The Stem Cell Niche in Short Bowel Syndrome.

In intestinal resection animal models of short bowel syndrome (SBS), the remaining epithelium mounts a robust adaptive response characterized by early stem cell expansion and increased crypt depth, villus height and nutrient absorption. In humans the adaptive response is critical for resumption of oral nutrition, yet it may be variable, and underlying mechanisms are much less well understood. Current knowledge relating to the role of stem and mesenchymal niche cells in the adaptive response in animal models and in human SBS are addressed in this review.

The gut microbiota in adults with chronic intestinal failure.

OBJECTIVE: Fecal microbiota was investigated in adult patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF) due to short bowel syndrome (SBS) with jejunocolonic anastomosis (SBS-2). Few or no data are available on SBS with jejunostomy (SBS-1) and CIF due to intestinal dysmotility (DYS) or mucosal disease (MD). We profiled the fecal microbiota of various pathophysiological mechanisms of CIF. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 61 adults with CIF (SBS-1 30, SBS-2 17, DYS 8, MD 6). Fecal samples were collected and profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Healthy controls (HC) were selected from pre-existing cohorts, matched with patients by sex and age. RESULTS: Compared to HC, SBS-1, SBS-2 and MD patients showed lower alpha diversity; no difference was found for DYS. In beta diversity analysis, SBS-1, SBS-2 and DYS groups segregated from HC and from each other. Taxonomically, the CIF groups differed from HC even at the phylum level. In particular, CIF patients' microbiota was dominated by Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, while depleted in typical health-associated taxa belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Notably, compositional peculiarities of the CIF groups emerged. Furthermore, in the SBS groups, the microbiota profile differed according to the amount of parenteral nutrition required and the duration of CIF. CONCLUSIONS: CIF patients showed marked intestinal dysbiosis with microbial signatures specific to the pathophysiological mechanism of CIF as well as to the severity and duration of SBS.

Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a Single Dose of Apraglutide, a Novel, Long-Acting, Synthetic glucagon-like peptide-2 Analog With a Unique Pharmacologic Profile, in Individuals With Impaired Renal Function.

Renal impairment is a common complication in patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure (SBS-IF). Glucagon-like peptide-2 analogs, such as apraglutide, have been developed as a treatment option for SBS-IF. This study assessed the potential for apraglutide overexposure in individuals with severely impaired renal function versus healthy volunteers with normal renal function. In this phase 1, open-label, multicenter, nonrandomized, parallel-group study, a single dose of apraglutide 5 mg was administered subcutaneously to individuals with severely impaired renal function (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2) and healthy volunteers with normal renal function (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Primary pharmacokinetic endpoints were maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and exposure to apraglutide (area under the curve [AUC] from time 0 to infinity [AUCinf], and AUC from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration [AUClast]). Each group comprised 8 individuals. Results show that patients with severe renal impairment do not have increased apraglutide exposure. Apraglutide achieved a lower Cmax and AUCinf in individuals with severe renal impairment versus those with normal renal function (Cmax = 36.9 vs 59.5 ng/L; AUCinf = 3100 vs 4470 h · ng/mL, respectively). The respective geometric mean ratios were 0.620 and 0.693 for Cmax and AUCinf, and the upper bound of their 90% confidence intervals were <2, indicating patients with severe renal impairment were not overexposed to apraglutide versus those with normal renal function. Adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. Apraglutide does not require dose reduction for any degree of renal impairment and could be used in a broader patient population of renally impaired patients without dose adjustment.

Eficacia y seguridad de teduglutida para el tratamiento de niños de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto dependientes de nutrición parenteral / Efficacy and safety of teduglutide for the treatment of children aged 1-18 years with syndrome short intestine dependent on parenteral nutrition

INTRODUCCIÓN: Este documento técnico se realizó en el marco de la Guía de Práctica Clínica para pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal; la pregunta PICO fue la siguiente: P: pacientes de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) dependientes de nutrición parenteral (NP); I: teduglutida; C: placebo, cuidado estándar o cualquier comparador activo; O: cambio en requerimientos de NP, independencia de la NP, eventos adversos. a) Cuadro clínico El SIC es un trastorno producido por una pérdida anatómica o funcional de una parte del intestino delgado que puede conducir a falla intestinal crónica. Su incidencia global es de aproximadamente 24,5 por 100.000 nacidos vivos por año. El objetivo del tratamiento del SIC es lograr la adaptación intestinal, reduciendo el riesgo asociado al mantenimiento de la NP por periodos prolongados. Se han propuesto tratamientos dirigidos a estimular la adaptación intestinal, y reducir la frecuencia y volumen de la NP, incluyendo el uso de hormona de crecimiento con o sin glutamina y análogos de GLP-2 como teduglutida. Sin embargo, el beneficio neto del uso de estos tratamientos permanece en controversia. b) Tecnología sanitaria: El péptido similar al glucagón tipo 2 (GLP-2) es una hormona de vida media muy corta considerada como principal estímulo hormonal para la adaptación intestinal. Teduglutida es un análogo del GLP-2 con una vida media significativamente más larga que GLP-2 endógeno. Cuenta con aprobación de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para el tratamiento de mayores de un año con SIC dependientes de NP. La dosis recomendada es de 0.05 mg/kg una vez al día. Las reacciones adversas más comunes son dolor abdominal, náuseas, infección del tracto respiratorio superior, distensión abdominal, reacción en el lugar de la inyección, vómitos, sobrecarga de líquidos e hipersensibilidad. Teduglutida cuenta en Perú con un registro sanitario vigente. No se encontró información sobre el costo de teduglutida en el Observatorio de Precios de DIGEMID. Sin embargo, este medicamento suele ser considerado de alto costo, y aunque eficaz a largo plazo, su discontinuación se asocia con un incremento o rebote de los requerimientos de NP, por lo que la terapia con teduglutida suele continua y de largo plazo. OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia científica disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de teduglutida para el tratamiento de niños de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto dependientes de nutrición parenteral. METODOLOGÍA: La búsqueda de evidencia se desarrolló en Medline, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library y LILACS hasta el 04 de octubre de 2021, limitado a estudios en español o inglés. La búsqueda de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria (ETS) se desarrolló en repositorios digitales de agencias elaboradoras de estos documentos. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda de GPC en PubMed. Se valoró el riesgo de sesgo empleado la herramienta de la Colaboración Cochrane. RESULTADOS: Cambio en los requerimientos de nutrición parenteral: A las 12 semanas, la mediana de volumen de NP se redujo en −2,3 L/semana y −1,3 L/semana en los grupos tratados con 0,025 y 0,05 mg/kg/día de teduglutida. La mediana se mantuvo cerca del valor inicial en quienes recibieron estándar de cuidado. A las 24 semanas, se reportó una reducción del volumen de NP de -16,2 ± 10,52 ml/kg/d en el grupo de 0,025 mg/kg de teduglutida, -23,3 ± 17,50 ml/kg/d en el grupo de dosis de teduglutida de 0,05 mg / kg, y ­6,0 ± 4,55 ml/kg/d en el grupo de cuidado estándar. La reducción en los grupos con teduglutida fue significativa respecto al cuidado estándar, sin diferencias entre ambas dosis de teduglutida. A las 24 semanas se reportó una reducción en el volumen de NP de 43.1% entre el grupo de 0.025 mg/kg (IC 95%: 5,5% -63,2%; p= 0.03) y 58.1% entre el grupo de 0.05 mg/kg (IC 95%: 20,5% -75,1%; p= 0.004) comparado con estándar de cuidado. Independencia de la NP: A las 12 semanas, un paciente (7.1%) que recibió 0,025 mg/kg y tres pacientes (20%) que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida lograron independencia de la NP. Ningún paciente con estándar de cuidado logró la independencia de la NP. Tras cuatro semanas de suspensión del tratamiento, dos de los cuatro pacientes que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida debieron reanudar la NP. A las 24 semanas, dos pacientes (8%) que recibieron 0,025 mg/kg y tres pacientes (12%) que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida lograron independencia de la NP. Ningún paciente que recibió estándar de cuidado logró la independencia de la NP. Eventos adversos: En ambos estudios incluidos, el 100% de participantes tratados con teduglutida experimentó al menos un evento adverso (EA), la mayoría de ellos de carácter leve y moderado. La presencia de EA graves se registró en el 30-35% de participantes en los grupos de teduglutida, en comparación a 0-20% en los grupos que recibieron estándar de cuidado. Los EA más comunes en los grupos tratados con teduglutida fueron vómitos y pirexia. No se registraron eventos de obstrucción intestinal, sobrecarga de líquidos, o enfermedad biliar o pancreática, ni abandonos o interrupciones del tratamiento debido a EA. Recomendaciones en GPC: La GPC de AANEP (Argentina) concluye que no existe consenso acerca de las indicaciones para el tratamiento con teduglutida en pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal por SIC. La GPC de ESPEN recomienda que los pacientes con falla intestinal crónica debido a SIC sean informados de los posibles beneficios y riesgos asociados al tratamiento con teduglutida. Asimismo, sugiere que en pacientes que son candidatos para tratamiento con factores de crecimiento, teduglutida sea la primera opción. Evaluaciones de Tecnología Sanitaria: CADTH recomienda cobertura financiera de teduglutida para el tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos de 1-17 años con SIC y dependientes de NP, siempre que el fabricante ofrezca un precio reducido (se calcula una reducción del 71% para para lograr una relación costo incremental/utilidad por debajo del umbral de pago por año). El IECS de Argentina concluye que en base a la información disponible sobre el beneficio neto, costo-efectividad e impacto presupuestario de la tecnología, no debe ser considerada para su incorporación como medicamento de cobertura financiera obligatoria. CONCLUSIONES: Los ensayos clínicos informaron una reducción significativa en los requerimientos de nutrición parenteral (NP) en pacientes tratados con teduglutida y similar frecuencia de eventos adversos leves o moderados entre los grupos tratados con teduglutida o cuidado estándar. La frecuencia de eventos adversos graves fue ligeramente más alta en los grupos con teduglutida. No se informaron abandonos debido a eventos adversos. La GPC de AANEP (Argentina) indica que no existe consenso sobre indicaciones para el tratamiento con teduglutida en pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal por síndrome de intestino corto. La GPC de ESPEN recomienda una selección cuidadosa de los pacientes a ser tratados con teduglutida, quienes deben ser informados sobre los beneficios y riesgos. La selección de pacientes candidatos debe estar a cargo de personal con experiencia en SIC y capacidad para juzgar objetivamente los beneficios y riesgos. Una ETS realizada por CADTH (Canadá) recomienda la cobertura financiera de teduglutida sujeto a que el fabricante ofrezca un precio reducido (calculado en una reducción del 71% del costo). La ETS de IECS (Argentina) concluye que teduglutida no debe ser considerada como medicamento de cobertura financiera obligatoria.

Modified Antimesenteric Tapering Enteroplasty: An Alternative Technique for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Anastomosis in Patients With Short Bowel.

INTRODUCTION: Several techniques have been described to taper the dilated small bowel to improve intestinal motility and decrease complications related to overdilated small bowel, including longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tapering, serial transverse enteroplasty, and spiral intestinal lengthening and tailoring. We propose an alternative technique designed to optimize bowel function and minimize the effects of recurrent small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with short or ultra-short gut syndrome and dysfunctional anastomosis with maintenance of the actual absorptive surface. TECHNIQUE: The dilated side-to-side anastomosis is identified, and the mesentery leaves from both the proximal and distal small-bowel loops are separated by using blunt dissection. The previous anastomosis is divided longitudinally with a GI stapler. Once the small-bowel transection is completed, 2 separate blind loops of intestine are created, each one with half the circumference of the dilated side-to-side anastomosis. The antimesenteric stapled line is then reinforced with an outer layer of running suture. The blind loops of the tapered small bowel are then trimmed and anastomosed in an end-to-end isoperistaltic fashion in 2 layers. RESULTS: There were no postoperative complications. The length of the tapering ranged from 10 to 23 cm, corresponding to approximately 16% (range, 13%-20%) of the remaining small-bowel length. Three of 4 patients presented significant improvement of their symptoms and were able to have their parenteral support discontinued. CONCLUSIONS: Modified antimesenteric tapering enteroplasty is an alternative technique to improve intestinal motility and treat patients with short-bowel syndrome and dysfunctional side-to-side anastomosis without the need for further small-bowel resection. This bowel-sparing technique represents a valuable option in the armamentarium of the surgeon who manages patients with intestinal failure.

The safety of available treatment options for short bowel syndrome and unmet needs.

INTRODUCTION: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare, highly disabling, life-threatening condition due to extensive intestinal resections, characterized by diarrhea, malabsorption, and malnutrition. SBS is the main cause of intestinal failure (SBS-IF). The primary therapy for SBS-IF is intravenous supplementation (IVS) of nutrients. The pharmacological therapy aims to improve the remnant bowel function, leading to the decrease of IVS requirement. AREAS COVERED: This review provides a safety perspective and discusses unmet clinical needs on pharmacotherapy for SBS, ranging from symptomatic agents traditionally used off-label to manage hypersecretion and diarrhea, to curative drugs with selective intestinotrophic properties. Real-world evidence on symptomatic drugs is lacking. Data on teduglutide - the first-in-class glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) receptor agonist approved in SBS - are mainly derived from clinical trials, with several unsettled safety issues, including the risk of malignancies. EXPERT OPINION: Defining the long-term safety of drugs used for SBS is a priority; a unified list of commonly used drugs with consolidated proof of effectiveness is needed to harmonize the symptomatic pharmacological approach to SBS. GLP-2 receptor agonists are a promising curative pharmaco-therapeutic approach, although long-term safety and effectiveness deserve further real-world assessment. Pharmacovigilance and global data sharing are crucial to support safe prescribing in SBS.

Teduglutide for pediatric short bowel syndrome patients.

Introduction: The goal for pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients is intestinal adaptation. Until recently, the medical management of pediatric SBS has centered on the prevention and treatment of complications in order to allow time for adaptation. Teduglutide, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog, has recently been approved for use in pediatric SBS patients greater than 1 year of age as a novel agent to augment intestinal adaptation. Areas covered: This article reviews the pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and tolerability of GLP-2 analog teduglutide in pediatric patients greater than 1 year of age. We review all current studies and discuss teduglutide's place in pediatric SBS therapy. Expert opinion: Teduglutide marks the first successful pharmacological intervention that augments the natural process of adaptation safely and effectively in SBS pediatric patients. More studies and further development are needed to optimize its potential in other pediatric patients.

Etiology and Management of Pediatric Intestinal Failure: Focus on the Non-Digestive Causes.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as reduction in functioning gut mass below the minimal amount necessary for adequate digestion and absorption. In most cases, IF results from intrinsic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (digestive IF) (DIF); few cases arise from digestive vascular components, gut annexed (liver and pancreas) and extra-digestive organs or from systemic diseases (non-digestive IF) (NDIF). The present review revised etiology and treatments of DIF and NDIF, with special focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms, whereby NDIF develops. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of published literature from January 2010 to the present by selecting the following search strings: "intestinal failure" OR "home parenteral nutrition" OR "short bowel syndrome" OR "chronic pseudo-obstruction" OR "chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction" OR "autoimmune enteropathy" OR "long-term parenteral nutrition". RESULTS: We collected overall 1656 patients with well-documented etiology of IF: 1419 with DIF (86%) and 237 with NDIF (14%), 55% males and 45% females. Among DIF cases, 66% had SBS and among NDIF cases 90% had malabsorption/maldigestion. CONCLUSIONS: The improved availability of diagnostic and therapeutic tools has increased prevalence and life expectancy of rare and severe diseases responsible for IF. The present review greatly expands the spectrum of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms through which the diseases not strictly affecting the intestine can cause IF. In view of the rarity of the majority of pediatric IF diseases, the development of IF Registries is strongly required; in fact, through information flow within the network, the Registries could improve IF knowledge and management.

Nutritional and pharmacological strategy in children with short bowel syndrome.

Short bowel syndrome in neonates is a severe and life-threatening disease after a major loss of small bowel with or without large bowel. Intestinal adaptation, by which the organism tries to restore digestive and absorptive capacities, is entirely dependent on stimulation of the active enterocytes by enteral nutrition. This review summarizes recent knowledge about the pathophysiologic consequences after the loss of different intestinal parts and outlines the options for enteral nutrition and pharmacological therapies to support the adaptation process.

[Mechanism of gut-microbiota-liver axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal failure-associated liver disease].

Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as the critical reduction of functional intestines below the minimum needed to absorb nutrients and fluids, so that intravenous supplementation with parenteral nutrition (PN) is required to maintain health and/or growth. Although the benefits are evident, patients receiving PN can suffer from serious cholestasis due to lack of enteral feeding and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). One such complication that may arise is intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Evidences from recent studies suggest that alterations in the intestinal microbiota, as well as intraluminal bile acid driven signaling, may play a critical role in both hepatic and intestinal injury. Since Marshall first proposed the concept of the gut-liver axis in 1998, the role of gut-liver axis disorders in the development of IFALD has received considerable attention. The conversation between gut and liver is the key to maintain liver metabolism and intestinal homeostasis, which influences each other and is reciprocal causation. However, as a "forgotten organ" , intestinal microbiota on the pathogenesis of IFALD has not been well reflected. As such, we propose, for the first time, the concept of gut-microbiota-liver axis to emphasize the importance of intestinal microbiota in the interaction of gut-liver axis. Analysis and research on gut-microbiota-liver axis will be of great significance for understanding the pathogenesis of IFALD and improving the prevention and treatment measures.

Mechanism of gut-microbiota-liver axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal failure-associated liver disease / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as the critical reduction of functional intestines below the minimum needed to absorb nutrients and fluids, so that intravenous supplementation with parenteral nutrition (PN) is required to maintain health and/or growth. Although the benefits are evident, patients receiving PN can suffer from serious cholestasis due to lack of enteral feeding and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). One such complication that may arise is intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Evidences from recent studies suggest that alterations in the intestinal microbiota, as well as intraluminal bile acid driven signaling, may play a critical role in both hepatic and intestinal injury. Since Marshall first proposed the concept of the gut-liver axis in 1998, the role of gut-liver axis disorders in the development of IFALD has received considerable attention. The conversation between gut and liver is the key to maintain liver metabolism and intestinal homeostasis, which influences each other and is reciprocal causation. However, as a "forgotten organ" , intestinal microbiota on the pathogenesis of IFALD has not been well reflected. As such, we propose, for the first time, the concept of gut-microbiota-liver axis to emphasize the importance of intestinal microbiota in the interaction of gut-liver axis. Analysis and research on gut-microbiota-liver axis will be of great significance for understanding the pathogenesis of IFALD and improving the prevention and treatment measures.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Foregut Dysmotility in Children with Intestinal Failure.

Gastrointestinal dysmotility is a common problem in a subgroup of children with intestinal failure (IF), including short bowel syndrome (SBS) and pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO). It contributes significantly to the increased morbidity and decreased quality of life in this patient population. Impaired gastrointestinal (GI) motility in IF arises from either loss of GI function due to the primary disorder (e.g., neuropathic or myopathic disorder in the PIPO syndrome) and/or a critical reduction in gut mass. Abnormalities of the anatomy, enteric hormone secretion and neural supply in IF can result in rapid transit, ineffective antegrade peristalsis, delayed gastric emptying or gastroesophageal reflux. Understanding the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism(s) of the enteric dysmotility in IF helps us to plan an appropriate diagnostic workup and apply individually tailored nutritional and pharmacological management, which might ultimately lead to an overall improvement in the quality of life and increase in enteral tolerance. In this review, we have focused on the pathogenesis of GI dysmotility in children with IF, as well as the management and treatment options.

Stem cell and niche regulation in human short bowel syndrome.

Loss of functional small bowel surface area following surgical resection for disorders such as Crohn's disease, intestinal ischemic injury, radiation enteritis, and in children, necrotizing enterocolitis, atresia, and gastroschisis, may result in short bowel syndrome, with attendant high morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in the United States. Following resection, the remaining small bowel epithelium mounts an adaptive response, resulting in increased crypt cell proliferation, increased villus height, increased crypt depth, and enhanced nutrient and electrolyte absorption. Although these morphologic and functional changes are well described in animal models, the adaptive response in humans is less well understood. Clinically the response is unpredictable and often inadequate. Here we address the hypotheses that human intestinal stem cell populations are expanded and that the stem cell niche is regulated following massive gut resection in short bowel syndrome (SBS). We use intestinal enteroid cultures from patients with SBS to show that the magnitude and phenotype of the adaptive stem cell response are both regulated by stromal niche cells, including intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts, which are activated by intestinal resection to enhance epithelial stem and proliferative cell responses. Our data suggest that myofibroblast regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways plays a role in the gut adaptive response after resection.

Fallo intestinal en adultos y niños / No disponible

El fallo intestinal (FI) es poco frecuente, pero representa una de las patologías de manejo médico-quirúrgico más complejo tanto en adultos como en niños. El tratamiento de primera línea sigue siendo la nutrición parenteral (NP). No obstante, en las últimas décadas, con el auge de los equipos multidisciplinares y el desarrollo de las nuevas terapias hormonales, como primer abordaje no sintomático del FI se abren nuevas alternativas en el campo de la rehabilitación intestinal

No disponible

Remnant Intestinal Length Defines Intestinal Adaptation and Hepatic Steatosis: Two Zebrafish Models.

BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a condition that results from inadequate intestinal absorptive capacity, usually after the loss of functional intestine. We have previously developed a severe model of SBS in zebrafish that demonstrated increased intestinal adaptation (IA) and epithelial proliferation in SBS zebrafish. However, many children with SBS do not have this extreme intestinal loss. Therefore, in this study, we developed a variation of this model to evaluate the effects of increasing intestinal length on IA and the complications of SBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, adult male zebrafish were assigned to three groups: sham (n = 30), S1-SBS (n = 30), and S3-SBS (n = 30). Sham surgery included ventral laparotomy alone. S1-SBS surgery consisted of laparotomy with creation of a proximal stoma at S1 (jejunostomy equivalent) and ligation at S4. S3-SBS surgery had stoma creation at S3 (ileostomy equivalent) and the same ligation. Fish were harvested at 14 d. Markers of IA were measured from proximal intestinal segments, and the liver was analyzed for development of hepatic steatosis. RESULTS: At 14 d, S3-SBS fish lost less weight than S1-SBS and had increased markers of IA compared with sham fish, which were decreased compared with S1-SBS fish. S3-SBS fish had decreased proximal intestinal inflammation compared with S1-SBS fish. S1-SBS fish developed extensive hepatic steatosis. Although S3-SBS fish have increased hepatic steatosis compared with sham fish, it is decreased compared with S1-SBS. CONCLUSIONS: Longer remnant intestine decreases the extent of IA, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in a zebrafish model of SBS.

Chyme Reinfusion in Intestinal Failure Related to Temporary Double Enterostomies and Enteroatmospheric Fistulas.

Some temporary double enterostomies (DES) or entero-atmospheric fistulas (EAF) have high output and are responsible for Type 2 intestinal failure. Intravenous supplementations (IVS) for parenteral nutrition and hydration compensate for intestinal losses. Chyme reinfusion (CR) artificially restores continuity pending surgical closure. CR treats intestinal failure and is recommended by European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) when possible. The objective of this study was to show changes in nutritional status, intestinal function, liver tests, IVS needs during CR, and the feasibility of continuing it at home. A retrospective study of 306 admitted patients treated with CR from 2000 to 2018 was conducted. CR was permanent such that a peristaltic pump sucked the upstream chyme and reinfused it immediately in a tube inserted into the downstream intestine. Weight, plasma albumin, daily volumes of intestinal and fecal losses, intestinal nitrogen, and lipid absorption coefficients, plasma citrulline, liver tests, and calculated indices were compared before and during CR in patients who had both measurements. The patients included 185 males and 121 females and were 63 ± 15 years old. There were 37 (12%), 269 (88%) patients with EAF and DES, respectively. The proximal small bowel length from the duodeno-jejunal angle was 108 ± 67 cm (n = 232), and the length of distal small intestine was 117 ± 72 cm (n = 253). The median CR start was 5 d (quartile 25-75%, 2-10) after admission and continued for 64 d (45-95), including 81 patients at home for 47 d (28-74). Oral feeding was exclusive 171(56%), with enteral supplement 122 (42%), or with IVS 23 (7%). Before CR, 211 (69%) patients had IVS for nutrition (77%) or for hydration (23%). IVS were stopped in 188 (89%) 2 d (0-7) after the beginning of CR and continued in 23 (11%) with lower volumes. Nutritional status improved with respect to weight gain (+3.5 ± 8.4%) and albumin (+5.4 ± 5.8 g/L). Intestinal failure was cured in the majority of cases as evidenced by the decrease in intestinal losses by 2096 ± 959 mL/d, the increase in absorption of nitrogen 32 ± 20%, of lipids 43 ± 30%, and the improvement of citrulline 13.1 ± 8.1 µmol/L. The citrulline increase was correlated with the length of the distal intestine. The number of patients with at least one liver test >2N decreased from 84-40%. In cases of Type 2 intestinal failure related to DES or FAE with an accessible and functional distal small bowel segment, CR restored intestinal functions, reduced the need of IVS by 89% and helped improve nutritional status and liver tests. There were no vital complications or infectious diarrhea described to date. CR can become the first-line treatment for intestinal failure related to double enterostomy and high output fistulas.