MTADV 5-MER peptide suppresses chronic inflammations as well as autoimmune pathologies and unveils a new potential target-Serum Amyloid A.

Despite the existence of potent anti-inflammatory biological drugs e.g., anti-TNF and anti IL-6 receptor antibodies, for treating chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, these are costly and not specific. Cheaper oral available drugs remain an unmet need. Expression of the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during inflammation. Conversely, SAA induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including Th17, leading to a pathogenic vicious cycle and chronic inflammation. 5- MER peptide (5-MP) MTADV (methionine-threonine-alanine-aspartic acid-valine), also called Amilo-5MER, was originally derived from a sequence of a pro-inflammatory CD44 variant isolated from synovial fluid of a Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patient. This human peptide displays an efficient anti-inflammatory effects to ameliorate pathology and clinical symptoms in mouse models of RA, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Bioinformatics and qRT-PCR revealed that 5-MP, administrated to encephalomyelytic mice, up-regulates genes contributing to chronic inflammation resistance. Mass spectrometry of proteins that were pulled down from an RA synovial cell extract with biotinylated 5-MP, showed that it binds SAA. 5-MP disrupted SAA assembly, which is correlated with its pro-inflammatory activity. The peptide MTADV (but not scrambled TMVAD) significantly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1ß from SAA-activated human fibroblasts, THP-1 monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 5-MP suppresses the pro-inflammatory IL-6 release from SAA-activated cells, but not from non-activated cells. 5-MP could not display therapeutic activity in rats, which are SAA deficient, but does inhibit inflammations in animal models of IBD and MS, both are SAA-dependent, as shown by others in SAA knockout mice. In conclusion, 5-MP suppresses chronic inflammation in animal models of RA, IBD and MS, which are SAA-dependent, but not in animal models, which are SAA-independent.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulates IL-1ß production by macrophages in an ESAT-6 dependent manner with the involvement of serum amyloid A3.

Despite its critical roles in immune responses against tuberculosis infection and immune pathology, the molecular details of interleukin (IL)-1ß production in tuberculosis infection remain elusive. To explore IL-1ß production in tuberculosis infection, we infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv, its early secreted antigenic target protein of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) gene deletion (H37Rv:Δ3875) or complemented strain (H37Rv:Δ3875C) and evaluated IL-1ß production. H37Rv induced significantly increased IL-1ß production by BMDMs compared to non-infected BMDMs. In contrast, H37Rv:Δ3875 induced significantly less mature IL-1ß production despite eliciting comparable levels of pro-IL-1ß and IL-8 from BMDMs compared to H37Rv and H37Rv:Δ3875C. Blocking either NLRP3 or K+ efflux diminished H37Rv-induced IL-1ß production by BMDMs. Infection of mice intranasally with H37Rv:Δ3875 induced less IL-1ß production in the lungs compared with H37Rv. Intranasal delivery of ESAT-6 but not CFP10 induced production of IL-1ß in mouse lungs and RNA-Seq analysis identified serum amyloid A (SAA) 3 as one of the highly expressed genes in mouse lungs. Infection of mice with H37Rv but not H37Rv:Δ3875 induced expression of lung SAA3 mRNA and protein, consistent with the effect of intranasal delivery of ESAT-6. Silencing SAA3 reduced Mtb-induced IL-1ß production by BMDMs. We conclude that SAA3 plays critical role in ESAT-6 dependent IL-1ß production by macrophages in tuberculosis infection.

Use of tocilizumab in amyloid a nephropathy associated with Sweet syndrome: a case report and literature review.

Amyloid A nephropathy is a possible complication of chronic inflammatory disease. Proteinuria and kidney failure are the main features of the disease. Tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL6-R antibody approved for rheumatoid arthritis, is a promising choice for histologically demonstrated nephropathy. We describe a case of kidney amyloid associated with Sweet syndrome treated with TCZ. The patient was affected by Sweet syndrome associated with proteinuria. Kidney biopsy showed amyloid deposits. During the follow-up, cutaneous and renal findings were refractory to many immunosuppressive regimen (cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, interferon and steroid). After few years, the patient developed rapidly progressive nephropathy associated with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria up to 6 g/die). A second kidney biopsy was performed and it showed worsening of amyloid nephropathy. Thus, TCZ was administrated (8 mg/kg once a month) and it stabilized kidney function and induced partial remission of the nephrotic syndrome in the following 2 years.

Two cases of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease with nephrotic syndrome treated with tocilizumab.

We report two cases of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) with nephrotic syndrome (NS) treated with tocilizumab. Case 1 was a 58-year-old man diagnosed with iMCD prior to the onset of NS. Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy, which was considered to be secondary membranous nephropathy associated with iMCD. Case 2 was a 49-year-old woman diagnosed with iMCD prior to NS. Renal biopsy revealed renal amyloidosis positive for Congo red staining and amyloid A protein immunostaining. In both the cases, the proteinuria improved after the initiation of glucocorticoid and tocilizumab therapy. Tocilizumab may be a good therapeutic choice for iMCD with NS.

Serum amyloid A-containing HDL binds adipocyte-derived versican and macrophage-derived biglycan, reducing its antiinflammatory properties.

The ability of HDL to inhibit inflammation in adipocytes and adipose tissue is reduced when HDL contains serum amyloid A (SAA) that is trapped by proteoglycans at the adipocyte surface. Because we recently found that the major extracellular matrix proteoglycan produced by hypertrophic adipocytes is versican, whereas activated adipose tissue macrophages produce mainly biglycan, we further investigated the role of proteoglycans in determining the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. The distributions of versican, biglycan, apolipoprotein A1 (the major apolipoprotein of HDL), and SAA were similar in adipose tissue from obese mice and obese human subjects. Colocalization of SAA-enriched HDL with versican and biglycan at the cell surface of adipocyte and peritoneal macrophages, respectively, was blocked by silencing these proteoglycans, which also restored the antiinflammatory property of SAA-enriched HDL despite the presence of SAA. Similar to adipocytes, normal HDL exerted its antiinflammatory function in macrophages by reducing lipid rafts, reactive oxygen species generation, and translocation of Toll-like receptor 4 and NADPH oxidase 2 into lipid rafts, effects that were not observed with SAA-enriched HDL. These findings imply that SAA present in HDL can be trapped by adipocyte-derived versican and macrophage-derived biglycan, thereby blunting HDL's antiinflammatory properties.

Amyloid A Amyloidosis After Renal Transplantation: An Important Cause of Mortality.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the outcome of transplant recipients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)-associated AA amyloidosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate demographic, clinical, laboratory, and prognostic characteristics and outcome measures of these patients. METHODS: Eighty-one renal transplant recipients with FMF-associated AA amyloidosis (group 1) and propensity score-matched transplant recipients (group 2, n = 81) with nonamyloidosis etiologies were evaluated in this retrospective, multicenter study. Recurrence of AA amyloidosis was diagnosed in 21 patients (group 1a), and their features were compared with 21 propensity score-matched recipients with FMF amyloidosis with no laboratory signs of recurrence (group 1b). RESULTS: The risk of overall allograft loss was higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (25 [30.9%] versus 12 [14.8%]; P = 0.015 [hazard ratio, 2.083; 95% confidence interval, 1.126-3.856]). Patients in group 1 were characterized by an increased risk of mortality compared with group 2 (11 [13.6%] versus 0%; P = 0.001 [hazard ratio, 1.136; 95% confidence interval, 1.058-1.207]). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that 5- and 10-year patient survival rates in group 1 (92.5% and 70.4%) were significantly lower than in group 2 (100% and 100%; P = 0.026 and P = 0.023, respectively). Although not reaching significance, overall, 5- and 10-year graft survival rates (57.1%, 94.7%, and 53.8%, respectively) in group 1a were worse than in group 1b (76.2%, 95%, and 77.8%, respectively; P = 0.19, P = 0.95, and P = 0.27, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: AA amyloidosis is associated with higher risk of mortality after kidney transplantation. Inflammatory indicators should be monitored closely, and persistent high levels of acute-phase reactants should raise concerns about amyloid recurrence in allograft.

Immunology of sarcoidosis: old companions, new relationships.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The immune determinants of granuloma formation and disease progression in sarcoidosis have not been completely disclosed, and the role of both innate and the adaptive immunity is still under investigation. RECENT FINDINGS: M2 macrophage polarization, previously thought to be a specific feature of a progressing and fibrosing disease, has been related to the initial steps of granuloma formation both in animal and in-vitro models. The dysregulation of specific metabolic pathways and autophagy has been associated with disease activity and progression. T cells have been reported to be strongly influenced by a macrophage-driven microenvironment and more dangerous when acquiring hybrid phenotypes (e.g. Th17.1) or even becoming anergic, leading to disease chronicization. Locally released serum amyloid A was suggested to induce a more pro-inflammatory Th17 transcription program. The possible role of in-situ humoral immunity and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells has also been highlighted. SUMMARY: Evidence points at microenvironment and cell functional features rather than cell polarization or differentiation as determinants of pathogenesis. In terms of therapeutic implications, future advances will rely on molecular disease profiling, aiming at personalized and combined therapeutic approaches.

De novo Synthesis of SAA1 in the Placenta Participates in Parturition.

Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an acute phase protein produced mainly by the liver to participate in immunomodulation in both sterile and non-sterile inflammation. However, non-hepatic tissues can also synthesize SAA1. It remains to be determined whether SAA1 synthesized locally in the placenta participates in parturition via eliciting inflammatory reactions. In this study, we investigated this issue by using human placenta and a mouse model. We found that SAA1 mRNA and protein were present in human placental villous trophoblasts, which was increased upon syncytialization as well as treatments with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cortisol. Moreover, significant increases in SAA1 abundance were observed in the placental tissue or in the maternal blood in spontaneous deliveries without infection at term and in preterm birth with histological chorioamnionitis. Serum amyloid A1 treatment significantly increased parturition-pertinent inflammatory gene expression including interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-8, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), along with increased PGF2α production in syncytiotrophoblasts. Mouse study showed that SAA1 was present in the placental junctional zone and yolk sac membrane, which was increased following intraperitoneal administration of LPS. Intraperitoneal injection of SAA1 not only induced preterm birth but also increased the abundance of IL-1ß, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the mouse placenta. Conclusively, SAA1 can be synthesized in the human placenta, which is increased upon trophoblast syncytialization. Parturition is accompanied with increased SAA1 abundance in the placenta. Serum amyloid A1 may participate in parturition in the presence and absence of infection by inducing the expression of inflammatory genes in the placenta.

Soluble pattern recognition molecules: Guardians and regulators of homeostasis at airway mucosal surfaces.

Maintenance of homeostasis at body barriers that are constantly challenged by microbes, toxins and potentially bioactive (macro)molecules requires complex, highly orchestrated mechanisms of protection. Recent discoveries in respiratory research have shed light on the unprecedented role of airway epithelial cells (AEC), which, besides immune cells homing to the lung, also significantly contribute to host defence by expressing membrane-bound and soluble pattern recognition receptors (sPRR). Recent evidence suggests that distinct, evolutionary ancient, sPRR secreted by AEC might become activated by usually innocuous proteins, commonly referred to as allergens. We here provide a systematic overview on sPRR detectable in the mucus lining of AEC. Some of them become actively produced and secreted by AECs (like the pentraxins C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3; the collectins mannose binding protein and surfactant proteins A and D; H-ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Others are elaborated by innate and adaptive immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and T cells (like the pentraxins C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3; L-ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Herein we discuss how sPRRs may contribute to homeostasis but sometimes also to overt disease (e.g. airway hyperreactivity and asthma) at the alveolar-air interface.

Serum amyloid A exhibits pH dependent antibacterial action and contributes to host defense against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infection.

Serum amyloid A (SAA), one of the major highly conserved acute-phase proteins in most mammals, is predominantly produced by hepatocytes and also by a variety of cells in extrahepatic tissues. It is well-known that the expression of SAA is sharply increased in bacterial infections. However, the exact physiological function of SAA during bacterial infection remains unclear. Herein, we showed that SAA expression significantly increased in abscesses of Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infected mice, which exert direct antibacterial effects by binding to the bacterial cell surface and disrupting the cell membrane in acidic conditions. Mechanically, SAA disrupts anionic liposomes by spontaneously forming small vesicles or micelles under acidic conditions. Especially, the N-terminal region of SAA is necessary for membrane disruption and bactericidal activity. Furthermore, we found that mice deficient in SAA1/2 were more susceptible to infection by S. aureus In addition, the expression of SAA in infected skin was regulated by interleukin-6. Taken together, these findings support a key role of the SAA in host defense and may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cutaneous bacterial infection.

Cytokines and serum amyloid A in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection.

Expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during infection and inflammation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulates SAA-inducing cytokines. In line with this, a segment of chronically infected individuals display increased circulating levels of SAA. SAA has even been proposed to be a potential biomarker to evaluate treatment efficiency and the course of disease. SAA possesses antiviral activity against HCV via direct interaction with the viral particle, but might also divert infectivity through its function as an apolipoprotein. On the other hand, SAA shares inflammatory and angiogenic activity with chemotactic cytokines by activating the G protein-coupled receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2. These latter properties might promote chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Indeed, up to 80 % of infected individuals develop chronic disease because they cannot completely clear the infection, due to diversion of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the interconnection between SAA and cytokines in the context of HCV infection and highlight the dual role SAA could play in this disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to establish whether the balance between those opposing activities can be tilted in favor of the host defense.

Lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid enhance serum amyloid A3 mRNA expression in murine alveolar epithelial cells.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein indicative of inflammation. In murine colonic epithelial cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gram-negative bacterial antigen, strongly enhanced mRNA expression of SAA3, but not SAA1 or SAA2, suggesting that SAA3 might respond to bacterial infection in other epithelia. We examined SAA1/2 and SAA3 mRNA expression in murine alveolar epithelial cells exposed to LPS or the gram-positive bacterial antigen, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), using real-time PCR. LPS enhanced SAA3 mRNA expression at lower concentrations than did LTA, whereas SAA1/2 mRNA expression was not enhanced by either LPS or LTA. These results suggest that SAA3 expression is enhanced in lung epithelium upon bacterial infection as part of innate immunity, with higher sensitivity to LPS than to LTA.

Hepatic serum amyloid A1 upregulates interleukin-17 (IL-17) in γδ T cells through Toll-like receptor 2 and is associated with psoriatic symptoms in transgenic mice.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein with pro-inflammatory cytokine-like properties. Recent studies have revealed that SAA promoted interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by various cells, including γδ T cells. γδ T cells are innate immune cells and express Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on their surface, which is one of the SAA receptors. In this study, we investigated the relationship between γδ T cells and SAA1 through TLR2, by using hepatic SAA1-overexpressing transgenic (TG) mice. By injecting CU-CPT22, which is a TLR2 inhibitor, into the mice, we confirmed that SAA1 induced IL-17 in γδ T cells through TLR2. In vitro studies have confirmed that SAA1 increased IL-17 secretion in γδ T cells in combination with IL-23. We also observed a thickened epidermis layer and granulocyte penetration into the skin similar to the pathology of psoriasis in TG mice. In addition, strongly expressed SAA1 and penetration of γδ T cells in the skin of TG mice were detected. The exacerbation of psoriasis is associated with an increase in IL-17 levels. Therefore, these symptoms were induced by IL-17-producing γδ T cells increased by SAA1. Our study confirmed that SAA1 was a prominent protein that increased IL-17 levels through TLR2 in γδ T cells, confirming the possibility that SAA1 may exacerbate inflammatory diseases through γδ T cells.

The IL-1 Pathway Is Hyperactive in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contributes to Skin Infiltration and Destruction.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) (also designated acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful purulent skin lesions and progressive destruction of skin architecture. Despite the high burden for the patients, pathogenetic pathways underlying HS alterations remain obscure. When we examined the HS cytokine pattern, IL-1ß turned out to be a highly prominent cytokine, overexpressed even compared with psoriatic lesions. Analyses of IL-1ß-induced transcriptome in various cell types showed overlapping profiles, with upregulations of molecules causing immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix degradation, and of specific cytokines including IL-6, IL-32, and IL-36. Matching cellular IL-1 receptor levels, dermal fibroblasts showed both the strongest and broadest IL-1ß response, which was not clearly shared or strengthened by other cytokines. The IL-1ß signature was specifically present in HS lesions and could be reversed by application of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Search for blood parameters associated with IL-1ß pathway activity in HS identified serum amyloid A, which was synergistically induced by IL-1ß and IL-6 in hepatocytes. Consequently, strongly elevated blood serum amyloid A levels in HS correlated positively with the extent of inflammatory skin alterations. In summary, the IL-1ß pathway represents a pathogenetic cascade, whose activity may be therapeutically targeted and monitored by blood SAA levels.

[Renal amyloidosis revealing a cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome]. / Amylose rénale faisant découvrir un syndrome périodique associé à la cryopyrine.

INTRODUCTION: Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome is a rare auto inflammatory disease including three clinical entities with a common genetic cause. Among these three entities, Muckle-Wells syndrome is described as an intermediate phenotype associated with a progressive sensorineural hearing loss and AA amyloidosis. The present case reports a renal AA amyloidosis associated with an IgA nephropathy, revealing a Muckle-Wells syndrome. OBSERVATION: The case is reported of a 38-years-old patient who presented a renal failure revealed concomitantly with a macroscopic hematuria exploration. Urological investigations were performed with negative results. The patient had no particular background except urticarial rashes, unlabeled inflammatory rheumatism and a grandmother's amyloidosis. Renal biopsy revealed glomerular, vascular and interstitial AA amyloidosis associated to an IgA nephropathy. This amyloidosis was known to be a part of Muckle-Wells syndrome, and a NLRP3 gene study confirmed the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome is a rare disease and the clinical diagnosis suspicion need genetic confirmation. AA amyloidosis is known to happen in Muckle-Wells syndrome. Other occasional renal impairments are described in this syndrome whereas the IgA nephropathy association remains poorly characterized.

Bacterial Lipoproteins Constitute the TLR2-Stimulating Activity of Serum Amyloid A.

Studies comparing endogenous and recombinant serum amyloid A (SAA) have generated conflicting data on the proinflammatory function of these proteins. In exploring this discrepancy, we found that in contrast to commercially sourced recombinant human SAA1 (hSAA1) proteins produced in Escherichia coli, hSAA1 produced from eukaryotic cells did not promote proinflammatory cytokine production from human or mouse cells, induce Th17 differentiation, or stimulate TLR2. Proteomic analysis of E. coli-derived hSAA1 revealed the presence of numerous bacterial proteins, with several being reported or probable lipoproteins. Treatment of hSAA1 with lipoprotein lipase or addition of a lipopeptide to eukaryotic cell-derived hSAA1 inhibited or induced the production of TNF-α from macrophages, respectively. Our results suggest that a function of SAA is in the binding of TLR2-stimulating bacterial proteins, including lipoproteins, and demand that future studies of SAA employ a recombinant protein derived from eukaryotic cells.

Naturally occurring antibodies against serum amyloid A reduce IL-6 release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a sensitive inflammatory marker rapidly increased in response to infection, injury or trauma during the acute phase. Resolution of the acute phase and SAA reduction are well documented, however the exact mechanism remains elusive. Two inducible SAA proteins, SAA1 and SAA2, with their variants could contribute to systemic inflammation. While unconjugated human variant SAA1α is already commercially available, the variants of SAA2 are not. Antibodies against SAA have been identified in apparently healthy blood donors (HBDs) in smaller, preliminary studies. So, our objective was to detect anti-SAA and anti-SAA1α autoantibodies in the sera of 300 HBDs using ELISA, characterize their specificity and avidity. Additionally, we aimed to determine the presence of anti-SAA and anti-SAA1α autoantibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparations and examine their effects on released IL-6 from SAA/SAA1α-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Autoantibodies against SAA and SAA1α had a median (IQR) absorbance OD (A450) of 0.655 (0.262-1.293) and 0.493 (0.284-0.713), respectively. Both anti-SAA and anti-SAA1α exhibited heterogeneous to high avidity and reached peak levels between 41-50 years, then diminished with age in the oldest group (51-67 years). Women consistently exhibited significantly higher levels than men. Good positive correlation was observed between anti-SAA and anti-SAA1α. Both anti-SAA and anti-SAA1α were detected in IVIg, their fractions subsequently isolated, and shown to decrease IL-6 protein levels released from SAA/SAA1α-treated PBMCs. In conclusion, naturally occurring antibodies against SAA and anti-SAA1α could play a physiological role in down-regulating their antigen and proinflammatory cytokines leading to the resolution of the acute phase and could be an important therapeutic option in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

Platelets contribute to the initiation of colitis-associated cancer by promoting immunosuppression.

Essentials Inflammation plays a key role in the development of colorectal cancer. Understanding mechanisms of cancer initiation might reveal new anticancer preventive strategy. Hyperactive platelets promote tumor formation by fostering immune evasion of cancer. Platelet inhibition by clopidogrel prevents carcinogenesis by restoring antitumor immunity. SUMMARY: Background Clinical and experimental evidence support a role for inflammation in the development of colorectal cancer, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Beyond thrombosis and hemostasis, platelets are key actors in inflammation; they have also been shown to be involved in cancer. However, whether platelets participate in the link between inflammation and cancer is unknown. Objective To investigate the contribution of platelets and platelet-derived proteins to inflammation-elicited colorectal tumor development. Methods We used a clinically relevant mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Platelet secretion and platelet reactivity to thrombin were assessed at each stage of carcinogenesis. We conducted an unbiased proteomic analysis of releasates of platelets isolated at the pretumoral stage to identify soluble factors that might act on tumor development. Plasma levels of the identified proteins were measured during the course of carcinogenesis. We then treated the mice with clopidogrel to efficiently inhibit platelet release reaction. Results At the pretumoral stage, hyperactive platelets constituted a major source of circulating protumoral serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins. Clopidogrel prevented the early elevation of the plasma SAA protein level, decreased colitis severity, and delayed the formation of dysplastic lesions and adenocarcinoma. Platelet inhibition hindered the expansion and function of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, as well as their infiltration into tumors, but increased the number of tissue CD8+ T cells. Platelets and releasates of platelets from mice with cancer were both able to polarize myeloid cells towards an immunosuppressive phenotype. Conclusions Thus, platelets promote the initiation of colitis-associated cancer by enhancing myeloid cell-dependent immunosuppression. Antiplatelet agents may help to prevent inflammation-elicited carcinogenesis by restoring antitumor immunity.

Nanotherapy for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: Targeting senile endothelium.

Due to the complexity of Alzheimer's disease, multiple cellular types need to be targeted simultaneously in order for a given therapy to demonstrate any major effectiveness. Ultrasound-sensitive coated microbubbles (in a targeted lipid nanoemulsion) are available. Versatile small molecule drug(s) targeting multiple pathways of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis are known. By incorporating such drug(s) into the targeted "lipid-coated microbubble" [LCM]/"nanoparticle-derived" [ND] (or LCM/ND) nanoemulsion type, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic for translational medicine. This multitasking therapeutic targets cell-surface scavenger receptors (mainly class B type I), or SR-BI, making possible for various Alzheimer's-related cell types to be simultaneously searched out for localized drug treatment in vivo. Besides targeting cell-surface SR-BI, the proposed LCM/ND-nanoemulsion combination therapeutic(s) include a characteristic lipid-coated microbubble [LCM] subpopulation (i.e., a stable LCM suspension); such film-stabilized microbubbles are well known to substantially reduce the acoustic power levels needed for accomplishing temporary noninvasive (transcranial) ultrasound treatment, or sonoporation, if additionally desired for the Alzheimer's patient.