How to help runners steer clear of injury.

Assess risk factors, then work to address modifiable ones, such as wearing the right running shoes and building up slowly. Don't let overweight or OA dampen enthusiasm.

Individual performance progression of German elite female and male middle-distance runners.

Current standards for talent identification often base on age-related cross-sectional or mixed data analyses. Longitudinal studies of elite runners from their very early to their late career are still rare, despite their need for valid talent identification and prognoses. Thus, we analysed individual performance trajectories of German international level middle-distance runners (30 females, 41 males) from an age of 14 until their top performance. Quadratic equations best fitted the individual performances from 14 years to late career in relation to the world record time. The individual trajectories were further used to construct a global performance progression model, providing annual performance estimates (mean and standard deviation of 800, 1000 and 1500 m race times in relation to the current world record time) of later top runners from early to late career. Our analysis implies that, on average, females started from a higher performance level at young age. In contrast, average performance progression of the males was higher until the age of 17 years. Performance peaked at an age of 24.0 ± 3.0 and 23.3 ± 2.6 years for the female and male runners, respectively. The provided average annual performance progressions, as well as their ranges, may help coaches and sport federations in their decision making on age-related performance criteria for talent identification in middle-distance running.

Running to breaking point? The relationship between 1.5-mile run time and injury risk in female recruits during British Army basic training.

INTRODUCTION: The 1.5-mile best-effort run is used in the British Army to assess the fitness of all recruits and trained service personnel by means of the physical fitness assessment (PFA). The 1.5-mile run is a basic measure of fitness and slower times have been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury (MSkI), particularly during this early stage of training. The aim of this study was to establish whether 1.5-mile run times were associated with subsequent MSkIs among female recruits during their 14-week basic training. METHOD: Retrospective data were analysed from female recruits who had undertaken basic military training between June 2016 and October 2017. This included retrieving the results of their week 1 PFA; recording the type, cause and week of MSkI if they had sustained one; and noting down their outcome from basic training. Run times were statistically analysed in relation to MSkI occurrence of 227 female recruits using binomial logistic regression with an accepted alpha level of p value <0.05. RESULTS: 1.5-mile run time predicted risk of MSkI (χ2 (1)=12.91, p<0.0005) in female recruits. The mean run time for injury-free recruits was faster than for injured recruits (12 min 13 s compared with 12 min 43 s). Every 10 s increase in run time was associated with an 8.3% increase in risk of injury. CONCLUSION: Slower 1.5-mile best-effort run time, as a surrogate of aerobic fitness, is associated with increased risk of MSkI in female recruits during basic training.

Normative Reference Values for High School-Aged American Football Players.

McKay, BD, Miramonti, AA, Gillen, ZM, Leutzinger, TJ, Mendez, AI, Jenkins, NDM, and Cramer, JT. Normative reference values for high school-aged American football players. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2849-2856, 2020-The purpose of the present report was to provide test- and position-specific normative reference values for combine test results based on a large, nationally representative sample of high school-aged American football players in their freshman, sophomore, and junior classes. Cross-sectional anthropometric and performance data were obtained from 12 different high school American football recruiting combines between March 7, 2015, and January 9, 2016, across the United States. Subjects included a sample (n = 7,478) of high school-aged American football athletes in their junior (n = 3,779), sophomore (n = 2,514), and freshman (n = 1,185) classes. The database included combine date, school state, position, class, height, body mass (BM), 40-yard dash, pro-agility, 3-cone, vertical jump, broad jump, and power push-up. Each player self-classified their American football positions as defensive back, defensive end, defensive linemen, linebacker, offensive linemen, quarterback, running back, tight end (TE), or wide receiver. Test- and position-specific normative values were generated by aggregating data from freshman, sophomore, and junior classes. Mean differences were found among classes for all positions and all measurements (p ≤ 0.05), except for TE BM (p > 0.05). Greater differences for all variables were observed from freshman to sophomore classes than from sophomore to junior classes. These normative reference values may provide realistic comparisons and evaluations in performance for young American football players, parents, and coaches with collegiate football aspirations. High school strength and conditioning professionals should use these norms to set attainable goals and reward accomplishments for young football players.

Optimizing running a race on a curved track.

In order to determine the optimal strategy to run a race on a curved track according to the lane number, we introduce a model based on differential equations for the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy which takes into account the centrifugal force. This allows us to analyze numerically the different strategies according to the types of track since different designs of tracks lead to straights of different lengths. In particular, we find that the tracks with shorter straights lead to better performances, while the double bend track with the longest straight leads to the worst performances and the biggest difference between lanes. Then for a race with two runners, we introduce a psychological interaction: there is an attraction to follow someone just ahead, but after being overtaken, there is a delay before any benefit from this interaction occurs. We provide numerical simulations in different cases. Overall, the results agree with the IAAF rules for lane draws in competition, where the highest ranked athletes get the center lanes, the next ones the outside lanes, while the lowest ranked athletes get the inside lanes.

The Relationship Between Soldier Performance on the Two-Mile Run and the 20-m Shuttle Run Test.

Background: The 20-m shuttle run test (MSRT) is a common field test used to measure aerobic fitness in controlled environments. The U.S. Army currently assesses aerobic fitness with the two-mile run (TMR), but external factors may impact test performance. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the Army Physical Fitness Test TMR performance and the MSRT in military personnel. Methods: A group of 531 (403 males and 128 females) active duty soldiers (age: 24.0 ± 4.1 years) performed the MSRT in an indoor facility. Heart rate was monitored for the duration of the test. Post-heart rate and age-predicted maximal heart rate were utilized to determine near-maximal performance on the MSRT. The soldiers provided their most recent Army Physical Fitness Test TMR time (min). A Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between TMR time (min) and MSRT score (total number of shuttles completed). The study was approved by the Human Use Review Committee at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts. Findings: A significant, negative correlation exists between TMR time and MSRT score (r = -0.75, p < 0.001). Sex and MSRT score significantly predicted TMR time (adjusted R2 = 0.65, standard error of estimate = 0.97, p < 0.001) with a 95% ratio limits of agreement of ±12.6%. The resulting equation is: TMR = 17.736-2.464 × (sex) - 0.050 × (MSRT) - 0.026 × (MSRT × sex) for predicted TMR time. Males equal zero, females equal one, and MSRT score is the total number of shuttles completed. Discussion: The MSRT is a strong predictor of the TMR and should be considered as a diagnostic tool when assessing aerobic fitness in active duty soldiers.

Influencia de la práctica deportiva sobre la huella plantar en atletas españoles / Influence of sport practice on the footprint in Spanish athletes

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la asociación entre el entrenamiento de atletas con las características de cada pie. Se midieron y compararon las huellas plantares de tres grupos de deportistas (28 velocistas, 29 fondistas, 47 nadadores) y de 67 sujetos no entrenados (GC). Para la captura de parámetros plantares se empleó una plataforma de escaneado podálico Podoscanalycer®. El índice podálico, metatarsal, medio podálico, y calcáneo fue inferior en GC respecto a corredores de velocidad, fondo, y nadadores (p<0.001). El riesgo relativo de tener un pie cavo o un tipo de pié específico por pertenecer a una determinada modalidad atlética no resulto significativo (todos p>0.05). Se concluye que los años de entrenamiento y la edad en atletas españoles no se asocian significativamente con la curvatura y tipología del pie ni sobre ningún índice plantar específico. Sin embargo, sexo e IMC se asocia significativamente con los índices plantares según la modalidad atlética (AU)

The aim of the present study was to determine the association between athletic training and characteristics of each foot. Plantar foot print of three groups of athletes (28 sprinters, 29 distance runners, 47 swimmers) and 67 sedentary subjects (CG) were measured and compared. A scanning platform breech Podoscanalyzer was employed to obtain plantar pressure measurements. The breech, metatarsal, middle breech, and calcaneus index, were lower in CG compared to sprinters, long-distance runners, and swimmers (p<0.001). The relative risk of having a cavus foot or any specific type of foot as a result of practicing a particular athletic discipline was not significant (all p>0.05). We conclude that the years of training and the age are not significantly associated neither with the curvature and the type of the foot nor with any specific plantar arch index in Spanish athletes. Nevertheless, sex and BMI are significantly associated with the plantar arch indexes according to the athletic discipline (AU)

Variables predictoras de la percepción del éxito: aspectos diferenciales en corredores de ruta / Predictor variables of the perception of success: differential aspects in route runners

Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban la motivación, el compromiso a correr, la adicción negativa a correr y la ansiedad precompetitiva, sobre la percepción del éxito en una amplia muestra de 1795 corredores de fondo en ruta (1105 españoles, 690 mexicanos). De ellos el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M=38.98 (DT=10.45), y 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las adaptaciones al castellano del Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ),Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34), Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11) y Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R). Se obtuvo que los valores en las orientaciones de meta de los corredores son medios y similares, aunque significativamente mayores en la muestra mexicana, debido a su mayor compromiso y motivaciones, así como a las diferencias culturales entre ambas nacionalidades. Los modelos predictores de la percepción del éxito obtenidos resultaron muy similares por nacionalidades, pero diferenciados por sexos, obteniendo altas varianzas explicativas (AU)

We pretended to find out which predictive relationships would be introduced by motivation, commitment to run, negative addiction to run and pre-competition anxiety, concerning the winning perception of a broad sample of 1795 track long-distance runners (1105 Spanish, 690 Mexicans). Of them, 85.65% were men, ages M=37.88 (SD=10.45) and 14.35% were women, ages M=37.88 (SD=9.80). The data was obtained by adapting to Spanish the following: "Perception of Success Questionnaire" (POSQ), "Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34)", Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11) and Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R). The values obtained on the winning orientations of the runners were average and similar, although significantly higher in the Mexican sample, due to their higher commitment and motivation, as well as the cultural differences between these nationalities. The predicting models of the success perception obtained were very similar by nationality, but differentiated by sex, obtaining high explicatory variances (AU)

Diferencias en las fuerzas de reacción del suelo entre zapatillas de carrera con dos tipos de drop / Differences in ground reaction forces between running shoes with two types of drop

Antecedentes: En las zapatillas de correr, el drop hace referencia a la diferencia entre el grosor de la suela del talón y el grosor de la suela del antepié y dedos. El drop se clasifica en tres tipos según la medición. Cada uno tiene características propias que afectan a la consecución del ciclo de la carrera. Se conoce poco el efecto del drop sobre la cinética, Por eso el objetivo del estudio fue comparar las fuerzas de reacción con dos tipos de drop. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio a 14 sujetos varones que corrían al menos 4 horas a la semana y que debían aportar dos pares de zapatillas de correr, un par de rodaje rápido y otro par de rodaje largo. Se midieron las fuerzas de reacción del suelo (velocidad de carrera, tiempo de apoyo y fuerzas de frenado, propulsión, despegue y oscilación), con plataforma de fuerzas SVE/IBV. Se recogieron los datos a cada sujeto y También se procedió a determinar el drop de cada par de zapatillas. Resultados: En el tiempo de apoyo en ambos pies, entre los drops máximo y mínimo tanto hubo una diferencia de en el pie derecho como en el pie izquierdo hubo diferencias signicativas (p = 0,001 y p = 0,010, indicando que el tiempo se reducía con el uso de un drop menor. Por esto hubo correlación positiva en los dos drops, entre el tiempo de apoyo y velocidad del paso . (r= - 0717, p = 0.004) Conclusiones: En conclusión pudimos decir que Las zapatillas con menor drop influyen en la cinética de la carrera, acortando el tiempo de apoyo de la zapatilla con el suelo. Sin embargo, ni las características antropométricas, ni llevar diferente drop en las zapatillas in_uyó en las fuerzas de reacción del suelo (AU)

Background: In running shoes, drop is referred to the difference between the thickness of sole of the heel and thickness of sole of the forefoot and toes. The drop is classified into three types according to the measurement. Every drop has its own characteristics that affect the realization of race cycle. Little is known the effect of drop on the kinetics, for this reason the objective of the study was to compare the forces of reaction with two types of drop. Material and methods: We conducted a study in 14 male subjects who ran on at least 4 hours a week and which should bring two pairs of running shoes, a pair of fast taxiing and another pair of long running. The ground reaction forces were measured (running speed, contact time, and braking, propulsion, take off and oscillation forces), with SVE/IBV force platform. We collected the data to each subject and also proceeded to determine the drop of each pair of shoes. Results: In the time of support in both feet, between the drops of maximum and minimum both in the right foot and left foot there were significant differences (p = 0.001 and p = 0.010), indicating that the time was reduced with the use of one smaller drop. For this reason there was positive correlation in two drops, between the time of support and the step speed. (r = -0.717, p = 0.004). Conclusions: We conclude that with lower drop shoes influence the kinetics of the race, shortening the time of the shoe with the ground support. However, neither features anthropometric, nor carry different drop in running shoes influenced the ground reaction forces (AU)

Setting standards for medically-based running analysis.

Setting standards for medically based running analyses is necessary to ensure that runners receive a high-quality service from practitioners. Medical and training history, physical and functional tests, and motion analysis of running at self-selected and faster speeds are key features of a comprehensive analysis. Self-reported history and movement symmetry are critical factors that require follow-up therapy or long-term management. Pain or injury is typically the result of a functional deficit above or below the site along the kinematic chain.

Comparison of vertical ground reaction forces during overground and treadmill running. A validation study.

BACKGROUND: One major drawback in measuring ground-reaction forces during running is that it is time consuming to get representative ground-reaction force (GRF) values with a traditional force platform. An instrumented force measuring treadmill can overcome the shortcomings inherent to overground testing. The purpose of the current study was to determine the validity of an instrumented force measuring treadmill for measuring vertical ground-reaction force parameters during running. METHODS: Vertical ground-reaction forces of experienced runners (12 male, 12 female) were obtained during overground and treadmill running at slow, preferred and fast self-selected running speeds. For each runner, 7 mean vertical ground-reaction force parameters of the right leg were calculated based on five successful overground steps and 30 seconds of treadmill running data. Intraclass correlations (ICC3,1) and ratio limits of agreement (RLOA) were used for further analysis. RESULTS: Qualitatively, the overground and treadmill ground-reaction force curves for heelstrike runners and non-heelstrike runners were very similar. Quantitatively, the time-related parameters and active peak showed excellent agreement (ICCs between 0.76 and 0.95, RLOA between 5.7% and 15.5%). Impact peak showed modest agreement (ICCs between 0.71 and 0.76, RLOA between 19.9% and 28.8%). The maximal and average loading-rate showed modest to excellent ICCs (between 0.70 and 0.89), but RLOA were higher (between 34.3% and 45.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that the treadmill is a moderate to highly valid tool for the assessment of vertical ground-reaction forces during running for runners who showed a consistent landing strategy during overground and treadmill running. The high stride-to-stride variance during both overground and treadmill running demonstrates the importance of measuring sufficient steps for representative ground-reaction force values. Therefore, an instrumented treadmill seems to be suitable for measuring representative vertical ground-reaction forces during running.

The validity and reliability of 5-Hz global positioning system units to measure team sport movement demands.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the validity and the reliability of 5-Hz MinimaxX global positioning system (GPS) units measuring athlete movement demands. A team sport simulation circuit (files collected from each unit = 12) and flying 50-m sprints (files collected from each unit = 34) were undertaken, during which the total distance covered; peak speed; player load; the distance covered; time spent and number of efforts performed walking, jogging, running, high-speed running, and sprinting were examined. Movement demands were also separately categorized into low-intensity activity, high-intensity running, and very high-intensity running. The results revealed that GPS was a valid and reliable measure of total distance covered (p > 0.05, percentage typical error of measurement [%TEM] < 5%) and peak speed (p > 0.05, %TEM 5-10%). Further, GPS was found to be a reliable measure of player load (%TEM 4.9%) and the distance covered, time spent, and number of efforts performed at certain velocity zones (%TEM <5% to >10%). The level of GPS error was found to increase along with the velocity of exercise. The findings demonstrated that GPS is capable of measuring movement demands performed at velocities <20 km·h(-1), whereas more caution is to be exercised when analyzing movement demands collected by using GPS velocities >20 km·h(-1).

Global positioning system data analysis: velocity ranges and a new definition of sprinting for field sport athletes.

Global positioning system (GPS) technology has improved the speed, accuracy, and ease of time-motion analyses of field sport athletes. The large volume of numerical data generated by GPS technology is usually summarized by reporting the distance traveled and time spent in various locomotor categories (e.g., walking, jogging, and running). There are a variety of definitions used in the literature to represent these categories, which makes it nearly impossible to compare findings among studies. The purpose of this work was to propose standard definitions (velocity ranges) that were determined by an objective analysis of time-motion data. In addition, we discuss the limitations of the existing definition of a sprint and present a new definition of sprinting for field sport athletes. Twenty-five GPS data files collected from 5 different sports (men's and women's field hockey, men's and women's soccer, and Australian Rules Football) were analyzed to identify the average velocity distribution. A curve fitting process was then used to determine the optimal placement of 4 Gaussian curves representing the typical locomotor categories. Based on the findings of these analyses, we make recommendations about sport-specific velocity ranges to be used in future time-motion studies of field sport athletes. We also suggest that a sprint be defined as any movement that reaches or exceeds the sprint threshold velocity for at least 1 second and any movement with an acceleration that occurs within the highest 5% of accelerations found in the corresponding velocity range. From a practical perspective, these analyses provide conditioning coaches with information on the high-intensity sprinting demands of field sport athletes, while also providing a novel method of capturing maximal effort, short-duration sprints.

Reconsidering the effects of respiratory constraints on the optimal running speed.

INTRODUCTION: Although both humans and quadrupeds frequently coordinate breathing and limb movement during running, early studies in humans focused on how increased breathing flexibility in humans allowed for relaxed or even transient coordination during locomotion. This difference was used to explain why quadrupeds had an optimal running speed whereas humans did not. Recent research, however, has clearly demonstrated that humans, like quadrupeds, have an optimal running speed. Because these findings are new, it remains unclear why this is true: whether because entrainment in humans was more important than initially predicted or because another restraint is acting. Here, we try to explain the observed minimum cost of transport (CoT) by analyzing metabolic cost with respect to entrainment and a standard set of anthropometrics. METHODS: We measured the energetic cost of human running at five different speeds and calculated individual CoT curves for each participant (N = 9). Simultaneously, entrainment was determined by the degree to which a poststimulus histogram (breaths per 0.05-s bin after a footfall) differed from a uniform plot. RESULTS: We compared the degree of entrainment to each participant's optimal running speed and found that although all of our subjects clearly entrained at some speeds, entrainment was not a function of CoT (P = 0.897). Because entrainment was also not correlated with speed (P = 0.304), it seems that bipedalism removed the respiratory constraints associated with quadrupedalism as originally suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike quadrupeds, for whom respiratory constraints remain implicated in the speed dependence of CoT, constraints that lead to a minimum CoT for people must involve other mechanisms of efficiency such as the storage and release of energy in the lower limbs.

Relationships between National Football League combine performance measures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the athletic skills measured at the National Football League (NFL) combine. The combine comprises the following tests: 36.6-m sprint with split times at 9.1 and 18.3 m, vertical and horizontal jumps, 18.3-m shuttle run, 3-cone drill, and 102.1-kg bench press. Draftees to the NFL who participated in the annual combine from 2005 to 2009 were included in the study (n = 1,136). Pearson's (r) correlations were calculated to determine the relationships between the tests, and coefficients of determination (r) were used to determine common variance. The 9.1-, 18.3-, and 36.6-m sprint times are nearly perfectly correlated (r ranges from 0.900 to 0.967) as are the change-of-direction ability tests, 18.3-m shuttle run, and 3-cone drill (r = 0.948), suggesting similar skills are being measured. Performance in both jumping tasks is more strongly associated with longer sprint distances, suggesting mechanisms such as the stretch-shortening cycle may be more important at maximal, or near-maximal, speeds. The correlations between change-of-direction ability and sprinting and jumping are generally much weaker (r ranges from 0.250 to -0.653), suggesting less association and independent motor skills. Although not particularly large correlation coefficients, bench press performance is positively correlated with outcomes in all running drills and inversely correlated with jump abilities, suggesting that in the observed cohort, upper body strength may be of little benefit to these tasks. Incorporation of a nonacceleration influenced (i.e., moving start) measure of maximal speed may be preferred if the intention of a test battery is to measure independent motor skills. Further, when constructing test batteries, either the 18.3-m shuttle or 3-cone drill is likely sufficient as a measure of change-of-direction ability. Test batteries should be constructed to measure independent motor skills.

The National Football League (NFL) combine: does normalized data better predict performance in the NFL draft?

The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive ability of National Football League (NFL) combine physical test data to predict draft order over the years 2005-2009. The NFL combine provides a setting in which NFL personnel can evaluate top draft prospects. The predictive ability of combine data in its raw form and when normalized in both a ratio and allometric manner was examined for 17 positions. Data from 8 combine physical performance tests were correlated with draft order to determine the direction and strength of relationship between the various combine measures and draft order. Players invited to the combine and subsequently drafted in the same year (n = 1,155) were included in the study. The primary finding was that performance in the combine physical test battery, whether normalized or not, has little association with draft success. In terms of predicting draft order from outcomes of the 8 tests making up the combine battery, normalized data provided no advantage over raw data. Of the 8 performance measures investigated, straight sprint time and jumping ability seem to hold the most weight with NFL personnel responsible for draft decisions. The NFL should consider revising the combine test battery to reflect the physical characteristics it deems important. It may be that NFL teams are more interested in attributes other than the purely physical traits reflected in the combine test battery. Players with aspirations of entering the NFL may be well advised to develop mental and technical skills in addition to developing the physical characteristics necessary to optimize performance.

Reliability and factorial validity of agility tests for soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and factorial validity of agility tests used in soccer. One hundred fifty (n = 150), elite, male, junior soccer players, members of the First Junior League Team, volunteered to participate in the study. The slalom test (ST) sprint 4 x 5 m (S4 x 5) and sprint 9-3-6-3-6-9 m with 180 degree turns (S180 degrees) tests had a greater reliability coefficient (alpha = 0.992, 0.979, and 0.976), whereas the within-subject variation ranged between 2.9 and 5.6%. The mentioned 6 agility tests resulted in the extraction of 2 significant components. The S4 x 5 test had the lowest correlation coefficient with the first component (r = 0.38), whereas the correlation coefficients of the other 5 agility tests were higher than 0.63. The T-test (TT) showed statistically significant differences between the defenders and midfielders (p < 0.05) and between the defenders and attackers (p < 0.05). Statistical significant differences were determined between the attackers and defenders in the sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m with backward and forward running (SBF) and p < 0.05. It can be concluded that of the 6 agility tests used in this study, the SBF, TT, and S180 degrees are the most reliable and valid tests for estimating the agility of soccer players. According to the results of the study, the TT proved to be the most appropriate for estimating the agility of defenders, the SBF, and S180 degrees for estimating the agility of midfielders, whereas the S4 x 5 test can be used for estimating the agility of attackers.

A Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria em Porto Alegre (1938-1947): estudo sobre a participação dos clubes esportivos / Carrera de Relevo del Fuego Simbólico de La Nación en Porto Alegre (1938-1947): estudio sobre la participación de los clubes deportivos / The National Torch Relay in Porto Alegre city (1938-1947): study on the sports clubs participation

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender a participação dos clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses na invenção da Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria (CFS) em Porto Alegre (RS – Brasil) no período de 1938 a 1947. Fontes impressas e fontes orais foram utilizadas nesse estudo. Os clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses, na figura dos seus atletas e dirigentes, ajudaram a inventar e fixar a CFS em Porto Alegre. Além disso, os clubes construíram representações da identidade nacional brasileira através da CFS.

This study aims to understand the portoalegrenses sports clubs participation in the invention of the National Torch Relay (NTR) in Porto Alegre city (RS – Brazil) in the period from 1938 to 1947. Printed and oral sources were used in it. Porto-alegrenses sports clubs, in the figure of their athletes and sports leaders, helped to invent and set the NTR in Porto Alegre city. Moreover, the sports clubs constructed representations of the Brazilian national identity through the NTR.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo entender la participación de los clubes deportivos portoalegrenses en la invención de la “Carrera de relevo del Fuego Simbólico de la Nación¼ (CFS) en la ciudad de Porto Alegre (RS – Brasil) en el período comprendido entre 1938 a 1947. Fuentes impresas y fuentes orales fueron utilizadas en ese estudio. Los clubes deportivos porto-alegrenses, en la figura de sus atletas y dirigentes, han ayudado a inventar y establecer la CFS en Porto Alegre. Por otra parte, los clubes esportivos construiran representaciones de la identidad nacional brasileña a través de la CFS.