Comparative analysis of approaches to the Wharton's duct during surgery of the submandibular gland: A retrospective case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated complications and recurrence rates after surgical techniques for sialolith removal with intact and resected Wharton's duct of the submandibular gland. METHODS: The retrospective case-control analysis of a series analysed 271 surgical operations (2003-2022) for sialolithiasis performed at a hospital department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. The study compared two approaches: (1) pure endoscopic technique or pinpoint stone removal with Wharton's duct left intact and (2) transoral duct dissection or pinpoint stone removal technique, after which the duct was shortened. While choosing the surgical option, the size of the stone, the location of the stone, and the presence of multiple stones were taken into account. The rates of complications (lingual nerve paraesthesia, duct stenosis, drooling, and sialoadenitis), the incidence of foreign bodies, and the rate of recurrence during follow-up of ≥18 months were compared. RESULTS: 323 sialoliths were removed from 271 patients. Of these 323 calculi, 150 were removed by the first approach and 173 by the second approach. The calculi varied in diameter from 2 to 38 mm with an average diameter of 8.2 mm. For all 271 patients, the rate of recurrence was 4.8%, but 11 recurrent cases (8.7%) appeared after the first approach surgeries and 2 cases (1.4%) after the second approach surgeries (p = .03). Other variables did not show statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical removal of the submandibular calculi, ending with shortening of Wharton's duct, reduces the recurrence rate for sialolithiasis but does not affect the rate of postsurgical complications.

Comparison of Chronic Sialadenitis Symptom Burden in Patients With Sialolithiasis Versus Stenosis Before and After Sialendoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To define symptomatology and responses to treatment in chronic sialadenitis from sialolithiasis versus duct stenosis and establish a minimal clinically significant difference (MCID) in the validated Obstructive Salivary Problem Impact Test (SPIT). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cohort. SETTING: Tertiary-care center. METHODS: Patients completed the SPIT questionnaire at presentation and 3 to 6 months after surgery. SPIT scores and domains were compared between patients with symptomatic sialolithiasis and those with stenosis of a major salivary gland. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients completed the SPIT, including 43 (54%) with sialolithiasis and 36 (46%) with stenosis. Stenosis patients displayed greater baseline scores compared to sialolithiasis patients (45.4 ± 19.9 vs 33.3 ± 18.5, P < .013). Frequency and severity of gland swelling and pain (21.9 ± 8.9 vs 17.1 ± 9.6, P = .02) and functional/psychosocial impact subscores were greater in the stenosis versus sialolithiasis groups (18.0 ± 10.9 vs 11.3 ± 9.4, P < .01). For 43 patients who underwent surgical intervention, SPIT scores improved at 3 to 6 months postoperatively in all domains (-18.6 ± 19.4, P < .01). Degree of improvement did not differ between sialolithiasis versus stenosis groups (-22.0 ± 20.9 vs -13.3 ± 15.8, P = .13). The MCID in SPIT score was found to be -13 points. A postoperative SPIT score of less than 10 suggested symptom resolution. CONCLUSION: When compared to sialolithiasis, chronic salivary obstruction from stenosis is associated with greater baseline SPIT scores, indicating poorer sialadenitis-related quality of life due to greater symptom frequency and functional impact. Based on SPIT survey outcomes, a score decrease of 13 points or SPIT score <10 represent significant symptom improvement.

In-office Transoral Hilar Sialolithotomy: A Cost-Effective and Patient-Centered Procedure.

Transoral sialolithotomy performed in-office under local anesthesia is routinely performed for distal submandibular stones. We demonstrate the senior author's novel practice of in-office transoral sialolithotomy for hilar and intraglandular stones. A review of cases performed by the senior author revealed similar rates of complication and stone recurrence as those reported in the literature from removal under general anesthesia. Laryngoscope, 134:4042-4044, 2024.

Holmium:YAG laser-assisted intraductal sialendoscopic lithotripsy under local anesthesia.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective multi-institutional chart review study aims to present results from patients treated with Holmium:YAG laser-assisted sialendoscopic intraductal lithotripsy under local anesthesia. METHODS: Preoperative ultrasound and/or CT were used for location and measurement of the stones. Local anesthesia was applied in all patients, Marchal all-in- one 1.3 mm and Erlangen 1.6 sialendoscopes were used. The laser was used with power settings limited by discomfort or pain. Inclusion criteria were stone size (all >5 mm) and fixed stones. RESULTS: 42 patients, 48 stones were treated (30 males/12 females), 21 submandibular and 21 parotid. Ages ranged from 20 to 70 years (95 % CI: 43.37-51.58). Mean size was 6.2 mm (95 % CI: 5.71-6.72). Complete fragmentation was achieved in 66.7 % and incomplete in 33.3 %. Out of the incomplete fragmented 14 cases, seven (50 %) remained symptom free on follow-up. Maximum duration was 120 min. Minimum power settings of the laser was 4.8 Watts and maximum 18 Watts. Six patients expressed pain or discomfort that limited power increase and duration of the procedure. Total follow up time was 10 years. There were no major complications such as hemorrhage, nerve paresis or skin ulceration. CONCLUSION: The procedure is safe under local anesthesia, well tolerated by most patients and should be used in cases of small fixed and "intermediate-sized" stones as a single modality. Discomfort may limit power settings and duration. The later is the major disadvantage of the method.

Intraoral Microscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Sialolithotomy and Sialendoscopy for Submandibular Stones.

OBJECTIVE: Sialendoscopy has remained the standard of treatment for sialolithiasis; however, large stones impacted in the submandibular gland hilum often require an intra-oral combined approach. METHODS: Patients treated for submandibular hilar sialolithiasis from 2015 to 2021 at two tertiary centers were stratified into two groups based on the surgical technique: Intraoral Microscopic-Assisted Sialolithotomy (IMAS) versus Robot-Assisted Sialolithotomy and Sialendoscopy (RASS). We compared the characteristics of retrieved stones, surgical success rate, operative time, and post-operative complications in both techniques. True surgical success was defined as successful stone extraction without reoccurrence within 12 months. RESULTS: The RASS technique was attempted in 60 patients and successful in 56 (93.3%) cases whereas the IMAS technique was performed in 52 patients and successful in 48 (92.3%) cases. The longest dimension of the predominant retrieved calculi was 9.6 ± 3.1 mm (range, 5-18 mm) for the robotic technique and 10 ± 4.8 mm (range, 5-30 mm) for the microscopic technique. The operative time for the robotic technique excluding robot setup time was 70.6 ± 24.8 min compared to 61.9 ± 42.4 min for microscopic technique (p = 0.018). No major adverse outcomes were reported; however, temporary lingual paresthesia was found in ten robotic (16.7%) and five microscopic (9.6%) cases. CONCLUSION: The two techniques were comparable in terms of efficacy and safety for large stones. The robot has the advantage of intraoral high dynamic maneuverability and improved surgeon posture while the microscopic technique has the advantage of intraoral tactile feedback. The procedure was significantly shorter in duration with the microscope. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2170-2176, 2024.

Removal of intraglandular calculi in Wharton's duct: clinical outcome and treatment algorithm.

The aim of this study was to propose a treatment strategy for intraglandular submandibular calculi based on calculus site. Seventy-three consecutive patients with impalpable intraglandular submandibular calculi were enrolled retrospectively. The calculi were classified as either post-hilar type, central type, or superficial type. Treatment approaches included transoral duct slitting (TDS), interventional basket retrieval (IBR), intraductal laser lithotripsy (ILL), and transcervical lithotomy (TCL). Complete calculus removal with gland preservation was achieved in 64 patients (87.7%). The success rate for post-hilar, central, and superficial calculi was 86.4% (51/59), 90.9% (10/11), and 100% (3/3), respectively. The treatment approach applied in patients with treatment success was TDS in 32 cases, IBR in 20, ILL in nine, and TCL in three. During follow-up (median 17.3 months), one patient experienced gland atrophy and three had ductal stenosis; the remaining 60 patients (93.8%, 60/64) had good clinical outcomes. In the eight failure cases operated by TDS, the deeply situated calculi could not be detached despite the parenchymal incision in five cases, while the procedure was ceased due to the patient's inability to cooperate in the other three cases. In the remaining failure case, the submandibular gland was sacrificed after calculus extraction via TCL. Application of the proposed treatment algorithm might help preserve gland function in patients with intraglandular submandibular calculi.

Salivary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Masquerading as Chronic Submandibular Sialolithiasis.

A patient with chronic submandibular sialolithiasis underwent conservative treatment with appropriate imaging and multiple biopsies that continually revealed chronic inflammation. Due to continued symptoms, the patient underwent eventual excision and finaly pathology revealed salivary mucinous adenocarcinoma, which is a rare and poorly understood salivary malignancy. Persistent diagnostic workup and a high suspicion for salivary gland lesions is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. More attention and research on this specific entity can help future clinicians better diagnose and treat patients with a similar presentation. Laryngoscope, 134:2258-2261, 2024.

Venous malformation phleboliths mimicking submandibular sialadenitis in children.

To report one paediatric patient who presented with a rare venous vascular malformation as a mass in the left submandibular region with a clinical picture compatible with sialadenitis. Phleboliths are a specific feature of venous malformations due to venous stasis and may mimic sialoliths on various imaging modalities. Thus venous malformations are often misdiagnosed as sialadenitis due to sialolithiasis. Sialoliths are extremely rare in paediatric patients. In an early adolescent presenting with a submandibular mass and suspected sialadenitis arising from sialoliths, a detailed history, clinical examination and careful review of the radiological findings will allow the diagnosis of venous vascular malformation and provide the complete surgical resection. Our patient was initially referred with a presumed diagnosis of submandibular sialadenitis, and instead a venous malformation with phlebolith was diagnosed.

[Lithiasic salivary gland pathologies]. / Pathologies lithiasiques des glandes salivaires.

LITHIASIC SALIVARY GLAND PATHOLOGIES. Sialolithiasis is the most frequent pathology affecting the salivary glands. Almost 80% of these lithiasis affect the submandibular gland, in the Wharton duct whilst 20% occur in the parotid gland in the Stenon duct. The diagnosis is based on typical patient interrogation and clinical symptoms (intermittent facial swelling associated with eating, sialadenitis) and/or on paraclinical examination. Ultrasound echography is often prescribed, but CT-scan and sialo-MRI offer a more precise preoperative assessment. Minimally-invasive gland-preserving techniques such as sialendoscopy (combined or not with transoral duct surgery) are nowadays considered to be the method of first choice. These methods reach success rates above 80% and significantly reduce surgical complications and hospital stay.

PATHOLOGIES LITHIASIQUES DES GLANDES SALIVAIRES. Parmi les pathologies des glandes salivaires, les lithiases des canaux salivaires sont les plus fréquentes. Elles sont le plus souvent retrouvées dans les glandes sous-maxillaires au niveau des canaux de Wharton (80 %), et plus rarement dans les glandes parotides au niveau des canaux de Sténon (20 %). Le diagnostic repose sur l'interrogatoire et la clinique, qui peuvent être évocateurs (hernie ou coliques salivaires, sialite aiguë), et sur l'imagerie. L'échographie est un examen diagnostique très accessible, mais le scanner et la sialo-IRM permettent une évaluation préopératoire plus précise. Le traitement repose en première intention sur des traitements chirurgicaux conservateurs et mini-invasifs tels que la sialendoscopie, associée ou non à une approche transorale, qui sont efficaces dans 80 % des cas et permettent de réduire les complications postopératoires et la durée d'hospitalisation.

Transoral removal of submandibular hilar lithiasis: results on the salivary duct system, glandular parenchyma, and quality-of-life recovery.

OBJECTIVE(S): To confirm that hilar transoral submandibular sialolitectomy (TOSL) is the first treatment option for submandibular hilar lithiasis (SHL) in terms of glandular parenchyma recovery, salivary system restoration, and patient quality of life (QoL) improvement. METHODS: Depending on whether the stone was easily palpable, TOSL was carried out with or without sialendoscopy. For the first time in the literature, Magnetic Resonance Sialography (MR-Si) was performed before and after TOSL, to evaluate stone characteristics, glandular parenchyma status, hilum dilation and main duct recanalization. Radiological data was examined independently by two radiologists. COSQ, a recently validated and specific questionnaire, was used to assess associated QoL. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2022, 29 TOSL patients were examined. With a high interobserver correlation, MR-Si was confirmed as a very useful radiological test in the pre- and post-surgical evaluation of SHL. The salivary main duct was completely recanalized in all cases. The presence of lithiasis was found in 4 patients (13.8%). After surgery, the majority of patients (79.31%) had hilum dilation. There was a statistically significant improvement in parenchyma status, but no significant progression to glandular atrophy. After surgery, COSQ mean values always improved (22.5 to 4.5). CONCLUSIONS: TOSL is the ideal surgical technique for the management of SHL, resulting in improved parenchymal inflammatory changes, recanalization of Wharton's duct, and enhancement patients' QoL. As a result, before removing the submandibular gland, TOSL should be considered as the first treatment option for SHL.

Submandibular sialolith migration.

A middle-aged male Caucasian had rejected previous offers of surgery for submandibular gland removal in the past due to concerns about surgical complications. He presented with a month's history of submandibular swelling and severe pain, which impeded his ability to eat. Prior to admission, he had been experiencing intermittent sialadenitis for several months. Cross-sectional imaging demonstrated a 16×12 mm migratory sialolith, located superficial to the right submandibular gland within a large loculated abscess. The patient underwent an incision and drainage of the abscess under general anaesthetic and the sialolith was expressed. He was discharged home with oral antibiotics and was followed up as an outpatient. This case serves to highlight a rare complication of chronic sialolithiasis.

Sialendoscopy in treatment of obstructive sialadenitis.

OBJECTIVES: Sialendoscopy is a relatively new mini-invasive method that allows direct visualisation and intervention in the salivary gland ductal system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of sialendoscopy in the treatment of obstructive sialadenitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 15-year retrospective study analysing the treatment results of patients treated in the period of 2007-2022 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia. RESULTS: The total number of performed sialendoscopies was 70, of which 44 (62.9 %) were performed on the submandibular gland and 26 (37.1 %) on the parotid gland; 46 procedures (65.7 %) were performed via natural ductal system opening without the need for surgical assistance while 24 sialendoscopies (34.3 %) required surgical assistance. The most frequent perioperative findings were the sialoliths (37) in quantities ranging from one to four. Non-calculi pathologies (23) included mucous plugs, strictures, plaque, erythema or foreign bodies. No pathology was found on 10 sialendoscopies. In 82 % (n = 55) of patients, sialendoscopy prevented the salivary gland from being excised. In 18 % (n = 12) of cases, sialendoscopy findings indicated that salivary gland excision was needed. CONCLUSION: The study acknowledges the significant benefit of sialendoscopy in the treatment of obstructive sialadenitis (Tab. 3, Fig. 6, Ref. 39). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: sialendoscopy, sialadenitis, duct obstruction, sialolith, minimally invasive surgery.

Ablation of TRPC3 disrupts Ca2+ signaling in salivary ductal cells and promotes sialolithiasis.

Clinical studies and structural analyses of salivary stones strongly suggest a linkage between higher saliva calcium (Ca2+) and salivary stone formation, sialolithiasis; however, the process and the mechanism leading to Ca2+ overload during sialolithiasis is not well understood. Here, we show that TRPC3 null (-/-) mice presented with a reduction in Ca2+ entry and current in ductal cells with higher saliva [Ca2+] suggesting diminished transepithelial Ca2+ flux across the salivary ductal cells, leaving more Ca2+ in ductal fluid. Significantly, we found that TRPC3 was expressed in mice and human salivary ductal cells, while intraductal stones were detected in both mice (TRPC3-/-) and patient (sialolithiasis) salivary glands. To identify the mechanism, we found that TRPC3 was crucial in preventing the expression of calcification genes (BMP2/6, Runx2) in ductal cells which may be due to higher extracellular Ca2+ in SMG tissues. Similarly, inflammatory (IL6, NLRP3), fibrotic (FN1, TGFß1) and apoptotic (Bax1/Bcl2) markers were also elevated, suggesting that the loss of TRPC3 induces genetic changes that leads to salivary gland cell death and induction of inflammatory response. Overall, ablation of TRPC3-/- leads to higher saliva [Ca2+], along with elevated detrimental gene expressions, altogether contributing to salivary gland stone formation.

The effectiveness and safety of sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Sialendoscopy is a new, minimally invasive method that is becoming increasingly more popular than traditional methods for the treatment of sialolithiasis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the effectiveness and safety of this method in children with sialolithiasis are investigated. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were children with sialolithiasis. The information sources were databases MEDLINE and PubMed Central (through PubMed), ScienceDirect, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), citation indexes Scopus and Google Scholar, trial registries, and "gray literature". The last search was performed on September 18, 2022. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions). The pooled proportion of weighted means was calculated for the quantitative synthesis of available data. RESULTS: The effectiveness of the method was estimated at 95.5% (95% CI 89.8-99.3%), from 13 studies including 133 cases. The safety was estimated at 97.2% (95% CI 91.8-100%), from 10 studies including 113 cases. CONCLUSION: The limitations of this study, briefly summarized, are the small number of included studies, the fact that they are mostly retrospective, the difficult application of the guidelines suggested by the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane handbook due to the nature of this specific condition and intervention, and the difficulty in assessing reporting bias. The results of the current study indicate that sialendoscopy is an effective and safe method for the treatment of sialolithiasis in children and should be implemented in daily clinical practice.

Treatment outcomes of sialendoscopy for submandibular gland sialolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE: Sialendoscopy is a procedure used to remove salivary stones intraorally using a sialendoscope. In this study, we identified treatment outcomes of sialendoscopic surgery and identified predictive factors for successful stone removal by sialendoscopy alone. METHODS: We assembled the medical records of 144 patients who underwent sialendoscopic surgery for submandibular gland sialolithiasis at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, from October 2010 to November 2021, and collected patient backgrounds, medical condition, perioperative factors including operation method and complications, postoperative course, and stone constituents from a clinical laboratory testing company. RESULTS: Submandibular gland stones were successfully removed using sialendoscopy in 58 patients (40%). In multivariate analysis, location, major axis, and mobility of the stones were independent factors for successful removal. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, <7.5 mm of a major axis may be used as a measuring standard for successful removal. Removal of parenchymal stones is prone to involve prolonged operation times, increased postoperative complications, and development of retained stones. The stones mainly consisted of calcium phosphate and protein, with content percentages ranging from 0 to 98% (median 37%) and from 0 to 100% (median 63%), respectively. The percentage of calcium phosphate was negatively correlated with the number of floating stones and successful stone removal. CONCLUSION: Sialendoscopy is an aesthetically attractive treatment for sialolithiasis that avoids cervical incisions. The present results showed not only known but also new predictive factors for the successful removal of stones (<7.5 mm) and percentage of calcium phosphate. Moreover, our results suggest that careful consideration is required regarding the indication of sialendoscopic surgery in patients with parenchymal stones.

Huge sialolith of the submandibular gland: a case report and review of literature.

The formation of stone in the ductal system of the salivary gland is termed sialolithiasis, with the submandibular gland being the most commonly affected. The precise aetiology is unknown but certain factors peculiar to the submandibular gland accounts for its likelihood of developing a calculous disease. Stones are classified based on their dimension, and may be silent or present with symptoms attributable to the size, location and complications. Here, a 50-year-old female who presented with a painless swelling in the left submandibular region that had grown slowly over the previous year, is reported. Following clinical and radiologic evaluation, left submandibular stone disease was preoperatively diagnosed. The patient underwent sialoadenectomy with transient palsy of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Histopathology confirmed sialolith (2.7 cm) with severe squamous metaplasia of the duct. This presentation demonstrates some peculiar features attributable to the size, vertical orientation and location of the stone, in addition to the compression of the gland, thick fibrous capsule and significant squamous metaplasia of the duct. These findings require further evaluation for optimal treatment in view of the emerging trends for managing sialolithiasis.

[Recent progress in the treatment of intractable sialolithiasis].

Sialolithiasis occurs in approximately 0.45% to 1.20% of the general population. The typical clinical symptom manifests as a painful swelling of the affected glands after a meal or upon salivary stimulation, which extremely affects the life quality of the patients. With the development of sialendoscopy and lithotripsy, most sialoliths can be successfully removed with preservation of the gland. However, sialoliths in the deep hilar-parenchymal submandibular ducts and impacted parotid stones located in the proximal ducts continue to pose great challenges. Our research center for salivary gland diseases (in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology) has used sialendoscopy for 17 years and treated >2 000 patients with salivary gland calculi. The success rate was approximately 92% for submandibular gland calculi and 95% for parotid calculi. A variety of minimally invasive surgical techniques have been applied and developed, which add substantial improvements in the treatment of refractory sialolithiasis. Further, the radiographic positioning criteria and treatment strategy are proposed for these intractable stones. Most of the hilar-parenchymal submandibular stones are successfully removed by a transoral approach, including transoral duct slitting and intraductal basket grasping, while a small portion of superficial stones can be removed by a mini-incision in submandibular area. Impacted stones located in the distal third of parotid gland ducts are removed via "peri-ostium incision", which is applied to avoid a cicatricial stenosis from a direct ostium incision. Impacted parotid stones located in the middle and proximal third of the Stensen's duct are removed via a direct mini-incision or a peri-auricular flap. A direct transcutaneous mini-incision is commonly performed under local anesthesia with an imperceptible scar, and is indicated for most of impacted stones located in the middle third, hilum and intraglandular ducts. By contrast, a peri-auricular flap is performed under general anesthesia with relatively larger operational injury of the gland parenchyma, and should be best reserved for deeper intraglandular stones. Laser lithotripsy has been applied in the treatment of sialolithiasis in the past decade, and holmium ∶YAG laser is reported to have the best therapeutic effects. During the past 3 years, our research group has performed laser lithotripsy for a few cases with intractable salivary stones. From our experiences, withdrawal of the endoscopic tip 0.5-1.0 cm away from the extremity of the laser fiber, consistent saline irrigation, and careful monitoring of gland swelling are of vital importance for avoidance of injuries of the ductal wall and the vulnerable endoscope lens during lithotripsy. Larger calculi require multiple treatment procedures. The risk of ductal stenosis can be alleviated by endoscopic dilation. In summary, appropriate use of various endoscopy-assisted lithotomy helps preserve the gland function in most of the patients with refractory sialolithiasis. Further studies are needed in the following aspects: Transcervical removal of intraglandular submandibular stones, intraductal laser lithotripsy of impacted parotid stones and deep submandibular stones, evaluation of long-term postoperative function of the affected gland, et al.

Sialendoscopy for pediatric salivary gland disorders: a study of safety and effect.

PURPOSE: Sialendoscopy has become the preferred modality for managing pediatric salivary gland disorders (PSGD) including juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP) and sialolithiasis. The literature remains sparse, but several case series have reported good outcomes and few complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of sialendoscopy for PSGD in a Danish setting. METHODS: From a national sialendoscopy database, we included records of children who had undergone sialendoscopy for PSGD at our clinic over a 6-year period. Clinical and intraoperative data, follow-up and e-mail surveys after 1, 3 and 5 years were retrieved for analysis. RESULTS: We included 52 procedures on 50 glands (32 parotid, 18 submandibular) in 49 children. Of eligible patients, 90% attended clinical follow-up, 80% answered the survey after 1 year, 80% after 3 years and 60% after 5 years. JRP was diagnosed in 33 cases, obstructive causes in 18 cases. Complications noted were ductal perforation (2%), transient lingual nerve affection (4%) and infection (2%). For JRP patients, overall symptoms had improved for 96% after 3 months, 81% after 1 year and 83% after 3 years. For patients suffering from obstruction, overall symptoms were improved for 93% after 3 months and for 100% after 1 year. CONCLUSION: Sialendoscopy is a safe procedure for PSGD, and effective for sialolithiasis and symptom reduction in JRP.