Periodontal, salivary and IL-6 status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cross-sectional study

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether saliva interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus a control group and examine the possible relationship between the oral condition and the risk of RA. Material and Methods: In 30 patients with RA and 30 healthy controls, different periodontal indices were recorded; sialometric measurements were taken to determine resting whole saliva, stimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva flow; and the saliva IL-6 levels were measured. Logistic regression analysis was performed, with the presence or absence of RA as dependent variable. Results: The patients with RA had a greater presence of bacterial plaque, a greater periodontal pocket depth, a larger percentage of medium-sized pockets, and greater periodontal attachment loss compared with the controls. Likewise, a decrease in resting and stimulated saliva flow was observed, together with an increase in saliva IL-6 levels. Logistic regression analysis reported that the plaque index is the principal differentiating factor of patients with RA. Stimulated parotid saliva flow was also significantly correlated to the presence of RA. Conclusions: The patients with RA showed a greater tendency to develop periodontal disease than the controls, with lower salivary flow and higher levels of IL-6 in saliva (AU)

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Salivary MMP-9 in the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumour of the oral cavity. Detection of OSCC is currently based on clinical oral examination combined with histopathological evaluation of a biopsy sample. Direct contact between saliva and the oral cancer makes measurement of salivary metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9) an attractive alternative. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 30 OSCC patients and 30 healthy controls were included in this prospective study. Saliva samples from both groups were collected, centrifuged and supernatant fluid was subjected to ELISA for assessment of MMP-9. The median salivary MMP-9 values with interquartile range (IQR) of OSCC patients and the control group were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed and the area under curve (AUC) was computed. RESULTS: The median absorbance MMP-9 value of the OSCC group was 0.186 (IQR = 0.158) and that of control group was 0.156 (IQR = 0.102). MMP-9 was significantly increased in the OSCC patients than in the controls by +19.2% (p = 0.008). Median values in patients with recurrence and in patients with primary event were 0.233 (IQR = 0.299) and 0.186 (IQR = 0.134) respectively. MMP-9 was significantly increased in patients with primary event (p = 0.017) compared to controls by +19.2%. No significant increase of MMP-9 level was detected when comparing patients with recurrence and healthy controls (+49.4%; p = 0.074). The sensitivity value of MMP-9 was 100% whereas the specificity value was 26.7% with AUC of 0.698. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicates that the elevation of salivary levels of MMP-9 may be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool for detection of OSCC. However, further studies are necessary to provide scientific and clinical validation

Clear cell changes in salivary gland neoplasms: A 20-year retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Clear cells are observed histopathologically in both benign and malignant neoplasms but their presence in salivary gland tumors has not been extensively documented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With IRB approval, the archive of the University of Florida College of Dentistry oral pathology biopsy service was retrospectively searched from 1994-2014 for all benign and malignant salivary tumors. Epidemiological data, tumor location and duration, and type of tumor were recorded. A four reviewer panel examined the original slides. Reviewers scaled each case as 0 (no clear cells present), 1 (few to focal clear cells), 2 (less than 50% clear cells), and 3 (greater than 50% clear cells). RESULTS: A total of 535 cases were included of which 48% of tumors displayed 0 clear cells (257/535), 31.4% (168/535) scored 1, 13.6% (73/535) scored 2, and 7% (37/535) scored 3. Of the 251 (47%) malignant neoplasms, 64% (160/251) demonstrated 0-1 clear cell change, while 36% (91/251) showed a score of 2-3. For the total 284 (53%) benign tumors, 93% (265/535) scored 0-1 and 7% (19/535) scored a 2-3 range. No statistical difference was noted for gender, age, or duration of time present in regards to presence or absence of clear cells. Statistically significant differences in clear cell presence were found between location groups, between benign and malignant diagnosis, and between specific diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the frequent presence of increased numbers of clear cells in oral salivary malignancies and highlights salivary gland differential diagnoses when presented with clear cell changes

Capacidad diagnóstica de los biomarcadores salivales interleucinas 6 y 8 para el diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidad oral / Diagnostic capability of the salivary biomarkers interleukin 6 and 8 for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Introducción: El cáncer oral ocupa el sexto lugar entre los distintos tipos de cáncer y más del 90% corresponden al carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidad oral (CCECO). A pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, la tasa de supervivencia es baja debido a su diagnóstico tardío. Se han descrito técnicas alternativas al tradicional método de biopsia e histopatología, entre ellas, el uso de biomarcadores salivales. Las interleucinas-6 (IL-6) y la interleucina-8 (IL-8) se sugieren como potenciales biomarcadores salivales para la detección precoz del cáncer. La presente revisión bibliográfica evaluó la capacidad diagnóstica de la IL-6 e IL- 8 en el diagnóstico precoz de CCECO. Revisión: Los biomarcadores salivales constituyen un método sencillo, no invasivo y de bajo costo para la detección precoz de CCECO. Se pueden utilizar en todas las etapas del cáncer, desde etapas precancerosas hasta metástasis. Existen diversos tipos de biomarcadores, dentro del grupo de las citoquinas, la IL-6 e IL-8 son citoquinas proinflamatorias que favorecen la carcinogénesis al promover la proliferación, generación de radicales libres, la supervivencia celular y la angiogénesis. Su capacidad diagnóstica para la detección de CCECO se basa en que incrementan significativamente su concentración salival en presencia de la patología. Además poseen alta sensibilidad y especificidad para diagnosticar este cáncer. Conclusiones: Los biomarcadores salivales, IL-6 e IL-8, se consideran alternativas no invasivas de gran capacidad diagnóstica para el diagnóstico precoz de CCECO debido al incremento significativo de su concentración y altos valores de sensibilidad y especificidad (AU)

Introduction: Oral cancer is in the sixth place of the different types of cancer and more than 90% are oral squamous cell carcinoma (CCECO). Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the survival rate is low due to late diagnosis. Alternative techniques have been described to replace the traditional biopsy and histopathology, including the use of salivary biomarkers. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are suggested as potential salivary biomarkers for early cancer detection. This literature review evaluated the diagnostic capability of IL-6 and IL-8 in early diagnosis of CCECO. Review: Salivary biomarkers are simple, non-invasive and inexpensive for early detection of CCECO. They can be used in all stages of cancer from precancerous stages to metastasis. There are diverse types of biomarkers, within the group of cytokines the markers IL-6 and IL-8 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that facilitate carcinogenesis by promoting proliferation, generation of free radicals, cell survival and angiogenesis. Their diagnostic capability for the detection of CCECO is based on significant increases in their concentration in the presence of the pathology. They also have high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing this cancer. Conclusions: As salivary biomarkers, IL-6 and IL-8, are considered as non-invasive alternatives of high diagnostic capability for early diagnosis of CCECO due to the significant increases in their concentration and high levels of sensitivity and specificity (AU)

Biomarcadores salivales como medio diagnóstico para la detección de lesiones potencialmente malignas y cáncer oral / Salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for the detection of potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer

El carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) es la neoplasia maligna más común en la cavidad oral, estando precedido muchas veces de una lesión potencialmente maligna. Su diagnóstico se basa en el examen anatomopatológico de una biopsia. Sin embargo, su detección temprana es crucial para un buen pronóstico. Es por ello que actualmente se están buscando nuevas técnicas para su diagnóstico precoz como la citología exfoliativa, la tinción con azul de toluidina, técnicas de luminiscencia o los biomarcadores salivales. Esta revisión de la literatura trata de resumir los biomarcadores salivales empleados para el diagnóstico de lesiones potencialmente malignas y del cáncer oral. Los biomarcadores son sustancias químicas que pueden medirse objetivamente con el fin de diagnosticar, evaluar respuesta a un tratamiento o recidiva de una enfermedad. Se han detectado más de 30 biomarcadores salivales potenciales para la detección precoz del COCE. Aunque se necesitan más estudios, la combinación de varios biomarcadores puede ser clave en futuras investigaciones (AU)

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in the oral cavity and it is often preceded by a potentially malignant disorder. The diagnosis is based on pathological examination of a biopsy. however, early detection is crucial for a good prognosis. That is why new techniques are being developed for an early diagnosis as exfoliative cytology, staining with toluidine blue, luminescence techniques or salivary biomarkers. This literature review summarizes the salivary biomarkers used for the diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Biomarkers are chemicals that can be objectively measured to diagnose, assess response to treatment or recurrence of disease. More than 30 potential salivary biomarkers have been detected for an early detection of OSCC. Although further studies are needed, the combination of several biomarkers may be essential in future researches (AU)

Difficulties detecting miRNA-203 in human whole saliva by the use of PCR

OBJECTIVES: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a chronic disease of the oral mucosa, and according to the WHO also a pre malignant condition. Micro-RNAs are short non coding RNAs capable of regulating mRNA expression. MiRNA: scan be detected in tissue, blood and human whole saliva (HWS) and recently we have shown miR-203to be up-regulated in tissue from OLP lesions. Study DESIGN: In order to see whether mRNA as well as miR-203 could be detected also in HWS, saliva from healthy controls and patients with OLP were analysed using two different PCR methods. RESULTS: Results showed low mRNA and miRNA levels in general in HWS samples, making it hard to generate conclusive results. CONCLUSIONS: In order to make HWS a valuable source for different analyses, more sensitive PCR techniques capable of detecting very low levels of mRNA and miRNA as well as more efficient methods for extraction of RNA are needed

Role of salivary anti-SSA/B antibodies for diagnosing primary Sjögren’s syndrome

The diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is complex, and the saliva test is a potential method to improve the existing diagnostic criteria. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary anti-SSA/B antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and to analyze their correlations with clinical and laboratory profiles. Study DESIGN: This study enrolled 100 pSS patients and 140 non-pSS controls, including 40 rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients, 40 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and 60 healthy controls. Unstimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from the subjects. Salivary anti-SSA/B antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: In the pSS group, the sensitivity of anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies in whole saliva was 49% and 29%,respectively, and the specificity was 87.5% and 95%. The sensitivity of anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies in parotid saliva was 32% and 8%, respectively, and the specificity was 95.52% and 97.86%, respectively. In the pSS group, the diagnostic accuracy of anti-SSA/B antibodies in whole saliva was significantly higher than in parotid saliva (p < 0.05), but was significantly lower than in serum (p < 0.05). The salivary flow rate in the pSS group positive for whole salivary anti-SSA was significantly lower than in the negative group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear factor were significantly higher in salivary SSB-positive pSS patients than in SSB-negative patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to parotid saliva, whole saliva is a more suitable diagnostic fluid. Using salivary antiSSA/Bantibodies as a single test item is insufficient given the relatively low sensitivity. Further studies should investigate the possibility of combining tests for different salivary autoantibodies as a method for diagnosing pSS

Estudio de polimorfismos genéticos que intervienen en el metabolismo de estatinas / Genetic polymorhisms involved ins tatins methabolism. descriptive study

Estudio transversal descriptivo de muestras de saliva obtenidas en 35 empleados caucásicos del sector servicios que acuden a su Servicio de Medicina del Trabajo. Se estudian 10 polimorfismos genéticos, a través de una DNA-chip, relacionados con el metabolismo de las distintas estatinas. Resultados: El 34,2% y 57,1% de la muestra se comportarán fenotípicamente como metabolizadores intermedios de los fármacos que utilizan las rutas metabólicas de los genes CYP2C19 y CYP2C8, respectivamente. El 54,2%, 69,7% y 31,4% se comportan como metabolizadores normales de los fármacos relacionados con los genes CYP2C9, CYP2D6 y MDR1, respectivamente. El conocimiento de las variables alélicas de genes que codifican enzimas que intervienen en el metabolismo de las estatinas puede facilitar la personalización del tratamiento de estos pacientes y evitar efectos adversos medicamentosos. Lo que justifica, desde nuestro punto de vista, la utilización de este tipo de información en el contexto de la Medicina del Trabajo individualizada (AU)

Transverse descriptive study of saliva's samples obtained in 35 caucasian employees in their Occupational Medicine Service. Ten genetic polymorphisms involved in statins metabolism were studied. Results: 34,2 % and 57,1 % were considered phenotipicaly as intermediate in the metabolic routes of CYP2C19 and CYP2C8, respectively. 54,2%, 69,7% y 31,4% were considered as normal in the metabolic routes of CYP2C9, CYP2D6 y MDR1, respectively. The knowledge of genetic allelic variables that codify enzymes involved in statins methabolism can facilitate the treatment and avoid adverse medicamental effects of these patients. In can be usefull in the individualized Occupational Medicine (AU)

Biomarcadores de cáncer oral en saliva / Salivary analysis of oral cancer biomarkers

Esta revisión muestra los principales biomarcadores de cáncer oral en saliva. El aspecto clínico y el grado de displasia de las lesiones precancerosas de la cavidad bucal sugieren su capacidad de malignidad; sin embargo, éstas generalmente son diagnosticadas en estadios avanzados, disminuyendo la probabilidad de supervivencia, lo que justifica el diseño de nuevas pruebas diagnósticas que determinen el grado de alteración celular, permitan comprender el proceso degenerativo en el cáncer y establezcan diagnósticos precoz. Esta búsqueda para mejorar los métodos diagnósticos, apunta a que sean sensibles, específicos y menos invasivos, por lo cual el estudio de diferentes biomarcadores en saliva que desde una perspectiva molecular proporcionan información adicional al examen clínico e histopatológico, es considerada como una alternativa eficaz y más cómoda con respecto a los ensayos en sangre. Los biomarcadores que se han descrito en saliva algunos mostrando mayor relación con la carcinogénesis oral son: Ciclina D1, cyfra 21-1, endotelina-1, galectinas 1, 3 y 7, Ki67, lactato deshidrogenasa, metaloproteinasas 2 y 9, proteína p53, proteína de unión a calcio (S100P) y telomerasa (AU)

This review shows the main oral cancer biomarkers in saliva. The clinical appearance and the degree of dysplasia, precancerous lesions of the oral cavity suggests its ability to malignancy, but these are usually diagnosed in advanced stages, decreasing the likelihood of survival, justifying the design of new diagnostic tests to determine the degree of cell alteration as to understand the degenerative process in cancer diagnosis and establish early. This search for improved diagnostic methods, aims to be sensitive, specific and less invasive, so the study of biomarkers in saliva from a molecular perspective provide additional information to clinical and histopathological examination is considered as a more comfortable and effective to establish a diagnosis. Biomarkers that have been described in saliva some showing more related to oral carcinogenesis are cyclin D1, Cyfra 21-1, Endothelin-1, Galectins 1, 3 and 7, Ki67, Lactate dehydrogenase, Metalloproteinases 2 and 9, p53 protein, protein calcium-binding (S100P) and Telomerase (AU)

Detección de ARN de virus hepatitis C en la saliva de un grupo de pacientes con hepatitis C crónica / Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of a group of patients with chronic hepatitis C

La Hepatitis C constituye un problema de salud pública y su transmisión está claramente asociada con la ruta parenteral. Sin embargo su agente causal, Virus de Hepatitis C (VHC), también ha sido aislado de otros fluidos incluyendo la saliva, aunque la relación existente entre VHC y la patología bucal no está completamente dilucidada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de ARN-VHC en la saliva de pacientes con Hepatitis C crónica. En la presente investigación se evaluaron 24 pacientes provenientes del Departamento de Hepatología del Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad Central de Venezuela, con infección por VHC. 5 ml de saliva no estimulada fue tomada de cada paciente. ARN-VHC fue detectada por la técnica de Transcriptasa Reversa- Reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa (TR-RCP). En 29 por ciento, (7/24) pacientes VHC+, se observó la presencia de ARN-VHC en saliva. En este estudio, observamos la presencia de ARN-VHC en la saliva de pacientes con infección crónica por VHC. Es necesario realizar estudios epidemiológicos a gran escala, para clarificar el significado biológico de la presencia de este agente viral en la saliva, incluyendo la potencial vía de transmisión por la exposición con este fluido

Hepatitis C is a worldwide public health problem and its transmisión is clearly associated with the parenteral route, however, the virus has also been isolated from other body fluids, including saliva, although the relationship between HCV and oral pathology is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of HCV-RNA in saliva from patients with chronic C hepatitis. In the present investigation 24 patients, attended at the Hepatology Department, at the the Clinical Hospital University, Central University of Venezuela, with HCV infection were evaluated . 5ml of unstimulated saliva were taken of each patient. Saliva HCV-RNA was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). 29 percent (7/24) of HCV+ patients showed HCV-RNA in saliva. In this study, we observed the presence of HCV-RNA in saliva of patients infected with HCV. Further large-scale epidemiological studies are required to clarify the clinical significance of HCV in the saliva, including the potencial for viral transmisión through exposure to these fluids

Relación entre estudios salivales y estado dentario en adolescentes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Relationship between salivary studies and dental status in adolescents with feeding behavior disorders

La erosión dental asociada a vómitos autoinducidos es una secuela frecuente en pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la asociación y correlación entre estudios salivales y las variables de diagnóstico, erosión, tiempo de evolución, frecuenica de vómitos diatrios e índices CPOD/CPOS y de masa corporal (BMI). Fueron incluidas en el estudio 28 mujeres adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 20 años (media +- DS: 17,7+-1.8) con historia de TCA y diagnóstico psicopatológico de anorexia nerviosa purgativa (n=7) y bulimia nerviosa (n=21) de acuerdo a criterios del DSM IV. El grupo fue dividido en: a) pacientes vomitadoras sin erosión y b) pacientes vomitadoras con erosión. La erosión dental se clasificó según el índice de desgaste dentario (TWI) de Knight y Smith modificado. La recolección de saliva estimulada y no estimulada se realizó con métodos convencionales. La capacidad buffer fue determinada con el sistema Dentobuff. Resultados: la frecuencia de vómitos diarios fue de 3.2 +-0,38 en el grupo a) y 5.00+-0,66 en el grupo b). El flujo salival no estimulado (NE) fue de 0.52+-0.05ml/m en el grupo a) y 0.34+-0.04ml/m. en el grupo b). El flujo salival estimulado(E) fue de 1.62+-0.15ml/m y 1.14+-0.15ml/m respectivamente. El incremento en la frecuencia diaria de vómitos y la disminución del flujo salival estimulado se asoció y correlacionó con el proceso de erosión dental en la muestra estudiada (AU)

Interferência da saliva na qualidade das lâminas de lesões orais obtidas pela citologia esfoliativa em meio líquido / Interference of saliva in the quality of slides from oral lesion gotten by the liquid-based exfoliative cytology

A citologia esfoliativa em meio líquido (CEML) representa uma evolução técnica da citologia convencional e ainda é pouco explorada no diagnóstico de lesões bucais. Este estudo avaliou se a saliva é capaz de interferir na qualidade das lâminas obtidas pela CELM. A coleta de células foi feita com um kit do sistema DNA-Citoliq« de um total de36 pacientes com lesão bucal. De cada indivíduo foram realizadas duas coletas pela técnica da CEML. A primeira foi feita com a presença de saliva e a outra em campo seco após a secagem da lesão com ar comprimido durante 20 segundos. As amostras foram submetidas a processamento laboratorial para coloração do Papanicolaou. As lâminas foram analisadas por meio da microscopia de luz usando o sistema analisador de imagens (Imagepro Plus). Os resultados revelaram que o número de células epiteliais das diversas camadas teve valores médios maiores nas lâminas colhidas em meio úmido do que em campo seco. O teste T de student demonstrou diferença estatística significativa entre as médias de células epiteliais dos vários extratos (p=0,0003). Quanto à dispersão celular, 72,2 porcento das amotras coletadas sem saliva apresentaram as células bem dispersas enquanto que nas amostras decampo úmido o percentual foi de 25 porcento. As áreas de sobreposição de células foram mais observadas nas amostras obtidas com saliva e representaram cerca de 73 porcento dos casos. Nas amostras colhidas em campo seco, as áreas de sobre posição equivaleram a 27 porcento dos casos. A saliva foi capaz de interferir tanto na quantidade do número de células colhidas da lesão quanto na qualidade da lâmina, pois foi capaz de produzir maiores áreas de sobre posição que dificultam muitas vezes o diagnóstico das lesões bucais. Este achado justifica a secagem das lesões bucais antes da coleta de material pela CEML

Mioepitelioma parotídeo. Estudio citológico, histológico e inmunohistoquímico / Myoepithelioma of the parotid gland: A cytological, histological and inmunohistochemical study

El mioepitelioma de glándula salivar es una neoplasia benigna poco frecuente, que afecta principalmente a la parótida (40 %) y que muestra exclusivamente diferenciación mioepitelial. Histológicamente, exhibe variables patrones arquitecturales y diferentes tipos celulares, que pueden ser dominantes o entremezclarse en diferentes proporciones, lo que condiciona una marcada variabilidad morfológica en el material obtenido por PAAF y con frecuencia su incorrecta interpretación diagnóstica. Aportamos un caso de mioepitelioma parotídeo, diagnosticado inicialmente como maligno en la PAAF, con estudio histológico e inmunohistoquímico

Salivary gland myoepithelioma is a benign rare neoplasm whose main location is the parotid gland (40 %) and displays an exclusive myoepithelial differentation. Histologically it shows several and variable architectural patterns and cellular types that can be dominant or mixed in diverse proportions. This leads to a marked morphological variability in the material obtained by FNAB and not unfrequently to a wrong diagnostic interpretation. We report the case of a parotid lump, initially diagnosed as a malignant neoplasm by FNAB. Later, the tumor ,was correctly diagnosed as myoepithelioma after histological and inmunohistochemical examination

Condiciones optimas de manipulación para la cuantificación de fibronectina en saliva / Optimal assay conditions for quantifying fibronectin in saliva

Introducción: La fibronectina (Fn) es una glucoproteína presente en múltiples fluidos y tejidos orgánicos, tanto en condiciones fisiológicas como patológicas. También en la saliva puede detectarse aunque en muy pequeñas cantidades y frecuentemente en cadenas fragmentadas, induce agregación bacteriana y sus niveles se reducen cuando aumentan los niveles de bacterias cariogénicas o periodontopatógenas. La capacidad infectiva de la saliva de los pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodificiencia humana (VIH) se ha relacionado con los niveles de esta proteína. En algunas enfermedades crónicas de la mucosa oral como es el liquen plano, la concentración de Fn salivar se encuentra reducida. También su cuantificación varía en presencia de algunos tumores como el carcinoma oral de células escamosas, aunque no puede considerarse un factor específico. Objetivo: Debido a la baja concentración de Fn en la saliva y a su labilidad en la forma soluble, las condiciones de recogida y conservación de las muestras son extremadamente importantes, por ello nos proponemos en el presente trabajo estandarizar dichas condiciones con el fin de poder cuantificarla de manera óptima. Material y método: Se determinó la concentración de Fn en saliva humana de 20 personas sanas de edades comprendidas entre 28 y 54 años mediante técnica de ELISA, comparando la concentración de la proteína en muestras frescas, conservadas 24 h a 4ºC, o congeladas a - 40ºC durante diferentes periodos de tiempo. Resultados y conclusiones: Tras comparar diferentes formas de conservación de las muestras de saliva, observamos que las condiciones óptimas son: recoger las muestras en tubos de vidrio, cuantificarlas inmediatamente tras su recogida o como máximo 24 horas después, conservándolas a 4ºC. La congelación y posterior descongelación para su cuantificación induce pérdidas de hasta el 60 % de la proteína (AU)

Introduction: Fibronectin (Fn) is a glycoprotein that is present in many body fluids and tissues in both physiological and pathological conditions. It can also be detected in the saliva, although only in very small quantities and frequently in broken chains. It induces bacterial aggregation and its levels fall when those of cariogenic or periodontal pathogenic bacteria rise. The infective capacity of the saliva of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been linked to the levels of this protein. In some chronic conditions of the oral mucosa, such as oral lichen planus, the concentration of salivary fibro-nectin is lower than usual. Fibronectin quantity also varies in the presence of some tumours, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma, although it cannot be considered a specific factor. Aims: Due to the low Fn concentration in saliva and its lability in the soluble form, sample collection and conservation conditions are extremely important. The aim of this study is therefore to standardise these conditions so that the Fn can be quantified in an optimum manner. Materials and methods: The Fn concentration in human saliva was determined in 20 healthy subjects aged between 28 and 54 by means of the ELISA technique and the concentration of the protein in fresh samples kept at 4ºC for 24 hours was compared with that of frozen samples kept at -40ºC for different periods of time. Results and Conclusions: After comparing different ways of conserving the saliva samples, we found that the optimum conditions were to collect the samples in glass tubes and to quantify them immediately after collection or conserve them at 4ºC and quantify them within a maximum of 24 hours. Freezing and later thawing for quantification induced losses of up to 60% of the protein (AU)

Consideraciones epidemiológicas por el uso del mate: un modelo experimental / Epidemiologic considerations by the use of the mate

Se presentan los datos sobre algunos problemas del empleo de la infusión del Illex Paraguayensis (yerba mate) tal como es habitual en distintas zonas de Sudamérica, mediante el uso del "mate con bombilla" que implica la posibilidad de que volúmenes apreciables de saliva, a veces con contenido sanguíneo, puedan quedar retenidos en la bombilla y ser objeto de transmisión de enfermedades (AU)

Actividad cariogénica y su relación con el flujo salival y la capacidad amortiguadora de la saliva / Caries activity and its relationship with salivary flow and buffer capacity of the saliva

El propósito de este estudio es comprobar la relación existente entre el flujo salival, la capacidad amortiguadora de la saliva y las lesiones iniciales de caries. El presente estudio se realizó en 20 jóvenes entre 12 y 15 años de edad. El examen clínico se llevó a cabo en una sesión y la aplicación de la prueba salival se realizó al siguiente día. A los datos obtenidos se le aplicaron pruebas paramétricas convencionales. Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad amortiguadora de la saliva fue alta en toda la muestra independientemente de la actividad cariogénica. Igualmente el flujo salival tanto estimulado como no estimulado no mostró diferencias significativas en relación con la actividad de caries

Comparison of a new test for the measurement of resting whole saliva with the draining and the Swab techniques / Comparação de um novo teste da análise quantitativa da saliva pela drenagem e técnicas de Swab

A quantification method for measuring whole saliva is described. This whole saliva test (WST) consists of a Whatman paper strip, is easily carried out, innocuous, low-cost and single use. Due to its characteristics, it could be considered as the oral equuivalent of Schirmer's tear test. A sample of 159 healthy subjects(81 males and 78 females; mean age 31.62 years) participated in this comparative study of this new procedure and two other tests, the draining and the swab test. Correlation was statistically positive among the three types of tests

Determinação dos fatores grupo-específicos na saliva humana através de testes de inibição da hemaglutinação / Determination factors specific group in human saliva

No presente trabalho, determinamos o percentual de secretores e não secretores utilizando-se de 200 amostras de saliva humana in natura, coletadas de leucodermas de ambos os sexos e de diferentes faixas etárias, através de uma análise qualitativa, utilizando-se de testes de inibição da hemaglutinação

Efecto del fluoruro liberado a partir de ionómero de vidrio sobre Streptococcus mutans / Effect of the fluoride released from glass ionomer cement on Streptococcus mutans

El presente estudio se realizó en una población escolar de 30 niños de 9 a 10 años de edad, para observar los efectos del flúor liberado a partir de ionómero de vidrio sobre los Streptococcus mutans. El recuento de colonias de microorganismos se llevó a cabo a través de la toma de una muestra salival antes de la colocación de ionómero de vidrio y de una segunda muestra una semana después de su colocación. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una disminución de un 51.14 por ciento en el número de colonias de Streptococcus mutans después de la colocación de este material. De lo que se deduce que el flúor liberado por el ionómero de vidrio, tiene un efecto significativo sobre los Streptococcus mutans