A new species of Cystoisospora Frenkel, 1977 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Oecomys mamorae Thomas (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in the Brazilian Pantanal.

Despite the great diversity of coccidians, to our knowledge, no coccidian infections have been described in Oecomys spp. In this context, we examined Oecomys mamorae Thomas (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal for infections with enteric coccidia. Nine individuals were sampled, and one was found to be infected. The oöcysts were recovered through centrifugal flotation in sugar solution. Using morphological and morphometric features, we described a new species of Cystoisospora Frenkel, 1977. Sporulated oöcysts were ovoidal 20.0-29.1 × 16.4-23.2 (26.7 × 21.2) µm and contained two sporocysts, 12.9-19.1 × 9.4-13.9 (16.4 × 12.4) µm, each with four banana-shaped sporozoites. Polar granule and oöcyst residuum were both absent. We documented the developmental forms in the small intestine and described the histopathological lesions in the enteric tract. Our results indicate that the prevalence of Cystoisospora mamorae n. sp. in O. mamorae is low, and tissue damage in the enteric tract is mild, even in the presence of coccidian developmental stages.

Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) in the little owl, Athene noctua (Strigiformes: Strigidae), in mainland Portugal.

The little owl Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769) is a small raptor that is widely distributed from northern to southern Portugal and several other countries in Europe, Asia and North Africa, and which has been introduced into New Zealand. In the current study, 18 fecal samples were collected from little owls kept at the Lisbon Center for Wild Animal Recovery, which is located in Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, Portugal. Twelve (67%) of them were found to be passing an undescribed species of Avispora in their feces. The oocysts of Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a bilayered wall and measured 38.9 × 32.9 µm, with a shape index of 1.18. No micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar granule was present. The sporocysts were subspherical, measuring 21.1 × 20.1 µm. Stieda, sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of a compact subspherical mass of granules. This is the fourth species of Avispora reported in Strigiformes.

Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) in the little owl, Athene noctua (Strigiformes: Strigidae), in mainland Portugal / Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) no mocho-galego, Athene noctua (Strigiformes: Strigidae), em Portugal Continental

Abstract The little owl Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769) is a small raptor that is widely distributed from northern to southern Portugal and several other countries in Europe, Asia and North Africa, and which has been introduced into New Zealand. In the current study, 18 fecal samples were collected from little owls kept at the Lisbon Center for Wild Animal Recovery, which is located in Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, Portugal. Twelve (67%) of them were found to be passing an undescribed species of Avispora in their feces. The oocysts of Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a bilayered wall and measured 38.9 × 32.9 µm, with a shape index of 1.18. No micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar granule was present. The sporocysts were subspherical, measuring 21.1 × 20.1 µm. Stieda, sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of a compact subspherical mass of granules. This is the fourth species of Avispora reported in Strigiformes.

Resumo O mocho-galego Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769) é uma pequena ave de rapina amplamente distribuída de norte a sul de Portugal, em vários países da Europa, Ásia e norte da África, e foi introduzida na Nova Zelândia. No presente trabalho, 18 amostras de fezes foram coletadas de mochos-galegos mantidos no Centro de Recuperação de Animais Silvestres de Lisboa, localizado no Parque Florestal de Monsanto, Lisboa, Portugal. Doze (67%) deles eliminaram uma espécie não descrita de Avispora em suas fezes. Os oocistos de Avispora mochogalegoi n. sp. foram elipsóides, com parede de dupla camada, medindo 38,9 × 32,9 µm, e índice morfométrico de 1,18. A micrópila, resíduo do oocisto e grânulo polar foram ausentes. Os esporocistos foram subesféricos, medindo 21,1 × 20,1 µm. Corpos de Stieda, substieda e parastieda foram ausentes. O resíduo do esporocisto foi composto de uma massa subesférica compacta de grânulos. Esta é a quarta espécie Avispora relatada em Strigiformes.

Sorodiagnóstico, isolamento e genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii e investigação molecular de outros protozoários pertencentes à família Sarcocystidae em morcegos do estado de São Paulo / Serodiagnosis, isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii and molecular investigation of other protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family in bats from São Paulo state

Os trabalhos existentes sobre protozoários pertencentes à família Sarcocystidae em morcegos são escassos e desatualizados. No Brasil, a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii é bem documentada nas espécies domésticas e no Homem, existindo relatos em diversos hospedeiros selvagens. Mundialmente, existe um grande interesse no conhecimento da variedade genética de T. gondii realizada por meio da Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos de DNA gerados por Enzimas de Restrição (PCR-RFLP). No presente trabalho, objetivou-se pesquisar a frequência de ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, isolar e caracterizar molecularmente T. gondii e investigar a presença de coccídios da família Sarcocystidae em morcegos de vida livre no estado de São Paulo. Um total de 1921 morcegos, provenientes de 15 municípios do estado de São Paulo, foi examinado durante o período de março de 2010 a março de 2011. Obteve-se 14,89% (28/188) de positividade para T. gondii na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI ≥ 16) e 18,61% (35/188) no Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT ≥ 25), com baixa concordância entre as técnicas utilizando o índice Kappa (K=0,046). De um total de 282 bioensaios em camundongos, foram obtidos dois isolados, sendo TgBatBr1 proveniente de Molossus molossus, insetívoro, macho e adulto, e TgBatBr2 proveniente de Desmodus rotundus, hematófago, macho e adulto, ambos causando 100% de mortalidade em camundongos. A genotipagem dos isolados e das amostras primárias de morcegos positivas para T. gondii foi feita por meio da PCR-RFLP com os marcadores SAG1, 5/'3/'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 e CS3, revelando os genótipos ToxoDB-RFLP #162 e #19, respectivamente, para os isolados TgBatBr1 e TgBatBr2. Para a investigação molecular dos sarcocistídeos foram utilizados primers que amplificam a região 18S do DNA ribossomal e as amostras positivas foram sequenciadas. A análise de sequências pôde ser realizada em 48 das amostras positivas para Sarcocystidae, encontrando-se 100% de identidade com T. gondii em quatro morcegos e também 100% de identidade com Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis e Frenkelia glareoli em um morcego, respectivamente. Outras 39 amostras apresentaram identidade de 94-98% com outros sarcocistídeos e, provavelmente, devem ser novas espécies. Foi possível a genotipagem de amostras primárias positivas para T. gondii de um morcego insetívoro (Eumops glaucinus), correspondendo ao genótipo #69 e de outro morcego insetívoro (E. glaucinus), apresentando o genótipo #6, que corresponde ao Tipo BrI. Há uma necessidade de se investigar a importância dos morcegos como reservatórios de doenças infecciosas, podendo-se sugerir a inclusão do diagnóstico de T. gondii como diferencial para raiva. Ressalta-se também a importância do compartilhamento dos genótipos de T. gondii dos morcegos com hospedeiros terrestres e dos estudos sobre sarcocistídeos em morcegos, a fim de compreender melhor as relações parasita-hospedeiro.

The existing studies on protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family are scarce and outdated in free-living bats. In Brazil, the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii is well documented in domestic animals and humans, with reports in several wild hosts. Worldwide, there is a great interest in understanding the genetic variation of T. gondii using differen molecular tools as the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The present study aimed to research the frequency of occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies, to isolate and molecularly characterize T. gondii and to investigate the presence of coccidia from Sarcocystidae family in free-living bats from São Paulo state. A total of 1921 bats from 15 municipalities in São Paulo state were examined from March 2010 to March 2011. It was obtained 14.89% (28/188) of positivity for T. gondii by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA ≥ 16) and 18.61% (35/188) by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥ 25) with low agreement between techniques when using Kappa (K = 0.046). From a total of 282 bioassays in mice, two bat isolates were obtained, TgBatBr1 from Molossus molossus, an insectivorous, male, adult bat, and TgBatBr2 from Desmodus rotundus, a vampire, male, adult bat, both causing 100% of mouse mortality. Genotyping of isolates and T. gondii positive primary samples from bats were performed by PCR-RFLP using markers SAG1, 5/'3/'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 and CS3, revealing ToxoDB-RFLP genotypes #162 and #19, respectively, for isolates TgBatBr1 and TgBatBr2. Primers that amplify the 18S ribosomal DNA region were employed for molecular investigation of Sarcocystidae in primary samples and the positive samples were sequenced. Analysis of sequence could be accomplished for 48 Sarcocystidae positive samples. A 100% identity with T. gondii was found in four bats, and with Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis and Frenkelia glareoli in a bat, respectively. Thirty-nine samples showed 94-98% identity with other Sarcocystidae and, probably, these are new species. Genotyping of positive primary samples for T. gondii was complete from one insectivorous bat (Eumops glaucinus), corresponding to genotype # 69 and from other insectivorous bat (E. glaucinus), showing genotype # 6, which corresponds to the Type BrI. It is necessary to investigate the importance of bats as reservoirs of infectious diseases, and it could be suggested the inclusion of the diagnosis of T. gondii as a differential to rabies. We also emphasize the importance of T. gondii genotypes from bats being shared with terrestrial hosts and of studies on Sarcocystidae in bats in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.

Molecular characterization of Cystoisospora belli and unizoite tissue cyst in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian protozoan that can cause chronic diarrhoea, acalculous cholecystitis and cholangiopathy in AIDS patients. We applied molecular methods to identify Cystoisospora at species level in AIDS patients presenting with and without the presence of unizoites in lamina propria. Coprological and histological analyses were performed in stool and/or biopsy samples from 8 Cystoisospora-infected patients. DNA from the same samples was used to amplify 2 fragments of the SSU-rRNA gene and the ITS-1 region. Sequencing of the resulting amplicons identified C. belli infections in all cases, independent of the presence or absence of unizoite tissue cysts. Further work should be considered in order to find molecular targets related to strain variations in C. belli.

Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia.

Intraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.

Differential diagnosis of oocysts of Hammondia-like organisms of dogs and cats by PCR-RFLP analysis of 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene.

Organisms of the genera Toxoplasma, Hammondia and Neospora, the Hammondia-like organisms, are closely related coccidian with similarly sized oocysts. Therefore, a diagnosis based on microscopy of oocysts in feces is not a method of choice for species identification of these important parasites. In this paper, we present a polymerase chain reaction coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to differentially diagnose oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii from oocyst of Hammondia hammondi. Another PCR-RFLP was designed to differentiate oocysts of Hammondia heydorni from oocysts of Neospora spp. Both PCR-RFLP are based on nucleotide sequences of the Hsp70 coding gene. In conclusion, we presented two alternative molecular diagnostic assays that can be successfully applied for the differentiation of oocysts of Hammondia-like organisms shed by felids and canids.

A Sarcocystid misidentified as Hepatozoon didelphydis: molecular data from a parasitic infection in the blood of the Southern mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile.

The blood of 21 adult South American mouse opossums (Thylamys elegans) captured from April through August of 2005 in central Chile was examined for parasites. Light microscopic analysis of blood smears initially suggested that a highly pleomorphic Hepatozoon species typical of American opossums was infecting erythrocytes. Unexpectedly, amplification by PCR and sequencing of a DNA fragment of the small subunit rDNA combined with phylogenetic analyses indicated that the parasite is not a member of the suborder Adeleorina, which includes the Haemogregarina and Hepatozoon species, but that it is a clearly distinct member of the suborder Eimeriorina, which includes the cyst-forming family Sarcocystidae. Therefore, a reclassification of this unusual intraerythrocytic apicomplexan will require additional life cycle, microscopic, and molecular analyses.

Hammondia heydorni: evidence of genetic diversity among isolates from dogs.

Canine isolates of Hammondia heydorni from Argentina, Brazil, and the United States were analysed for genetic diversity. A total of 14 isolates were tested for their ability to produce amplification using three PCR assays, one targeting the common toxoplasmatiid ITS-1 region and 2 amplifying novel, H. heydorni-specific loci, HhAP7 and HhAP10. While the ITS-1 fragments could be amplified from all isolates, only six isolates were capable of amplifying the fragments from the novel loci. The PCR products were further investigated for genetic diversity using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques. Polymorphism in the digestion pattern was evident only at the HhAP10 locus, differentiating two of the Argentinean isolates from the remainder. Mobility shifts on SSCP gels revealed that the two Argentinean isolates were not only different from the other four isolates, but also differed from each other, both at the HhAP7 and HhAP10 loci. The ITS-1 fragments of all isolates were identical by RFLP. However, two distinct mobility patterns resulted when the products were electrophoresed on SSCP gels. Based on the sequence data from the ITS-1 and the two random loci, the isolates could be broadly classified into two distinct groups, within which minor polymorphisms were evident. In contrast, very little heterogeneity occurred in the sequences of corresponding ITS-1 regions of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii isolates. Thus, it is concluded that there is a considerable degree of microheterogeneity among isolates of H. heydorni. This diversity should be taken into consideration while attempting to elucidate the systematics, diagnostics, and biology of H. heydorni in relation to N. caninum.

Besnoitia oryctofelisi n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from domestic rabbits.

A species of Besnoitia from naturally infected rabbits from Argentina was propagated experimentally in mice, gerbils, rabbits, cats, and cell cultures. Cats fed tissue cysts from rabbits shed oocysts with a prepatent period of nine to 13 days. Sporulated oocysts were infective to gerbils, rabbits, outbred Swiss Webster and interferon gamma gene knockout mice. Bradyzoites were infective orally to gerbils and cats. Tachyzoites were successfully cultivated and maintained in vitro in bovine monocytes and African green monkey kidney cells. Schizonts were seen in the lamina propria of the small intestine of cats fed tissue cysts; the largest ones measured 52 x 45 microm. Schizonts were also present in mesenteric lymph nodes, livers, and other extra-intestinal organs of cats fed tissue cysts. Oocysts were 10-14 x 10-13 microm in size. This rabbit-derived species of Besnoitia resembled B. darlingi of the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana with an opossum-cat cycle, but it was not transmissible to D. virginiana, and B. darlingi of opossums was not transmissible to rabbits. Based on biological, serological, antigenic, and molecular differences between the rabbit and the opossum Besnoitia, a new name, B. oryctofelisi is proposed for the parasite from domestic rabbits from Argentina.