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1.
Biotech Histochem ; 96(2): 125-137, 2021 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32597316

ABSTRACT

Activation of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) in some testicular tumors activates several signaling pathways. Some components of these pathways are phosphorylated or mutated in testicular germ tumors (TCGT), including EGFR, Kirstein ras oncogen (KRAS) and cell surface protein of the germ cell (KIT). The latter two activate RAF /MEK/ERK and PI3 K/AKT, and interconnect with the EGFR/pI3 k/Akt pathway. We investigated the expression of EGFR/pI3 k/Akt pathway proteins in seminomas and in their precursor lesion, germinal cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and related genetic mutations. We used immunohistochemistry for pEGFR, pI3 k and pAkt expression with a scoring system for 46 seminoma surgical specimens: 36 classical and 10 GCNIS. In 17 samples, the mutations of EGFR (exons 19 - 21), KIT (exons 11, 17) and KRAS (exons 2, 3) were investigated using qPCR and sequencing. Of the 36 seminomas studied, 22 (61%) expressed pEGFR. Ten samples exhibited high scores for pEGFR, pI3 k and pAkt. In 5 of 17 cases (33%) some mutation was exhibited in the exons studied: 21 of EGFR (2), 17 of EGFR (1), 3 of KRAS (1) and 11 of KIT (1). Six cases exhibited nuclear translocation of EGFR; of these, four exhibited mutations of EGFR, KRAS and KIT. Eight of ten of the GCNIS expressed a high pEGFR score (80%). In 2 of 6 cases (33%), mutation was detected in exon 21 of EGFR and one smear showed EGFR translocation to the nucleus. The translocation represents a subpopulation with worse prognosis for TCGT. The EGFR/pI3 k/Akt signaling pathway is linked to TDRG1, which regulates chemosensitivity to cisplatin; this is a mechanism of resistance to treatment. TDRG1 and the EGFR/pI3 k/pAkt pathway could be therapeutic targets for seminomas resistant to cisplatin.


Subject(s)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Seminoma , Epidermal Growth Factor , ErbB Receptors/genetics , Humans , Male , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Seminoma/genetics , Signal Transduction
2.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 45(5): 1064-1070, Sept.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040062

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The anti-Müllerian hormone triggers the regression of uterus and fallopian tubes in male embryos; if there are problems in the synthesis or action of this protein, Müllerian structures persist in an otherwise phenotypic male. The most frequent clinical presentation of Persistent Mullerian Duct syndrome is cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. The few cases reported in adults are incidental findings or inguinal hernias. However, we present an adult male with history of bilateral cryptorchidism with unsuccessful orchidopexy, who presents with a large abdominal mass with the finding of a seminomatous tumor and persistence of Müllerian structures, in whom the variant c.916delC (p.Leu306Cysfs*29) in the AMHR2 gene not previously reported was documented.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Phenotype , Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics , Homozygote , Mutation , Syndrome , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Seminoma/surgery , Seminoma/genetics , Colombia , Cytogenetic Analysis , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Cryptorchidism/genetics , Anti-Mullerian Hormone/genetics , Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/surgery , Mullerian Ducts/abnormalities , Mullerian Ducts/surgery
3.
Int Braz J Urol ; 45(5): 1064-1070, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31184456

ABSTRACT

The anti-Müllerian hormone triggers the regression of uterus and fallopian tubes in male embryos; if there are problems in the synthesis or action of this protein, Müllerian structures persist in an otherwise phenotypic male. The most frequent clinical presentation of Persistent Mullerian Duct syndrome is cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. The few cases reported in adults are incidental findings or inguinal hernias. However, we present an adult male with history of bilateral cryptorchidism with unsuccessful orchidopexy, who presents with a large abdominal mass with the finding of a seminomatous tumor and persistence of Müllerian structures, in whom the variant c.916delC (p.Leu306Cysfs*29) in the AMHR2 gene not previously reported was documented.


Subject(s)
Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics , Homozygote , Mutation , Phenotype , Adult , Anti-Mullerian Hormone/genetics , Colombia , Cryptorchidism/genetics , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Cytogenetic Analysis , Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/surgery , Humans , Male , Mullerian Ducts/abnormalities , Mullerian Ducts/surgery , Seminoma/genetics , Seminoma/surgery , Syndrome , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery
4.
Andrology ; 3(1): 59-69, 2015 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25598272

ABSTRACT

All malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) of adult men are preceded by an in situ stage (CIS) of protracted evolution. The adult CIS is well characterized, but there is debate on the phenotype of infantile CIS, its distinction from delayed maturation of germ cells and prognostic potential. A large series of 43 patients with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) and dysgenetic testes (90% ranging from neonates to 12 years, mean age 4.7 years), was studied by quantifying dysgenetic features, degree of germ cell abnormalities/atypia (GCA), expression of OCT 3/4 (a pluripotency-undifferentiation marker), germ cell ploidy and evolution to CIS and invasive TGCT. Findings were compared with those of normal testes. The type of gonads present defined three groups of patients: bilateral testes (BT-DSD, n = 21), one testis and one streak gonad (CT-DSD, C for combined, n = 13), and ovarian-testicular combinations (OT-DSD, n = 9). There were 5 boys with infantile CIS, bilateral in 3 (total of 8 infantile CIS) and two patients with adult CIS, bilateral in one (total of 3 adult CIS). Two patients had bilateral seminomas one at 12-17 and the other at 23 years. Histological dysgenesis was significantly higher in CT-DSD (p < 0.05), that had only 1 CIS. The highest frequency of GCA was in BT-DSD (p < 0.05), which coincided with a total of 11CIS + Seminomas. In all patients, aneuploidy was significantly higher (63%) than diploidy (p < 0.02), and GCA were more frequent in aneuploid than in diploid samples (p < 0.02). All CIS and TGCT were OCT 3/4 positive. Finally, there was a significant association between the triad Aneuploidy + GCA + OCT 3/4 positivity and the incidence of CIS (Fisher Exact test p < 0.002, relative risk 7.0). The degree of testicular dysgenesis (derived from abnormal organization of Sertoli cells in fetal testicular cords) is inversely related to the incidence of CIS. Our data demonstrate that the combined use of OCT 3/4 expression, quantification of germ cell abnormalities-atypia and ploidy in dysgenetic testes can satisfactorily identify infantile CIS with high risk of malignant evolution and set it aside from delayed germ cell maturation with lower or nil neoplastic potential.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Carcinoma in Situ/genetics , Gonadal Dysgenesis/genetics , Seminoma/genetics , Sexual Development/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Adolescent , Argentina/epidemiology , Carcinoma in Situ/chemistry , Carcinoma in Situ/epidemiology , Carcinoma in Situ/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetic Testing , Gonadal Dysgenesis/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Octamer Transcription Factor-3/analysis , Phenotype , Ploidies , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Seminoma/chemistry , Seminoma/epidemiology , Seminoma/pathology , Testicular Neoplasms/chemistry , Testicular Neoplasms/epidemiology , Testicular Neoplasms/pathology , Young Adult
5.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol ; 19(2): 147-52, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20881837

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of p53, Ki67, CD30, and CD117 and correlated it with histological features and presence of clinical metastasis at diagnosis of testicular seminomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 62 patients was performed in patients with pure seminoma. The retroperitoneum was staged with computed tomography scan and the thorax with simple x-rays and/or computed tomography scan. Pathologists were unaware of the clinical stage of the patients. Manual microarrays were created from a tissue representative of tumor. The expression of p53, Ki67, CD30, and CD117 was evaluated as negative, any degree of expression, and expression in more than 50% of neoplastic cells. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-two cases were analyzed: 43 cases were in clinical stage I (69.4%), 17 were in clinical stage II (27.4%), and 2 were in clinical stage III (3.2%). Fifty-six cases expressed CD117 (90%), 42 p53 (68%), 8 CD30 (13%), and all cases Ki67. There were no differences in p53, Ki67, CD30, and CD117 expression between testicular seminoma with and without clinical metastasis at diagnosis, regardless of the magnitude of expression. Neither of them found positive association between these marker expressions and morphologic risk factors such as tumor size greater than 6 cm and rete testis invasion. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that expression of p53, Ki67, and CD30 and loss of CD117 expression fail to predict the presence of clinical metastasis at diagnosis of testicular seminoma and do not correlate with other histopathological risk factors in clinical stage I patients.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Seminoma/diagnosis , Seminoma/pathology , Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis , Testicular Neoplasms/pathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Gene Expression , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Ki-1 Antigen/analysis , Ki-1 Antigen/genetics , Ki-67 Antigen/analysis , Ki-67 Antigen/genetics , Male , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/analysis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics , Retrospective Studies , Seminoma/genetics , Seminoma/metabolism , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms/metabolism , Testis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
6.
Fertil Steril ; 90(5): 1782-6, 2008 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18068165

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether sperm from patients with a seminoma and patients with a non-seminoma present with an increased rate of apoptotic DNA fragmentation, when compared with men without testicular cancer and who had fathered a child in the 2 years preceding the study. DESIGN: Controlled prospective study. SETTING: Patients referred to a sperm bank in an academic research environment. PATIENT(S): Men with a diagnosed seminoma, men with a diagnosed non-seminoma, both after orchiectomy and before adjuvant therapy, and men with proven paternity in the 2 previous years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Rate of nuclear apoptotic sperm DNA fragmentation as assessed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay, classified as positive (with DNA fragmentation) or negative (without DNA fragmentation). RESULT(S): Of the 48 men with testicular cancer included in the study, 29 (60.4%) presented a non-seminoma and 19 (39.6%) a seminoma. Patients with non-seminoma presented with lower progressive sperm motility than the control group (57.4% and 66.3%, respectively), but both were still within normal ranges. Sperm concentration was lower in seminoma (31.2 x 10(6)/mL) and in non-seminoma (20.6 x 10(6)/mL) when compared with the control group (78.1 x 10(6)/mL), but values did not differ between the two testicular cancer groups. Sperm morphology was lower in patients with non-seminoma than in the control group (10% and 13.1%, respectively). Results for sperm nuclear apoptotic DNA fragmentation (mean; standard deviation) were 12.6%; 4.5% for the control group, 12.2%; 5.5% for the non-seminoma group, and 12.5%; 6.4% for the seminoma group. No differences were found between the three groups. CONCLUSION(S): Our results demonstrate that the presence of a seminoma or a non-seminoma is not associated with an increase in sperm apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


Subject(s)
Apoptosis , DNA Fragmentation , Seminoma/pathology , Spermatozoa/pathology , Testicular Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Cell Shape , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Orchiectomy , Paternity , Prospective Studies , Seminoma/genetics , Seminoma/surgery , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery , Young Adult
7.
Rev. chil. urol ; 69(3): 225-229, 2004. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-430721

ABSTRACT

Los marcadores tumorales existentes (alfafetoproteína y gonadotrofina coriónica humana) son patrones indirectos y no están expresados en todos los tumores testiculares (TT) por lo que no permiten una confiabilidad absoluta. Por esto, creemos que la identificación de los genes involucrados en la iniciación y progresión de TT es importante. El estudio del genoma humano (GH) ha ayudado a la identificación de la mayoría de los genes supresores (GS) de tumores descubiertos (p53,VHL,APC,CDKN2,RB). Para lograr detectarlos, se identifican las regiones cromosomales con alta frecuencia de deleciones (AFD) y mediante su estudio sistemático se puede identificar si existen GS involucrados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio del GH(alelotipificación) mediante la amplificación por PCR de secuencias de bases repetidas polimorfas, que se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo del GH. Se seleccionaron 50 casos de TT del tipo seminoma puro y se microdisecó DNA de tejido tumoral y normal en TT. Este material fue amplificado mediante PCR, posteriormente se amplificaron mediante primers conocidos, secuencias cromosómicas determinadas de los sitios cromosomales con altas frecuencias de LOH y MSI buscando zonas calientes. Después de identificadas las regiones hot del mapa cromosómico, se acotó el estudio a los cromosomas 5 y 12. Se utilizaron 12 marcadores, para franquear zonas específicas del 5 y 12, donde encontramos previamente la mayor frecuencia de LOH. Un completo estudio de alelotipificación de alta densidad en los diferentes tipos histológicos de TT permitió detectar una AFD y LOH en cromosomas 12 y 5, detectándose que 47 de 50 casos de seminoma presentan algún marcador con inestabilidad genética en estas zonas, un 78 por ciento de los tumores estudiados (38/50) presentan más de 3 marcadores con inestabilidad. Al franquear las regiones específicas, la frecuencia de inestabilidad (FI) aumenta significativamente en el brazo p de ambos cromosomas. A la luz de los resultados concluimos que existe una FI significativamente alta en los cromosomas 5 y 12, lo que sugiere que en alguna región cercana del brazo corto de estos, se puede encontrar algún GS. Este gen se encontraría posiblemente inactivo, dado que la FI aumenta al cercar el área, lo que hace pensar en un rol supresor. Este es el primer estudio que logra identificar las zonas de inestabilidad cromosomal más frecuentes del TT y ahora realizaremos el estudio de baja densidad con la intención de encontrar este gen.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Testicular Neoplasms/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seminoma/genetics , Chromosome Deletion , Genes, Tumor Suppressor , Genome, Human , Chromosomal Instability , Genetic Markers , Loss of Heterozygosity
8.
Rev. chil. urol ; 68(2): 150-155, 2003. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-395010

ABSTRACT

La caracterización inmunohistoquímica de hMSH2 y hMLH1 puede entregar importante información en la caracterización de los tumores testiculares. Su interpretación posterior puede ser fundamental para entender la etiopatogenia de este cáncer. El objetivo de este trabajo es lograr la caracterización inmunohistoquímica de los genes de reparación hMSH2 y hMLH1 en los diferentes subtipos de tumores testiculares. Se seleccionaron 180 casos de cánceres testiculares desde el archivo de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica. Para el análisis IHQ se empleó una técnica estandarizada y utilizada en estudios previos.El análisis IHQ demostró que este gen tiene un patrón de expresión nuclear tanto para hMLH1 como parahMSH2, así también hMLH1 tiene un patrón de expresión uniforme alto en las células germinales premeióticas que no se describe para hMSH2. En las células normales la expresión de hMSH2 fue mínima a baja. El gen hMLH1 tiene un patrón variado de expresión, pero en un 71 porciento de los cánceres tiene una expresión moderada a alta. La expresión de hMSH2 se ve altamente expresada en todos los tipos de tumores testiculares, pero es de alto grado de expresión especialmente en los seminomas. Ambos genes se expresan en un 100 por ciento en los teratomas. Creemos a la luz de estos resultados preliminares, que ambos genes juegan un rol en la reparación del DNA dañado en los tumores testiculares, el que sería muy importante en evitar la progresión tumoral, manteniendo un grado de diferenciación alta en los tumores, en la medida que se pierde la actividad del gen, los tumores pueden ser más indiferenciados, aumentando su agresividad. Los tumores más diferenciados y menos agresivos tienen un patrón de expresión para ambos genes mayor que el de los tumores más agresivos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , DNA Mutational Analysis , DNA-Binding Proteins , Testicular Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Embryonal/genetics , Choriocarcinoma/genetics , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Seminoma/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms , Teratoma/genetics
9.
Rev. chil. urol ; 68(3): 289-298, 2003.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-395071

ABSTRACT

Las lesiones del DNA que permiten las mutaciones son más frecuentemente las modificaciones, pérdidas o errores en la incorporación de nucleótidos, sin embargo, numerosas vías enzimáticas permiten la reparación de estos errores. La mejor vía de reparación descrita actualmente es a través de los genes de reparación del sistema del mismatch repair genes(MMR).Se seleccionó entre el material anatomopatológico del Departamento de Anatomía Patológica de la Universidad Católica de Chile, 118 casos de tumores testiculares, de los distintos tipos histológicos que tuvieran un seguimiento clínico completo. La fecha de la cirugía testicular fue realizada entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 1999. Todas las muestras fueron sometidas a estudio inmuno histoquímico (IHQ)para hMLH1 y hMSH2. Creemos que ambos genes se encuentra altamente expresados en los tumores localizados y su grado de expresión disminuye conforme el tumor es más avanzado (más indiferenciado). Esta observación nos permite plantear que tal vez estos genes son capaces de actuar en las primeras fases de la tumorogénesis. En resumen, el análisis IHQ aparece como una herramienta útil para ver la expresión de hMSH2 y hMLH1 en tumores testiculares, especialmente cuando se correlaciona con elementos pronóstico, entendiendo sinduda que el desarrollo de los tumores es multifuncional.


Subject(s)
DNA Mutational Analysis/methods , DNA-Binding Proteins , Seminoma/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms , Chile , Carcinoma, Embryonal/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Embryonal/genetics , Disease-Free Survival , DNA-Binding Proteins , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor , Seminoma/diagnosis , Testicular Neoplasms
10.
Rev. chil. urol ; 68(3): 299-304, 2003.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-395072

ABSTRACT

La transmisión completa y sin errores de la información genética es la base de la supervivencia y perpetuación de la célula, los organismos y las especies. Las células tienen incorporados un gran número de mecanismos que aseguran la transmisión fiel del material genético de una generación celular a la siguiente,evitando la aparición de genotipos que puedan ser perjudiciales para el organismo.El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la frecuencia de inestabilidad microsatélite en los tumores testiculares, correlacionando esta variable con estadío tumoral, pronóstico y sobrevida y grado de expresión de hMLH1 y hMSH2.La detección de inestabilidad microsatélite en los cánceres con baja expresión inmunohistoquímica (IHQ)de hMLH1 y hMSH2 es significativamente más alta en comparación con aquellos cánceres con alta expresiónde los genes (p<0,05). Un 83 por ciento de los tumores estudiados presenta más de un marcador con inestabilidad. Los datos muestran que aquellos enfermos que tienen más de 4 marcadores con inestabilidad presentan una mayor frecuencia de recidiva tumoral y muerte cáncer específica. (p=0,01 y p=0,04).Un 8,9 porciento de los tumores testiculares muestran una alta frecuencia de MSI y bajo grado de expresión IHQ.Son precisamente estos tumores los que tienen un peor pronóstico en cuanto a recidiva, estadío avanzado al momento del diagnóstico y muerte cáncer específica. (p<0,05)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , DNA-Binding Proteins , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Seminoma/genetics , Testicular Neoplasms , DNA Mutational Analysis/methods , Disease-Free Survival , Gene Expression/genetics , Genomic Instability/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Testicular Neoplasms
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