ABSTRACT
O processo de deterioração do pescado é facilitado por suas características intrínsecas, como a proximidade da neutralidade que se encontra o pH; ação das enzimas autolíticas; elevada atividade de água e presença de nutrientes; além da elevada quantidade de gorduras insaturadas que auxiliam agilizando o processo de formação do ranço. Por isso, o emprego dos métodos de conservação deve ser realizado o mais prontamente possível, retardando a instalação da deterioração e mantendo o produto fresco por um período maior. Entre as tecnologias disponíveis para a conservação estão as radiações ionizantes. A irradiação de alimentos já é utilizada em vários países, sendo eficaz na extensão da validade comercial e até mesmo na melhora de alguns atributos sensoriais. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho contribuir para a avaliação da interferência da irradiação por feixe de elétrons nas características sensoriais de filés de corvina (M. furnieri) refrigerados, desembarcados no município de Niterói - RJ, Brasil. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos: controle; irradiado a 0,7 kGy; e irradiado a 1,0 kGy, os quais foram comparados sensorialmente entre si através de testes triangulares realizados com 30 provadores cada. Foram avaliados aroma, sabor, odor, textura e "outros". Os peixes inteiros foram adquiridos no cais de Itaipú, filetados no mercado, embalados a vácuo e mantidos à ±4°C. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre as amostras, quando confrontado o grupo irradiado a 1,0 kGy com os outros dois grupos. Concluiu-se portanto, que a dose de 1,0 kGy alterou as características sensoriais dos filés de corvina irradiados.(AU)
The process of spoilage of fish is facilitated by its intrinsic features, such as the proximity of neutrality of its pH; action of autolytic enzymes; high presence of water and nutrients; as well as a high amount of unsaturated fats that helps accelerate the process of rancidity. Therefore, preservation methods should be used as promptly as possible, delaying the installation of deterioration and keeping the product fresh for a longer period. Ionizing radiation is one of the technologies available for conservation. Food irradiation is already used in several countries, being effective for the improvement of some sensory attributes and even to extent the commercial validity. The objective of the present work is to contribute to the evaluation of the interference of electron beam irradiation on the sensory characteristics of chilled croaker (M. furnieri) fillets, unloaded in Niterói - RJ, Brazil. The samples were divided into three groups: control; irradiated at 0.7 KGy; and irradiated at 1.0 kGy, which were compared with each other through sensory tests with 30 triangular panelists each. They evaluated aroma, flavor, odor, texture and "other". Whole fish were purchased at Itaipú pier, were fillet in the market, vacuum packed and kept at ± 4 °C. Statistically significant differences were found (p<0,05) between samples when comparing the 1.0-kGy irradiated group with the other groups. It is therefore concluded that a 1.0-kGy dose alters the sensory characteristics of irradiated croaker fillets.(AU)
El proceso de deterioro de peces se facilita por sus características intrínsecas, tales como la proximidad de la neutralidad que se encuentra el PH; acción de las enzimas autolíticas; alta actividad de agua y presencia de nutrientes; además de la alta cantidad de grasas insaturadas que ayudan a acelerar el proceso de formación de rancidez. El uso de métodos de conservación debe realizarse lo más temprano posible, retardando la instalación de deterioro y manteniendo el producto fresco durante un largo espacio de tiempo. Entre las tecnologías disponibles para la conservación están las radiaciones ionizantes. Esta tecnología ya se utiliza en varios países y es muy eficaz en la ampliación de la validad comercial e incluso la mejora de algunos atributos sensoriales. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar el impacto de la irradiación por rayos de electrones en las características sensoriales de filetes de corvina (M. furnieri) refrigerados, desembarcados en el municipio de Niterói - RJ, Brasil. Las muestras se dividieron en tres grupos: control; irradiados a 0.7 kGy; e irradiados a 1,0 kGy, los cuales fueron comparados sensorialmente entre sí a través de pruebas triangulares realizadas con 30 panelistas. También, se evaluaron el aroma, sabor, olor, textura y "otros". Los pescados enteros fueron comprados en el muelle de Itaipú, fileteados en el mercado, envasados al vacío y mantenidos a ± 4°C. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre las muestras, cuando se compara el grupo irradiado a 1,0 kGy con los demás. Se concluye que una dosis de 1,0 kGy altera las características sensoriales de filetes de corvina irradiados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes/classification , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Radiation , Sensory Receptor Cells/classificationABSTRACT
O processo de deterioração do pescado é facilitado por suas características intrínsecas, como a proximidade da neutralidade que se encontra o pH; ação das enzimas autolíticas; elevada atividade de água e presença de nutrientes; além da elevada quantidade de gorduras insaturadas que auxiliam agilizando o processo de formação do ranço. Por isso, o emprego dos métodos de conservação deve ser realizado o mais prontamente possível, retardando a instalação da deterioração e mantendo o produto fresco por um período maior. Entre as tecnologias disponíveis para a conservação estão as radiações ionizantes. A irradiação de alimentos já é utilizada em vários países, sendo eficaz na extensão da validade comercial e até mesmo na melhora de alguns atributos sensoriais. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho contribuir para a avaliação da interferência da irradiação por feixe de elétrons nas características sensoriais de filés de corvina (M. furnieri) refrigerados, desembarcados no município de Niterói - RJ, Brasil. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos: controle; irradiado a 0,7 kGy; e irradiado a 1,0 kGy, os quais foram comparados sensorialmente entre si através de testes triangulares realizados com 30 provadores cada. Foram avaliados aroma, sabor, odor, textura e "outros". Os peixes inteiros foram adquiridos no cais de Itaipú, filetados no mercado, embalados a vácuo e mantidos à ±4°C. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre as amostras, quando confrontado o grupo irradiado a 1,0 kGy com os outros dois grupos. Concluiu-se portanto, que a dose de 1,0 kGy alterou as características sensoriais dos filés de corvina irradiados.(AU)
The process of spoilage of fish is facilitated by its intrinsic features, such as the proximity of neutrality of its pH; action of autolytic enzymes; high presence of water and nutrients; as well as a high amount of unsaturated fats that helps accelerate the process of rancidity. Therefore, preservation methods should be used as promptly as possible, delaying the installation of deterioration and keeping the product fresh for a longer period. Ionizing radiation is one of the technologies available for conservation. Food irradiation is already used in several countries, being effective for the improvement of some sensory attributes and even to extent the commercial validity. The objective of the present work is to contribute to the evaluation of the interference of electron beam irradiation on the sensory characteristics of chilled croaker (M. furnieri) fillets, unloaded in Niterói - RJ, Brazil. The samples were divided into three groups: control; irradiated at 0.7 KGy; and irradiated at 1.0 kGy, which were compared with each other through sensory tests with 30 triangular panelists each. They evaluated aroma, flavor, odor, texture and "other". Whole fish were purchased at Itaipú pier, were fillet in the market, vacuum packed and kept at ± 4 °C. Statistically significant differences were found (p<0,05) between samples when comparing the 1.0-kGy irradiated group with the other groups. It is therefore concluded that a 1.0-kGy dose alters the sensory characteristics of irradiated croaker fillets.(AU)
El proceso de deterioro de peces se facilita por sus características intrínsecas, tales como la proximidad de la neutralidad que se encuentra el PH; acción de las enzimas autolíticas; alta actividad de agua y presencia de nutrientes; además de la alta cantidad de grasas insaturadas que ayudan a acelerar el proceso de formación de rancidez. El uso de métodos de conservación debe realizarse lo más temprano posible, retardando la instalación de deterioro y manteniendo el producto fresco durante un largo espacio de tiempo. Entre las tecnologías disponibles para la conservación están las radiaciones ionizantes. Esta tecnología ya se utiliza en varios países y es muy eficaz en la ampliación de la validad comercial e incluso la mejora de algunos atributos sensoriales. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar el impacto de la irradiación por rayos de electrones en las características sensoriales de filetes de corvina (M. furnieri) refrigerados, desembarcados en el municipio de Niterói - RJ, Brasil. Las muestras se dividieron en tres grupos: control; irradiados a 0.7 kGy; e irradiados a 1,0 kGy, los cuales fueron comparados sensorialmente entre sí a través de pruebas triangulares realizadas con 30 panelistas. También, se evaluaron el aroma, sabor, olor, textura y "otros". Los pescados enteros fueron comprados en el muelle de Itaipú, fileteados en el mercado, envasados al vacío y mantenidos a ± 4°C. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre las muestras, cuando se compara el grupo irradiado a 1,0 kGy con los demás. Se concluye que una dosis de 1,0 kGy altera las características sensoriales de filetes de corvina irradiados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fishes/classification , Radiation , Sensory Receptor Cells/classificationABSTRACT
Here, we report for the first time developmental changes in spontaneous activity and in response properties of single nerve fibers from the macular chick lagena. Such aspects are important in order to get insight into the functional role of the lagena which remains undetermined. For this purpose, we used intracellular and extracellular single-unit recording techniques in an isolated inner ear preparation from the chicken at ages E15 and P1. At E15, afferent fibers displayed a low irregular spontaneous discharge rate (41 +/- 14 spikes/s, CV = 1.17 +/- 0.1), which was replaced by regular high frequency spontaneous activity at P1 (CV = 0.48 +/- 0.8, 89 +/- 27 spikes/s). During the developmental period including E15, the percentage of silent neurons was 60% while that of P1 was 40%. The synaptic activity was higher at E15 than at P1. The action potential waveform generated at E15 had small amplitude and derivative depolarization, and consequently, a large duration in correlation with respect to action potential waveform at P1 (respectively: 53 +/- 2 vs. 65 +/- 3 mV, 60 +/- 11 vs. 109 +/- 20 mV/ms, 3.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.12 ms). In addition, we recognized two response dynamics to the injection of current steps: phasic, or rapidly adapting neurons and tonic, or slowly adapting neurons. Our results indicate similar developmental processes for the lagena as described for the vestibular system in other species, in agreement with the known morphological characteristics of this otholitic end organ. The presence of more than one subtype of afferent neuron also correlates with previous reports on vestibular afferents with analogous electrophysiological properties, strongly suggesting the vestibular nature of the lagena.
Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Chickens/physiology , Ear, Inner/physiology , Otolithic Membrane/physiology , Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology , Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiology , Animals , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Chick Embryo , Chickens/growth & development , Ear, Inner/embryology , Ear, Inner/growth & development , Electric Stimulation , Electrophysiology , Organogenesis/physiology , Otolithic Membrane/embryology , Otolithic Membrane/growth & development , Postural Balance/physiology , Sensory Receptor Cells/classification , Sensory Receptor Cells/cytology , Species Specificity , Synaptic Transmission/physiology , Vestibular Nerve/embryology , Vestibular Nerve/growth & development , Vestibular Nerve/physiology , Vestibule, Labyrinth/embryology , Vestibule, Labyrinth/growth & developmentABSTRACT
The metatarsal lyriform organ of the spider Cupiennius salei is a vibration detector consisting of 21 cuticular slits supplied by two sensory cells each, one ending in the outer and the other at the inner slit membrane. In search of functional differences between the two cell types due to differences in stimulus transmission, we analyzed (1) the adaptation of responses to electrical stimulation, (2) the thresholds for mechanical stimulation and (3) the representation of male courtship vibrations using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Single- and multi-spiking receptor neurons were found among both cell types, which showed high-pass filter characteristics. Below 100-Hz threshold, tarsal deflections were between 1 degrees and 10 degrees. At higher frequencies, they decreased down to values as small as 0.05 degrees, corresponding to 4.5-nm tarsal deflection in the most sensitive cases. Different slits in the organ and receptor cells with slow or fast adaptation did not differ in this regard. When stimulated with male courtship vibrations, both types of receptor cells again did not differ significantly regarding number of action potentials, latency and synchronization coefficients. Surprisingly, the differences in dendrite coupling were not reflected by the physiological responses of the two cell types innervating the slits.