trial of sedation management in critically ill children with acute respiratory failure supported on mechanical ventilation. Multivariable logistic regression modeling estimated associations between patient race and ethnicity and parental refusal of study consent. RESULT: Among the 3438 children meeting enrollment criteria and approached for consent, 2954 had documented race/ethnicity of non-Hispanic White (White), non-Hispanic Black (Black), or Hispanic of any race. Inability to approach for consent was more common for parents of Black (19.5%) compared with White (11.7%) or Hispanic children (13.2%). Among those offered consent, parents of Black (29.5%) and Hispanic children (25.9%) more frequently refused consent than parents of White children (18.2%, P < .0167 for each). Compared with parents of White children, parents of Black (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.56-2.95, P < .001) and Hispanic (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.10-1.88, P = .01) children were more likely to refuse consent. Parents of children offered participation in the intervention arm were more likely to refuse consent than parents in the control arm (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.37-3.36, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Parents of Black and Hispanic children were less likely to be approached for, and more frequently declined consent for, their child's participation in a multisite critical care clinical trial. Ameliorating this racial disparity may improve the validity and generalizability of study findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00814099.
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Critical Care , Hispanic or Latino , Parents , Refusal to Participate , White People , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
Abstract This paper involved a cross-sectional study that evaluated the results and refusals to take the breathalyzer test among drivers intercepted by the Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Spot-Check Campaign (Operação Lei Seca) in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It was conducted using data provided by the State Government which were collected from drivers intercepted in the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Descriptive analysis was conducted of the sample and of the association between gender, age and location variables with the result of the breathalyzer test and refusal to take the test using a logistic regression model. Of the 4756 (100%) drivers intercepted, 59 (1.2%) failed the breathalyzer test and 229 (4.8%) refused to take it. Only the location of interception variable was statistically significant with greater chances of failing (OR = 4.01) and refusal to take the test (OR = 5.14) among drivers intercepted in the Baixada Fluminense. Systematic monitoring actions taken by the DUI Spot-Check Campaign that have occurred for longer in the capital appear to have a positive impact on the drinking and driving behavior of drivers.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/legislation & jurisprudence , Breath Tests , Driving Under the Influence/legislation & jurisprudence , Refusal to Participate/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Automobile Driving/legislation & jurisprudence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Driving Under the Influence/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine referral by primary care providers (PCPs) of preschool children with obesity (≥95th percentile for body mass index [BMI]) to a weight management intervention when offered through a randomized clinical trial (RCT), and identify reasons for not referring children. STUDY DESIGN: In phase I, 3 experts in obesity, psychology, and nutrition completed an open card sort and classified PCPs' reasons for declining referral into groups based on similarity of reasons. Categories were then defined and labeled. In phase II, 2 independent sorters placed each decline into 1 of the categories defined in phase I. RESULTS: PCPs referred 78% of eligible children to the RCT. Compared with children declined for referral, referred children had a significantly higher weight (48.4 lb vs 46.1 lb; P < .001) and BMI percentile (97.6 vs 97.0; P < .001). Eleven categories for decline were identified in phase I. In phase II, excellent reliability was obtained between each independent sorter and the phase I categories, and also between the 2 independent sorters (κ values, 0.72-1.0). The most common reason for declining was "family not a good fit" (23.6%), followed by "doesn't believe weight is a problem" (13.9%), "family would not be interested" (12%), and "doesn't believe measurement is accurate" (11.5%). Appropriately, exclusionary criteria of the RCT was a reason as well (11.8%). CONCLUSION: The availability of weight management for preschoolers through RCTs appeared to overcome barriers of resources, time, and credible treatment cited in previous studies. However, concerns about the family's response or interest in a weight management program remained barriers, as did PCPs' perceptions about obesity in young children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01546727.
Subject(s)
Pediatric Obesity/therapy , Primary Health Care , Referral and Consultation , Refusal to Participate , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Estudo de método misto, ênfase no enfoque qualitativo, utilizou a técnica Snowball Sampling. Realizado na Bahia, Brasil, entre janeiro/2014 a setembro/2015. Objetivou averiguar os fatores que conduzem as pessoas a não adesão à prática regular de atividade física. Os resultados evidenciaram comprometimento de saúde, dificuldade de conseguir atestado médico, indisponibilidade por demandas familiares, e baixa motivação. Conclui-se que estes saberes são necessários ao delineamento, gestão e planejamento em saúde, posto as evidências do elevado índice de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em nosso meio, no sentido de guiar-se pela via da promoção da saúde.
A mixed method study with a qualitative approach that implement the snowball technique. The study was developed in Bahia, Brazil, between January/2014 and September/2015. It was aimed at identifying the factors that lead people to non-adherence to regular physical activity. The results showed that the reasons were related to health problems, difficulty in getting a medical certificate, unavailability because of family demands and low motivation. We conclude that this knowledge is necessary for the delineation of management and planning in healthcare, in the sense of guiding new health promotion strategies as a result of high rates of chronic non-communicable diseases in our reality.
Estudio de método mixto, con enfoque cualitativo, que utilizó la técnica de snowball. Realizado en Bahia, Brasil, entre enero/2014 y septiembre/2015. Objetivó identificar los factores que conducen a las personas a la no adhesión a la práctica regular de actividad física. Los resultados evidenciaron compromiso de salud, dificultad de conseguir un certificado médico, indisponibilidad por demandas familiares y baja motivación. Se concluye que estos saberes son necesarios para el delineamiento de la gestión y planeamiento en salud, en el sentido de guiar nuevas estrategias de promoción de salud, como consecuencia de los elevados índices de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en nuestro medio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Chronic Disease , Exercise , Health Promotion , Refusal to ParticipateABSTRACT
Resumo Estudo transversal que avaliou os resultados e as recusas ao teste do bafômetro entre motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca na capital do Rio de Janeiro e Baixada Fluminense. Realizado com base em dados cedidos pelo Governo do Estado que foram coletados durante atendimento de motoristas interceptados entre dezembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014. Procederam-se análises descritivas da amostra e de associação entre as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e local de abordagem com as recusas e os resultados do teste do bafômetro através de um modelo de regressão logística. Dos 4756 (100%) condutores interceptados, 59 (1,2%) apresentaram resultado positivo no teste do bafômetro e 229 (4,8%) recusaram-no. Apenas a variável local de abordagem apresentou significância estatística com maiores chances de resultados positivos (OR = 4,01) e recusas ao teste (OR = 5,14) entre os condutores interceptados na Baixada Fluminense. As ações sistemáticas de fiscalização efetuadas pela Operação Lei Seca que ocorrem há mais tempo na capital parecem influenciar positivamente o comportamento de beber e dirigir dos motoristas.
Abstract Abstract This paper involved a cross-sectional study that evaluated the results and refusals to take the breathalyzer test among drivers intercepted by the Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Spot-Check Campaign (Operação Lei Seca) in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It was conducted using data provided by the State Government which were collected from drivers intercepted in the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Descriptive analysis was conducted of the sample and of the association between gender, age and location variables with the result of the breathalyzer test and refusal to take the test using a logistic regression model. Of the 4756 (100%) drivers intercepted, 59 (1.2%) failed the breathalyzer test and 229 (4.8%) refused to take it. Only the location of interception variable was statistically significant with greater chances of failing (OR = 4.01) and refusal to take the test (OR = 5.14) among drivers intercepted in the Baixada Fluminense. Systematic monitoring actions taken by the DUI Spot-Check Campaign that have occurred for longer in the capital appear to have a positive impact on the drinking and driving behavior of drivers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Breath Tests , Alcohol Drinking/legislation & jurisprudence , Refusal to Participate/statistics & numerical data , Driving Under the Influence/legislation & jurisprudence , Automobile Driving/legislation & jurisprudence , Logistic Models , Cross-Sectional Studies , Driving Under the Influence/prevention & controlABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: a hemorragia obstétrica é considerada uma das principais causas de mortes maternas no mundo. Nesse cenário, as gestantes testemunhas de Jeová constituem uma população única, porque recusam transfusões de sangue total e de seus quatro componentes primários. O encontro da Obstetrícia com essas pacientes tem gerado ao longo do tempo muitos conflitos jurídicos, éticos e bioéticos. OBJETIVO: discorrer sobre os aspectos jurídicos, éticos e bioéticos diante da recusa à transfusão de sangue por gestantes e puérperas testemunhas de Jeová. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo de revisão integrativa, em que foram identificados 14 artigos que compuseram a amostra. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: do ponto de vista legal e jurídico existe um emaranhado referente aos direitos dos médicos e dos pacientes. A Constituição Federal, o Código Civil e a Carta dos Direitos dos Usuários de Saúde reforçam a autonomia do paciente em recusar qualquer tratamento. E o o Código Penal e o Código de Ética Médica insistem na adoção de condutas que salvam vidas mesmo sem o consentimento da paciente - em casos de risco iminente de morte. Já na ética e bioética, o confronto existe entre a autonomia da paciente e a beneficência do ponto de vista médico. CONCLUSÕES: atualmente temos uma legislação dividida e questões éticas e bioéticas com pontos de vista opostos. É preciso repensar legal e bioeticamente nessas pacientes; entender suas crenças, conhecer tratamentos alternativos e ter instituições e profissionais mais preparados.
INTRODUCTION: Obstetric hemorrhage is considered a major cause of maternal deaths all around the world. In this scenario, the jehovah's-Witness pregnant women constitute a unique population because they refuse total blood transfusions and its four primary components. The encounter between obstetrics and these patients has caused many legal, ethical and bioethical conflicts along the years. OBJECTIVE: Discourse about legal, ethical, and bioethical issues facing blood transfusion refusal by jehovah's-Witness pregnant and breastfeeding women. Method: It is an integrative review study, in which 14 articles were identified to compose the sample,from M EDLINE and LILACS databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: From the legal and juridical points of view, there are some disagreements related to physicians and patients' rights. The Federal Constitution, The Civil Code and the Charter of Consumers' Rights in Health enhance the patients autonomy to refuse any treatment. While both Criminal Code and Medical Ethics Codes insist on adopting a life-saving conduct even without the patients consent, in cases of imminent risk of death. Meanwhile, in Ethics and Bioethics, there is confrontation between the patients autonomy and the benefitfrom the medical standpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Currently we have a divided legislation, ethics and bioethics issues with opposite points of view. It is necessary to legally and bioethically rethink about these patients, understand their beliefs, to know alternative treatments and to have more qualified institutions and professionals.
La hemorragia obstétrica es una de las principales causas de muertes maternas en el mundo. En este escenario, las embarazadas de la religión Testigos de jehová constituyen una población única porque rechazan las transfusiones de sangre total y de sus cuatro componentes primarios. El contacto entre la obstetricia y estas pacientes siempre ha generado conflictos jurídicos, éticos y bioéticos. El objeto del presente estudio es entender los aspectos jurídicos, éticos y bioéticos ante el rechazo a la transfusión de sangre por parte de dichas mujeres. Se trata de una revisión integradora compuesta de 14 artículos que constituyeron la muestra, a partir de las bibliotecas virtuales MEDLINEy LILACS, en portugués, inglés y espanol. Desde el punto de vista legal y jurídico existe un enmaranado de derechos de médicos y pacientes. La Constitución Federal, el Código Civil y la Carta de los Derechos de los Usuarios de Salud refuerzan la autonomia del paciente de rechazar cualquier tratamiento. El Código Penal y el Código de Ética Médica insisten en la adopción de conductas que salvan vidas, incluso sin el consentimiento del paciente, en casos de riesgo inminente de muerte. En la ética y bioética, el conflicto existe entre la autonomía del paciente y la beneficencia desde el punto de vista médico. Actualmente tenemos una legislación dividida y cuestiones éticas y bioéticas con puntos de vista opuestos. Es necesario repensar legalmente y bioéticamente en estas pacientes, entender sus creencias, conocer tratamientos alternativos y tener instituciones y profesionales mejor preparados para tratar el tema.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Blood Transfusion , Maternal and Child Health , Personal Autonomy , Jehovah's Witnesses , Refusal to Participate , Ethics, Professional , Postpartum Hemorrhage , Maternal Health ServicesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: High rates of household participation are critical to the success of door-to-door vector control campaigns. We used the Health Belief Model to assess determinants of participation, including neighbour participation as a cue to action, in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. METHODS: We evaluated clustering of participation among neighbours; estimated participation as a function of household infestation status, neighbourhood type and number of participating neighbours; and described the reported reasons for refusal to participate in a district of 2911 households. RESULTS: We observed significant clustering of participation along city blocks (p<0.0001). Participation was significantly higher for households in new versus established neighbourhoods, for infested households, and for households with more participating neighbours. The effect of neighbour participation was greater in new neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: Results support a 'contagion' model of participation, highlighting the possibility that one or two participating households can tip a block towards full participation. Future campaigns can leverage these findings by making participation more visible, by addressing stigma associated with spraying, and by employing group incentives to spray.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Health Promotion/methods , Insect Control/methods , Refusal to Participate/statistics & numerical data , Urban Population , Animals , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/transmission , Communicable Disease Control , Community Participation/methods , Humans , Insect Control/economics , Interpersonal Relations , Logistic Models , Peru/epidemiology , Poverty Areas , Residence Characteristics/classification , Tropical Medicine , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Conscientious Objection or conscientious refusal (CO) in access to reproductive health care is at the center of current legal debates worldwide. In countries such as the US and the UK, constitutional dilemmas surrounding CO in the context of reproductive health services reveal inadequate policy frameworks for balancing CO rights with women's rights to access contraception and abortion. The Colombian Constitutional Court's holistic jurisprudence regarding CO standards has applied international human rights norms so as to not only protect women's reproductive rights as fundamental rights, but to also introduce clear limits for the exercise of CO in health care settings. This paper reviews Latin American lines of regulation in Argentina, Uruguay, and Mexico City to argue that the Colombian Court's jurisprudence offers a strong guidance for future comprehensive policy approaches that aim to effectively balance tensions between CO and women's reproductive rights.
Subject(s)
Refusal to Participate/legislation & jurisprudence , Reproductive Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Abortion, Legal/legislation & jurisprudence , Argentina , Colombia , Female , Humans , Judicial Role , Mexico , Pregnancy , Reproductive Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Reproductive Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence , UruguayABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The written informed consent form (WICF) provides information that must be written in simple, easily understood language, highlighting voluntary participation safeguards, risks, possible benefits, and procedures. Currently, the possibility that research subjects do not fully understand the text of the WICF or their rights as participants, despite having signed the WICF and agreed to participate in the study, has been a point of discussion. AIM: To evaluate the readability of the WICFs, as well as to correlate research subject acceptance of the WICF with demographic status, social factors, risk-benefit relationship, and education level. METHODS: The study involved 793 patients treated in public or private hospitals and asked to give informed consent for their inclusion. Were reviewed patient medical charts in order to obtain demographic and social data, and was used the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Indices to evaluate the reading level of the WICF texts. RESULTS: Acceptance was higher (99.7%) among patients treated in public health care facilities and among patients (99.73%) who participated in protocols involving lower risk. Although acceptance was not influenced by education level, 462 patients (58.26%) had eight or less years of schooling. The obtained readability index ranged from 9.9 to 12 on the Flesch-Kincaid test, and from 33.1 to 51.3 on the Flesch Reading Ease test. CONCLUSION: The WICFs had high degree of reading difficulty. Although patient acceptance was not found to be related to demographic or social factors, it was found to be influenced by the risk-benefit relationship.
Subject(s)
Comprehension , Consent Forms , Refusal to Participate , Research Subjects , Writing , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
RACIONAL: O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) aborda informações que precisam estar descritas de forma clara e de fácil compreensão, destacando riscos, possíveis benefícios e procedimentos. Atualmente discute-se a possibilidade de sujeitos de pesquisa não entenderem totalmente o texto do TCLE nem seus direitos como participantes, mesmo tendo assinado o TCLE e aderido à pesquisa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a legibilidade dos TCLE, bem como correlacionar a aceitação do sujeito da pesquisa com estado demográfico, fatores sociais, relação risco-benefício e nível de instrução. MÉTODOS: Análise dos dados de 793 pacientes, que foram convidados a participar de diferentes protocolos de pesquisa clínica em hospitais privados e públicos. Foram revistos os dados dos prontuários médicos para obtenção dos dados demográficos e sociais. Foram usados os Índices de Legibilidade Flesch Reading Ease e Flesch-Kincaid para avaliar o nível de legibilidade dos textos dos TCLE. RESULTADOS: A adesão dos sujeitos de pesquisa aos protocolos propostos não teve influência dos fatores demográficos e sociais, no entanto, verificou-se maior adesão entre os pacientes de instituição de tratamento público (99,7%) em comparação com instituição de tratamento privada (93,7%). A adesão foi maior entre os pacientes que participaram de protocolos com menor risco (99,73%) em comparação com os que participaram de protocolos com maior risco (81,3%). Apesar da adesão não ter tido influência do nível de escolaridade, ele foi menor ou igual a oito anos de estudo para 462 pacientes (58,26%), entre os quais 444 (96,1%) eram de instituição de tratamento público. Os índices de legibilidade obtidos variaram de 9.9 a12 para o teste de Flesch-Kincaid e 33,1 a 51,3 para o teste de Flesch Reading Ease. CONCLUSÕES: Os TCLE apresentaram altos graus de dificuldade para leitura. Apesar da aceitação pelo paciente não estar relacionada com fatores sociais ou demográficos, foi influenciado pela relação risco-benefício.
BACKGROUND: The written informed consent form (WICF) provides information that must be written in simple, easily understood language, highlighting voluntary participation safeguards, risks, possible benefits, and procedures. Currently, the possibility that research subjects do not fully understand the text of the WICF or their rights as participants, despite having signed the WICF and agreed to participate in the study, has been a point of discussion. AIM: To evaluate the readability of the WICFs, as well as to correlate research subject acceptance of the WICF with demographic status, social factors, risk-benefit relationship, and education level. METHODS: The study involved 793 patients treated in public or private hospitals and asked to give informed consent for their inclusion. Were reviewed patient medical charts in order to obtain demographic and social data, and was used the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Indices to evaluate the reading level of the WICF texts. RESULTS: Acceptance was higher (99.7%) among patients treated in public health care facilities and among patients (99.73%) who participated in protocols involving lower risk. Although acceptance was not influenced by education level, 462 patients (58.26%) had eight or less years of schooling. The obtained readability index ranged from 9.9 to 12 on the Flesch-Kincaid test, and from 33.1 to 51.3 on the Flesch Reading Ease test. CONCLUSION: The WICFs had high degree of reading difficulty. Although patient acceptance was not found to be related to demographic or social factors, it was found to be influenced by the risk-benefit relationship.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Comprehension , Consent Forms , Refusal to Participate , Research Subjects , Writing , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliação das causas de recusa familiar para a doação de órgãos e tecidos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal correlacional sobre as causas de recusa familiar para a doação de órgãos e tecidos. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado e o t-Student. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa destacou que os principais motivos de recusa relacionados são: não compreensão do diagnóstico de morte encefálica (21%), religiosidade (19%), falta de competência técnica da equipe (19%), tempo longo processo (10%), falecido não era doador (9%), medo da mutilação (5,2%), enterrado como veio ao mundo (3,4%), qualidade do atendimento (3,4%), decisão de um único membro da família (3,4%), experiência negativa em outro processo de doação (1,7%), transferência do corpo (1,7%). CONCLUSÃO: As causas de recusa familiar estão ligadas a não compreensão do diagnostico da morte encefálica pelos familiares, aspectos ligados a religião, despreparo do profissional que realizou a entrevista.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the causes for family refusal to donate organs and tissue. METHODS: Correlational cross-sectional study regarding the causes for the family refusal to donate organs and tissue. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Student's t test. RESULTS: The study emphasized that the main reasons for the refusal are: incomprehension regarding the brain death diagnosis (21%), religion (19%), lack of technical competence of the team (19%), long process (10%), the deceased was a non-donor (9%), fear of mutilation (5.2%), being buried as the person came to this world (3.4%), quality of the service (3.4%), decision of a single member of the family (3.4%), negative previous experience from another donation process (1.7%), body transfer (1.7%). CONCLUSION: The causes for family refusal are associated with the family members' lack of understanding regarding the brain death diagnosis, aspects related to religion and lack of preparation of the professional who performed the interview.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Nursing Assessment , Causality , Tissue Donors , Directed Tissue Donation , Education, Nursing , Family , Refusal to Participate , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La Región de los Ríos tiene uno de los pocos centros de trasplante del país. Es necesario conocer la postura de su población respecto a la donación de órganos, ya que la tasa de donantes ha bajado considerablemente. OBJETIVO: Conocer los principales motivos de negativa ante la donación de órganos, en población de la Región de los Ríos durante marzo-mayo 2012.MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal. Se aplicaron 264 encuestas a residentes de la Región de los Ríos con edades entre 18 y 65 años, sin limitaciones para responder el instrumento. Se abordaron antecedentes demográficos de los encuestados (comuna, edad, género, nivel educacional); nivel de conocimiento del sistema de donación de órganos, opinión de la familia y situación actual de registro del donante. El tamaño de muestra fue determinada a través del programa Epi info 3,2TM,con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento y un error de 6 por ciento. A través del programa IBM SPSS Statistics 20, se determinó significancia estadística mediante test de x2 (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: La disposición regional a ser donantes en caso de fallecimiento es de 75 por ciento; un 33 por ciento afirma no estar dispuesto a donar para que luchen más por su vida en caso de accidente y un 31 por ciento no estaría dispuesto a donar por motivos religiosos. DISCUSIÓN: Si bien las cifras apuntan a una disposición positiva a la donación, es necesario informar en forma adecuada a la población acerca del funcionamiento del programa de trasplante, para así disminuir la negativa ante la donación de órganos.
INTRODUCTION: Region de los Ríos has one of the few transplant centers in the country; considering the decreased number of organ donors in recent years, it is necessary to understand the attitude of the population towards organ donation. OBJECTIVE: To understand the main reasons for organ donation refusals in Región de los Ríos population in March-May 2012 period. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study. There were filled 264 survey forms by Región de los Ríos residents between 18 and 65 years of old, excluding people who could not answer the survey. Demographic parameters (municipality, age, gender, educational level), level of knowledge about organ donation process, familys opinion, rate of consent to donate their own organs and those of relatives where analyzed. Sample size was determined using Epi Info 3.2TM software, using a confidence interval of 95 percent and an error of 6 percent. Statistical significance was determined via a x2 statistical test (p<0.05). The test was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. RESULTS: The average consent to become a donor in case of death in Región de los Ríos is 75 percent 33 percent of them, said they do not consent organ donation so that doctors would strive more for their lives in case of an accident and 31percent did not agree to organ donation because of religious beliefs. DISCUSSION: Although numbers indicate a positive attitude towards donation, it is necessary to increase populations knowledge and understanding in transplant matters in order to reduce organ donation refusal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Tissue Donors/psychology , Motivation , Refusal to Participate/psychology , Attitude to Death , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Organ Transplantation/psychologyABSTRACT
Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram caracterizar as recusas por parte da população em permitir a borrifação de seus imóveis, em quatro regiões de Belo Horizonte, no período de 2006 a 2008, e relacionar estas recusas com o surgimento de casos de leishmaniose visceral, no mesmo local e período. Utilizaram-se as localizações onde se encontraram 27 casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral obtidos do SINAN, todos referentes a quatro áreas de abrangência da região noroeste de Belo Horizonte, no período de 2006 a 2008. De um total de 33.579 residências visitadas pelo controle químico vetorial, 9636 (28,70%) aceitaram a borrifação interna e a externa do domicílio, 20741 (61,77%) concordaram com a borrifação apenas do peridomicílio, 141 (0,42%) aceitaram apenas a borrifação do intradomicílio, 909 (2,70%) se encontraram fechadas no momento da borrifação e 2152 (6,41%) recusaram qualquer tipo de borrifação no imóvel. Na maioria das residências, o controle químico foi permitido apenas no peridomicílio. A diferença entre o perfil de recusas dos quarteirões contidos em uma área de 200 metros ao redor de um caso humano de leishmaniose visceral e o mesmo perfil dos quarteirões fora desta área foi significativa (P<0,05) em sete (25,92%) dos 27 casos da doença.
The purpose of this study was to characterize the population's refusal to allow their houses to be sprayed in four regions of Belo Horizonte, in the period from 2006 to 2008, and relate these denials with the emergence of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in the same location and time. We used the location of 27 human cases of visceral leishmaniasis obtained from SINAN, all data from four regions in the West Region of the city of Belo Horizonte, from 2006 to 2008. Of a total of 33,579 houses visited by the chemical vector control, 9636 (28.70%) accepted spraying inside and outside the home, 20741 (61.77%) agreed with spraying only the areas surrounding the property, 141 (0.42%) agreed only to spray indoors, 909 (2.70%) were found closed at the time of spraying, and 2152 (6.41%) refused any kind of spray at house. A chemical control vector was allowed only in surrounding areas of most of the houses studied. The difference between the profile of denials of the blocks contained in an area of 200 meters around a human case of VL, with the same profile of the blocks out of this area was significant (P<0,05) in 07 (25,92%) of 27 cases of the disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Refusal to Participate , Biological Control Agents , Vector Control of DiseasesABSTRACT
Em 2002 no Recife foi criado o Programa Academia da Cidade (PAC) caracterizando-se como uma estratégia de promoção da saúde com ênfase na atividade física e na alimentação saudável. Concebido como tal, não garante a adesão dos indivíduos na prática regular de hábitos saudáveis, uma vez que, a presença de barreiras contribui para reduzir a participação contínua das pessoas a programas regulares de atividade física. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os determinantes da adesão e não adesão ao Programa. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, descritivo transversal com usuários, não usuários e ex-usuários dos polos do Programa. A amostra foi calculada para detectar uma diferença de pelo menos 15 por cento nas prevalências de adesão ao Programa nos dois grupos de comparação (usuário e ex-usuário), com um nível de significância de 5 por cento e 90 por cento de poder de teste. E para a identificação dos principais motivos para não adesão no PAC, foi calculada uma amostra capaz de detectar uma prevalência de 50 por cento, com um nível de significância de 5 por cento e margem de erro de 6 por cento. A casuística final ficou 822 indivíduos. Foi aplicado questionário já validado, sobre adesão de usuários a programas de atividade física. Os dados foram digitados com dupla entrada no Programa EpiInfo versão 3.5.3. Foram realizadas análises bivariada e multivariada, tendo como variável dependente a adesão. Os resultados revelaram que a população estudada é composta em sua maioria por mulheres, com idade entre 30 a 59 anos, de raça/cor parda, casadas, não empregados e autorreferiram não apresentar doenças. Os principais motivos que levaram as pessoas a iniciar no PAC foram questões relacionadas aos benefícios da prática regular de exercício físico para saúde e para o condicionamento físico e fatores relativos ao Programa. Permanecem com esse hábito pela sensação de bem estar proporcionada pelo exercício e pelo prazer dessa prática. Não aderem e desistem do mesmo por se sentirem desmotivados, por falta de tempo para prática, por considerarem que não possuem habilidade para esta prática e outros aspectos relacionados ao Programa. Em análise multivariada, foram verificadas associações significantes que contribuem para adesão ao PAC, o fator de ter tempo disponível para prática, participar no Programa há 25 meses ou mais, gostar de praticar exercício físico e a localização do Programa. O fato de ser jovem não contribui para a adesão ao PAC. O Programa Academia da Cidade vem tornando as práticas de atividade física orientada acessível à população recifense, porém sofre influências dos determinantes pessoais, sociais, econômicos e culturais para o sucesso de suas intervenções. Assim, conhecer os determinantes mais associados à adesão ao Programa aponta caminhos para a definição de estratégias de intervenção com vistas a qualificar o PAC.