From Treatment to Containment to Enterprise: An Ethno-history of Therapeutic Communities in Puerto Rico, 1961-1993.

Unpaid work is now a central therapy in Puerto Rican therapeutic communities, where substance users reside and seek to rehabilitate each other, often for years at a time. Once a leading treatment for addiction in mainland United States, therapeutic communities were scaled back in the 1970s after they lost federal endorsement. They continue to flourish in Puerto Rico for reasons that have less to do with their curative powers than with their malleability as multi-purpose social enterprises and their historical co-option by state, market and family actors who have deployed them for a variety of purposes. Their endurance from the 1960s to the neoliberal present obliges us to recognize their capacities as what Mizruchi calls abeyance mechanisms whereby 'surplus' populations, otherwise excluded from labor and home, are absorbed into substitute livelihoods. Having initially emerged as a low-cost treatment, in a context of mass unemployment and prison-overcrowding they now thrive as institutions of containment and informal enterprise.

Tensions between approach paradigms in public policies on drugs: an analysis of Brazilian legislation in 2000-2016. / Tensões paradigmáticas nas políticas públicas sobre drogas: análise da legislação brasileira no período de 2000 a 2016.

Brazilian public policy on drugs has been permeated by two diametrically opposing approaches: one focusing on prohibition and the other on non- prohibition. Similarly, there have been two opposing approaches to mental healthcare, one centered on hospitalization and the other psychosocial care and development. In the context of these different paradigms, this article presents an analysis of twenty-two documents sourced by the legislative rules over the last sixteen years. After the year 2000, a renewed focus by healthcare community on drugs was noticeable as was the immersion of a harm reducing approach. Following international trends, although there are still considerable divergencies between (a) psychosocial care and(b) residential care in the therapeutic communities there seems to be an alignment to anti- prohibition approaches.

Tensões paradigmáticas nas políticas públicas sobre drogas: análise da legislação brasileira no período de 2000 a 2016 / Tensions between approach paradigms in public policies on drugs: an analysis of Brazilian legislation in 2000-2016

Resumo Tensões em diferentes campos perpassam a formulação de políticas públicas sobre drogas. Na Justiça/Segurança pública, controvérsias entre os paradigmas do proibicionismo e antiproibicionismo; no campo da Saúde/Assistência social, os paradigmas asilar e psicossocial norteiam, de forma divergente, práticas em saúde mental/álcool e outras drogas. O objetivo do artigo é analisar, à luz destes paradigmas, modelos que influenciaram as Políticas Públicas sobre Drogas no Executivo Federal brasileiro. Trata-se de pesquisa documental, cuja fonte são normativos publicados entre 2000-2016 e categorias analíticas: os modelos hegemônicos, as influências na organização dos serviços e a intersetorialidade. Foram analisados 22 documentos. Concluiu-se que, na saúde, a abordagem às drogas apresentou incremento e relevância a partir dos anos 2000, a redução de danos emergiu como estratégia norteadora do cuidado, um paradigma ético, clínico e político, transversal no diálogo com os campos. Identificou-se protagonismo promissor de outros setores, alinhados às novas tendências internacionais e ao antiproibicionismo, mas persistem divergências quanto ao modelo de atenção psicossocial e internação em comunidades terapêuticas.

Abstract Brazilian public policy on drugs has been permeated by two diametrically opposing approaches: one focusing on prohibition and the other on non- prohibition. Similarly, there have been two opposing approaches to mental healthcare, one centered on hospitalization and the other psychosocial care and development. In the context of these different paradigms, this article presents an analysis of twenty-two documents sourced by the legislative rules over the last sixteen years. After the year 2000, a renewed focus by healthcare community on drugs was noticeable as was the immersion of a harm reducing approach. Following international trends, although there are still considerable divergencies between (a) psychosocial care and(b) residential care in the therapeutic communities there seems to be an alignment to anti- prohibition approaches.

Power, blame, and accountability: Medicaid managed care for mental health services in New Mexico.

I examine the provision of mental health services to Medicaid recipients in New Mexico to illustrate how managed care accountability models subvert the allocation of responsibility for delivering, monitoring, and improving care for the poor. The downward transfer of responsibility is a phenomenon emergent in this hierarchically organized system. I offer three examples to clarify the implications of accountability discourse. First, I problematize the public-private "partnership" between the state and its managed care contractors to illuminate the complexities of exacting state oversight in a medically underserved, rural setting. Second, I discuss the strategic deployment of accountability discourse by members of this partnership to limit use of expensive services by Medicaid recipients. Third, I focus on transportation for Medicaid recipients to show how market triumphalism drives patient care decisions. Providers and patients with the least amount of formal authority and power are typically blamed for system deficiencies.