Subject(s)
Aborted Fetus/cytology , Catholicism , Cell Line , Vaccination/ethics , Viral Vaccines , Abortion, Induced/ethics , Complicity , Diploidy , Drug Industry/ethics , Female , Fetal Research/ethics , History, 20th Century , Humans , Pregnancy , Rubella Vaccine/biosynthesis , Rubella Vaccine/history , Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis , Viral Vaccines/historyABSTRACT
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was discovered in the 1940s, rubella virus was isolated in the early 1960s, and rubella vaccines became available by the end of the same decade. Systematic vaccination against rubella, usually in combination with measles, has eliminated both the congenital and acquired infection from some developed countries, most recently the United States, as is confirmed by the articles in this supplement. The present article summarizes the clinical syndrome of CRS, the process by which the vaccine was developed, and the history leading up to elimination, as well as the possible extension of elimination on a wider scale.
Subject(s)
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine/history , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Rubella/history , Rubella/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Developing Countries , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Pregnancy , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects , United States/epidemiologySubject(s)
Viral Vaccines/history , Animals , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/history , Measles Vaccine/history , Mumps Vaccine/history , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/history , Rabies Vaccines/history , Rubella Vaccine/history , Smallpox Vaccine/history , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Yellow fever virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Las primeras vacunas utilizadas para uso generalizado fueron las elaboradas con las cepas HPV77 y la Cendehill en 1969. A partir de entonces diversas vacunas han estado disponibles en el mercado, pero la de uso más generalizado es la preparada con la cepa RA27/3 cultivada en células diploides humanas que es más inmunogénica y estimula tanto la producción de anticuerpos humorales como secretorios, todo ello sin que se presente un incremento de los efectos colaterales indeseables. La vacuna antirrubéolica existe en tres presentaciones: sola o asociada con otras, la viral doble (rubéola-sarampión) y la viral triple (rubéola-sarampión-parotiditis). En las tres formas la dosis es de 0.5 mL, se prepara en forma liofilizada y debe guardarse en refrigeración (entre 2§C y 8§C) antes de su reconstrucción. Una vez reconstruida debe aplicarse antes de ocho horas. En relación con la vacunación antirrubéolica, existen varias posibles estrategias. Las más importantes son: 1.No incluir a la vacuna contra la rubéola en los programas nacionales de vacunación. 2.Vacunar a todos los suceptibles mayores de un año de edad con énfasis en niños, adolescentes y mujeres adultas. 3.Vacunar a todas las niñas de 11 a 14 años de edad. Y 4.vacunar a grupos específicos: mujeres adultas rubéola-seronegativas, mujeres en el post-parto y personal médico y paramédico principalmente
Subject(s)
Rubella/complications , Rubella/congenital , Rubella/diagnosis , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/etiology , Rubella/history , Rubella/immunology , Rubella/pathology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella/transmission , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Rubella Vaccine/isolation & purification , Rubella Vaccine/analysis , Rubella Vaccine/classification , Rubella Vaccine/pharmacology , Rubella Vaccine/historyABSTRACT
At a time when governmental expenditures on medical research are being questioned by treasury boards, it seems wise to review historical examples of profitable investment in such research. Differentiation of medical research from medical technology is essential in this confrontation. Continuity of merited research support is a key factor in attracting inquisitive and gifted minds to this area of medical science. Medical research should be seen as social investment and not as a charity.