Non-malignant silica-related diseases in a specialized outpatient clinic.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled occupational exposure to silica is still frequent in Brazil, with several recent records in the state of Minas Gerais. However, few national studies have addressed silica-related diseases other than silicosis. AIMS: To describe the occurrence of the main non-malignant silica-related diseases: silicosis, tuberculosis (TB), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and autoimmune diseases in a specialized outpatient clinic. METHODS: Case series study of 1525 patients exposed to silica, seen between 1984 and 2021, with descriptive findings of clinical and occupational data from the first medical evaluation. RESULTS: Medians of age and exposure time were 47 and 15 years, respectively, and 97% of patients were male. The prevalence of silicosis was 44%, of which 27% had large opacities. The main occupational sectors were underground gold mining (28%), precious and semi-precious stone work (20%), and artisanal mining (9%). Spirometries were abnormal in 55%, with obstructive disorder being the most common finding. COPD (25%), active TB or sequelae (12%), and connective tissue diseases (6%) were diagnosed in patients with and without silicosis. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of silicosis appears to be alarming, even considering the biases of selective referrals. The patients were relatively young and already had a functional impact, caused not only by silicosis but by one or more silica-related diseases. COPD, TB, and connective tissue diseases proved to be frequent, leading to the need for specifics protocols to investigate them in individuals exposed to silica. By adopting strategies to combat silicosis, the prevention of other silica-related diseases is concomitantly promoted.

Respiratory health and silicosis in artisanal mine workers in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) are an important source of employment in southern Brazil. Mining workers are frequently exposed to unhealthy work conditions which increase the risk of occupational diseases. In this study, we assessed the association of sociodemographic factors and the occupational history of artisanal mining workers with the risk of adverse respiratory outcomes. METHODS: The study was conducted with 258 artisanal mining workers in southern Brazil, who were exposed to dust (mainly crystalline silica) in their work. Information on sociodemographic variables and occupational histories was collected between 2017 and 2018. To estimate the worker's exposure to inhalable dust we use the Advanced REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals) Tool (ART). RESULTS: Study participants were all men, with an average age of 40 years. Median crude dust exposure estimated by ART was 13.2 mg/m³ and median crude crystalline silica exposure was 1.6 mg/m3 . The prevalence ratio (PR) for self-reported silicosis was 3.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-7.17) in workers with 20 years or more of mining work. Factors associated with silicosis were age, pack-years of tobacco use, and body mass index. Smokers were over twice as likely to report respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a high prevalence of silicosis and other associated diseases in mining workers is associated with both unhealthy work environment conditions and the health profile of workers. This study is an important step for understanding health outcomes from work in ASM.

Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers induced by silica exposure in crystal craftsmen.

BACKGROUND: Identification of biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of silicosis would be highly advantageous in the clinical setting. The aim of this study is to evaluate inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in subjects exposed to silica. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of crystal craftsmen currently (n = 34) or formerly (n = 35) exposed and a group of nonexposed subjects (n = 12) was performed. Personal respirable dust samples were collected. Plasma inflammatory mediators (bone morphogenetic protein- BMP2 and chemokines CXCL16, and CCL5), oxidative stress enzymes (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARs] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and nitrite (NO2- ) were analyzed in parallel with nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO). RESULTS: Being currently or formerly exposed to silica was related to increased levels of CXCL16 and TBARs. Currently, exposed subjects showed decreased levels of SOD. Thirty-seven craftsmen with silicosis (26 formerly and 11 currently exposed) showed higher levels of CXCL16, which was positively associated with the radiological severity of silicosis. Compared with the nonexposed, subjects with silicosis had higher levels of TBARs and those with complicated silicosis had lower levels of SOD. In multivariate analysis, higher levels of CXCL16 were associated with exposure status and radiological severity of silicosis. Smoking was not a confounder. FeNO did not distinguish between the exposure status and the presence of silicosis. CONCLUSION: CXCL16 emerged as a potential biomarker that could distinguish both silica exposure and silicosis. TBARs were elevated in exposed individuals. However, their clinical applications demand further investigation in follow-up studies of representative samples.

Evaluation of the exposure to coal dust and prevalence of pneumoconiosis in underground mining in three Colombian departments / Evaluación de la exposición al polvo de carbón y de sílice en sitios de minería subterránea en tres departamentos de Colombia

Introduction: Coal workers' pneumoconiosis is a chronic and irreversible disease representing a public health problem. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors among underground coal miners in the Colombian departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 476 miners to measure the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors such as coal dust and silica levels, as well as the occupational conditions. The medical assessment and a chest x-ray were performed according to the International Labor Organization criteria, along with spirometry and the identification of glutathione S-transferase and repair enzyme polymorphisms.The associations were explored using Cox regression models. Results: We performed a total of 479 environmental monitoring sessions in 31 companies and we evaluated 476 workers with 10 to 57 years of mining work experience. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 33.8% (95% CI: 27.0 - 41.3%). In the Cox multivariate regression model with a constant risk time, pneumoconiosis was significantly associated with working in medium-sized companies (PR=2.00, 95% CI: 0.995 - 2.690; p=0.052), the level of severe exposure to coal dust (PR=2.055, 95% CI: 1.043 - 4.048; p=0.038), and working in underground mining for 25 years or more (for those with 25.0-29.9 years: PR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.449 - 3.338; p=0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was very high and was found to be associated with severe exposure to coal dust, work exposure for 25 years or more and working in medium-sized enterprises

Introducción. La neumoconiosis de mineros del carbón es una enfermedad crónica e irreversible que se considera un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y sus factores asociados en mineros de carbón de Boyacá, Cundinamarca y Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en 476 mineros. Se les hizo valoración médica, se tomaron radiografías de tórax siguiendo los criterios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como espirometrías, y se identificaron los polimorfismos de la glutatión S-transferasa y de las enzimas de reparación. Las asociaciones entre las condiciones ocupacionales y de la empresa con la neumoconiosis, se estudiaron usando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. En 31 empresas se hicieron 479 monitorizaciones ambientales y se evaluaron 476 trabajadores cuyo tiempo de trabajo fluctuaba entre 10 y 57 años. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue de 33,8 % (IC95% 27,0-41,3). En el modelo de regresión multivariado de Cox, con tiempo de riesgo constante para la neumoconiosis, esta se asoció significativamente con el trabajo en empresas medianas (razón de prevalencias, RP=2,00; IC95% 0,995- 2,690; p=0,052), con un nivel alto de exposición al polvo de carbón según el índice de exposición (RP=2,055; IC95% 1,043-4,048; p=0,038), y una antigüedad de 25 años o más (para 25,0 a 29,9 años: RP=2,199; IC95% 1,449-3,338; p=0,001). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue muy alta y se asoció a la exposición a altos niveles de polvo de carbón, a una exposición laboral mayor o igual a 25 años y al trabajo en empresas medianas.

Silicosis prevalence and risk factors in semi-precious stone mining in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Underground mining generates large amounts of dust and exposes workers to silica. This study aims to determine the prevalence and predictor factors for the development of silicosis among semi-precious-stone mineworkers in southern Brazil working in a self-administered cooperative. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 348 current workers and retirees, demographic data, medical, and occupational history were collected through an interview performed by a nurse and medical record review. Risk factor associations were studied by Poisson multivariate regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of silicosis was 37%, while in current miners it was 28%. Several risk factors for silicosis were identified in the univariate analysis. Inadequate ventilation in the underground galleries combined with dry drilling, duration of silica exposure, and (inversely) education remained significant in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study is unusual in studying semi-precious stone mineworkers in a self-administered worker cooperative with limited resources. The prevalence of silicosis was very high. A number of recommendations are made-including technical support for worker cooperatives, surveillance of silica exposure and silicosis, exposure reduction measures, and benefits allowing impaired miners to leave the industry.

Silica exposure and disease in semi-precious stone craftsmen, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is an exporter of precious stones and craftsmen often work in poor conditions. We assessed silica-related diseases among crystal craftsmen and the complexity of its control. METHODS: Case-series including 118 subjects evaluated from 2006 to 2015, based on medical interviews, chest X-rays, spirometry, and respirable silica samples. RESULTS: Median age and length of exposure were 32 and 13 years, respectively. Silicosis, with 1/0 as a threshold, was diagnosed radiologically in 57 individuals (48.3%). Respirable silica concentrations were 0.9-29.3 times greater than the Brazilian occupational exposure limit. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve with the same diagnosis threshold showed best discrimination at a cut point of 12.5 years of exposure, corresponding to 4.85 mg-y/m3 of cumulative silica exposure. There was a significant decline in FEV1 across radiological and cumulative silica exposure categories. Eleven individuals (9.3%) had mycobacterial diseases at baseline or follow-up. CONCLUSION: Crystal craftsmen continue to suffer from silicosis, lung function impairment, comorbidity, and death due to silicosis. To date collective protection in some work sheds has not diminished silica levels. Long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate further improvements in preventive measures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:239-247, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

La silicosis: ¿un problema de salud pública prioritario para Chile? / Silicosis: a relevant public health issue in Chile?

Work related diseases and common diseases are covered by separated health systems in Chile. Chilean Ministry of Health focuses on common diseases, making work related diseases almost absent from public health policies. In this article current national and international information about the magnitude and impact of silicosis is reviewed. Although the quality of the national information is suboptimal, it is possible to estimate in several hundreds of thousands the number of workers exposed to silica dust, tens of thousands those under medical surveillance and thousands those currently affected by the disease. Albeit, additional efforts need to be made to estimate the burden of this disease on the Chilean population, information gathered in this article suggests that it is a relevant public health issue, deserving more importance among public policies in our country.

Las enfermedades comunes y laborales son atendidas en distintos sistemas de aseguramiento de la salud en Chile. Las políticas públicas emanadas del Ministerio de Salud se enfocan en las enfermedades comunes, relegando a un rol secundario a aquellas ocasionadas por la actividad laboral de las personas. En este artículo, los autores revisan información actualizada tanto nacional como internacional con el fin de determinar si la silicosis constituye un problema de salud relevante. Aunque la calidad de la información nacional no es óptima, su revisión permite estimar que son cientos de miles los trabajadores expuestos a sílice cristalina, que hay varias decenas de miles bajo vigilancia médica y que son más de mil los portadores de la enfermedad. Si bien es necesario hacer mayores esfuerzos para estimar la carga que esta patología representa para la sociedad chilena, la información recopilada indica que constituye un problema de salud pública relevante que debiera tener mayor protagonismo en las políticas públicas de nuestro país.

Efeito do derivado N-acilidrazônico LASSBio-897 sobre a resposta inflamatória pulmonar na asma e silicose experimentais / Effect of the N-acylhydrazone derivative LASSBio-897 on pulmonary inflammatory response in experimental asthma and silicosis

Doenças pulmonares crônicas, como a asma e a silicose, são caracterizadas por inflamação das vias aéreas e fibrose que levam à marcada deterioração da função pulmonar. O objetivo da presente tese é investigar o impacto das propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antifibróticas do composto LASSBio-897 na asma e silicose experimental. Utilizaram-se metodologias diversas, incluindo a quantificação da reatividade de vias aéreas por pletismografia barométrica, além da quantificação do teor tecidual de mediadores inflamatórios por ELISA e do infiltrado celular pulmonar com técnicas de histologia e imunohistoquímica. Foram ainda quantificados a produção de citocinas por fibroblastos e macrófagos “in vitro”. O tratamento oral profilático com LASSBio-897 (2 e 5 mg/kg) preveniu a instalação do quadro de hiper-reatividade brônquica, o infiltrado celular e a geração de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em modelos de asma aguda em camundongos. Por outro lado, o tratamento mostrou-se inativo quando feito após a instalação da resposta asmática. Resultados mais promissores foram obtidos na condição da silicose experimental, onde o tratamento oral terapêutico com LASSBio-897 (2 e 5 mg/kg) claramente inibiu o comprometimento da função pulmonar, o processo inflamatório e a fibrose observados induzidos pela exposição à sílica. O composto não interferiu com a atividade de mastócitos e células epiteliais estimuladas com sílica “in vitro”. No entanto, a administração de LASSBio-897 reduziu a expressão de F4/80 e alfa-SMA no tecido pulmonar de animais silicóticos, evidenciando assim sua atividade sobre macrófagos e miofibroblastos, respectivamente. Ensaios “in vitro” confirmaram esse efeito, uma vez que o composto reduziu a liberação de TNF-alfa por macrófagos alveolares estimulados com sílica e inibiu a proliferação e produção de colágeno induzida por IL-13 em fibroblastos pulmonares oriundos de animais silicóticos...

Chronic lung diseases such as asthma and silicosis are characterized by airwayinflammation and fibrosis leading to marked deterioration of lung function. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of compound LASSBio-897 onexperimental asthma and silicosis. Various pathological parameters wereassessed, including airway hyper-reactivity by barometric plethysmography,lung tissue content of inflammatory mediators by ELISA and cellular infiltrationusing histology and immunohistochemistry techniques. Cytokine generationfrom fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro was also quantified. Oral prophylactictreatment with LASSBio-897 (2 and 5 mg/kg) prevented airway bronchial hyperreactivity,leukocyte recruitment and cytokine generation in a model of acuteasthma in mice. However, this treatment was inactive when performed afterinstallation of the asthmatic response. More promising results were obtained inthe experimental silicosis condition, where the LASSBio-897 therapeutictreatment (2 and 5 mg/kg, oral) clearly inhibited airway hyper-reactivity, as wellas inflammation and peribronchial fibrosis induced by silica particles.Furthermore, LASSBio-897 did not interfere with mast cells and epithelial cellsactivity after silica stimulation in vitro. However, LASSBio-897 clearly reducedF4/80 and alfa-SMA expression in the lung of silicotic mice, showing its inhibitoryeffect on macrophages and myofibroblasts, respectively. In vitro assaysconfirmed this effect, since the compound reduced TNF-alfa release by analveolar macrophage cell lineage after silica exposure, and inhibitedproliferation and collagen production induced by IL-13 in lung fibroblastsrecovered from silicotic mice...

Silicose em ex-mineiros de extração de cobre / Silicosis among former copper mine workers

Introdução: Existe escassez de estudos brasileiros analisando o efeito da exposição contínua à sílica em ex-trabalhadores de minas de cobre. Os achados radiográficos produzidos pela silicose têm recebido atenção médica especial. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar clínica e radiologicamente a silicose em ex-mineiros de extração de cobre. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 100 ex-mineiros de extração de cobre. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista pessoal, dados clínicos ocupacionais e exames radiológicos. Na entrevista foi verificada a idade, sexo e o tempo de trabalho na extração de cobre. Os pacientes que já haviam realizado exame radiológico de tórax trouxeram estes para comparação. Os ex-mineiros assinaram um termo de consentimento para a realização dos exames radiológicos os quais foram aplicados pelo radiologista que os interpretou. Resultados: Entre os 100 ex-mineiros 35% são portadores de silicose, 11% apresentaram alterações pulmonares que podem ter outras causas, como tuberculose, enfisema e doença broncopulmonar obstrutiva crônica e 54% não apresentaram nenhuma alteração pulmonar. Conclusão: A alta frequência de silicose encontrada reforça a recomendação de suspender a exposição à sílica tão logo se tenha uma radiografia sugestiva da doença

Introduction: There is scarcity of Brazilian studies analyzing the effect of continuous exposure to silica in former workers of copper mines. The radiographic images produced by silicosis have received special medical attention. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical and radiological silicosis in former copper mine workers. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 100 ex-copper miners. Data were collected through personal interview, occupational clinical data, and radiological examinations. In the interviews we recorded age, gender and working time on the extraction of copper. Patients who had previously undergone chest X-rays have brought these for comparison. The ex-miners signed a consent form to be submitted to Xrays, which was applied by the same radiologist that interpreted them. Results: Among the 100 ex-miners 35% are diagnosed with silicosis, 11% had lung abnormalities that may have other causes such as tuberculosis, emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 54% had no pulmonary change. Conclusion: The high incidence of silicosis found reinforces the recommendation to suspend silica exposure as soon as there is a radiograph suggestive of the disease

Autoantibodies in silicosis patients and in silica-exposed individuals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of autoantibodies in silica-exposed patients with and without silicosis and without any known rheumatic disease. We studied 61 males exposed to silica for a mean time of 12.2 +/- 10.2 years of exposure. A total of 72.1% (44/61) of them presented with pulmonary silicosis. As control group we included 62 healthy males. In all samples we screened for rheumatoid factor (latex agglutination), antinuclear antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence), anti Scl-70 (ELISA) and ANCA (indirect immunofluorescence technique). One patient (1.6%) of the silica group had weakly positive ANA (titer 1:80, centromeric pattern); one (1.6%) had atypical ANCA and seven patients (11.4%) presented positive rheumatoid factor (values range from 8 to 32 UI/ml). One control patient had a positive RF and none of them had positive ANA or ANCA. All patients and controls were negative for anti-Scl-70. The finding of positive RF was higher in the silica-exposed patients (p = 0.032; Fisher). All patients with positive RF had pulmonary silicosis. In the silica-exposed group we could not find a relationship between the presence of RF and age (p = 0.21; Mann-Whitney), smoking habits (p = 0.25; Fisher) but a positive relationship was found with exposure time to silica dust (p = 0.005; Mann-Whitney). We conclude that there was 11.4% prevalence of low titer RF in the silica-exposed patients without known rheumatic disease. RF was more common in patients with longer exposure to silica dust and appeared only in those with silicosis. The presence of ANA, Scl-70 and ANCA was the same as in the control population.

Silicose: exposição ocupacional e medidas preventivas / Silicosis: occupational exposure and preventive measures

A silicose é uma doença crônica e incapacitante com altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade tornando-se uma preocupação não só no território nacional mas a n´vel internacional. A silicose é a pneumoconiose mais antiga e mesmo assim, medidas preventivas e tecnologia disponível nas indústrias não são suficientes para diminuir sua incidência. Mesmo com desenvolvimento de sistemas legislativos mais eficientes e conscientes, surtos de silicose aguda continuam a ocorrer em indústrias mesmo nos países mais desenvolvidos. Uma vez estabelecida a doença é irreversível tendo como única alternativa evitar a progressão da doença e o surgimento de complicações . Este trabalho foi realizado através de uma extensa revisão da literatura nacional e internacional, utilizando livros texto e artigos publicados nas principais revistas médicas com o objetivo de conhecer melhor a doença e sua epidemiologia, diferentes apresentações e possíveis formas de manejo terapêutico.

[Silicosis among semiprecious gem cutters in Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / A silicose e o perfil dos lapidários de pedras semipreciosas em Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of silicosis among semiprecious gem cutters (n=70) and describe their clinical, epidemiological, and occupational profiles in Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from April to December 2002. Occupational history was used with a respiratory questionnaire, chest x-ray, and spirometry. Silicosis prevalence was 7.1%. All affected individuals were men, with a mean age of 21.5 and mean exposure to silica of 7.1 years. All belonged to the informal economy and had been working at small and rudimentary workshops, using improvised lathes, with intense exposure to silica dust. According to the ILO Radiological Classification, four of the five cases of silicosis were classified as grade 1 and one as grade 3. Silicosis among gem cutters constitutes a serious public health problem that requires efforts to minimize risk through work by multidisciplinary teams from government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, with active participation by the workers themselves.

[Occupational exposure and occurrence of pneumoconioses in Campinas, Brazil, 1978-2003]. / Exposição ocupacional e ocorrência de pneumoconioses na região de Campinas (SP) Brasil, 1978-2003.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and consolidate a comprehensive database on the occurrence of pneumoconioses in an industrialized region of Brazil, with a special focus on the activities most frequently related to these diseases. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted in order to gather data on cases of pneumoconioses treated at the outpatient clinic of the State University at Campinas Hospital das Clínicas between 1978 and 2003. Individuals diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, based on their occupational history and on chest X-ray findings of abnormalities consistent with interstitial lung disease involving the parenchyma, in accordance with the 1980 and 2000 recommendations of the International Labour Organization, were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 1147 cases of pneumoconiosis were identified (1075 in males and 72 in females): 1061 cases of silicosis (92.5%); 51 cases of mixed-dust pneumoconiosis (4.45%); 15 cases of asbestosis (1.31%); 13 cases of phosphate rock-related pneumoconiosis (1.13%); and 7 cases of other types of pneumoconiosis (0.6%), including those related to exposure to coal, graphite and hard metals. The most common chest X-ray findings were 1/0, 1/1 or 1/2 profusion and small regular opacities (p, q or r), although 192 patients (16.74%) presented large opacities. There has been a substantial decline in the occurrence of the disease since the 1990s, and the duration of exposure was typically shorter than that observed in a study conducted in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have been compiled into a comprehensive database for the investigation of pneumoconiosis in an industrialized area of Brazil. These data make it possible to conduct follow-up studies and develop health policies related to occupational respiratory disorders.

A silicose e o perfil dos lapidários de pedras semipreciosas em Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Silicosis among semiprecious gem cutters in Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Para conhecer a prevalência de silicose, descrever os perfis clínico, epidemiológico e ocupacional, e estudar as condições de trabalho das oficinas de lapidação, realizou-se estudo transversal de setenta lapidários de pedras semipreciosas de Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de abril a dezembro de 2002. Utilizaram-se história ocupacional com questionário respiratório, radiografia de tórax e espirometria. A prevalência de silicose foi de 7,1 por cento. Todos eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 21,5 anos e tempo médio de exposição à sílica de 7,1 anos. Todos pertenciam ao setor da economia informal e trabalhavam em oficinas pequenas e rudimentares, sendo o maquinário improvisado e havendo maciça exposição à sílica. Segundo a Classificação Radiológica da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, dos cinco casos de silicose, quatro foram classificados na categoria 1, e um na 3. A silicose em lapidários constitui um sério problema de saúde pública que requer esforços para minimização do risco de adoecimento, por meio da ação de equipes multidisciplinares provenientes de instituições governamentais e não-governamentais, com inserção ativa dos trabalhadores.

A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of silicosis among semiprecious gem cutters (n = 70) and describe their clinical, epidemiological, and occupational profiles in Joaquim Felício, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from April to December 2002. Occupational history was used with a respiratory questionnaire, chest x-ray, and spirometry. Silicosis prevalence was 7.1 percent. All affected individuals were men, with a mean age of 21.5 and mean exposure to silica of 7.1 years. All belonged to the informal economy and had been working at small and rudimentary workshops, using improvised lathes, with intense exposure to silica dust. According to the ILO Radiological Classification, four of the five cases of silicosis were classified as grade 1 and one as grade 3. Silicosis among gem cutters constitutes a serious public health problem that requires efforts to minimize risk through work by multidisciplinary teams from government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, with active participation by the workers themselves.

Exposição ocupacional e ocorrência de pneumoconioses na região de Campinas (SP) Brasil, 1978-2003 / Occupational exposure and occurrence of pneumoconioses in Campinas, Brazil, 1978-2003

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver e consolidar uma ampla base de dados acerca da ocorrência das pneumoconioses numa região industrializada do Brasil, com especial referência às atividades mais freqüentemente relacionadas a essas doenças. MÉTODOS: Numa avaliação retrospectiva observacional, coletaram-se dados referentes à casuística ambulatorial das pneumoconioses no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, entre o período de 1978 e 2003. Incluíram-se os indivíduos com diagnóstico de pneumoconiose, com base no histórico ocupacional e no radiograma do tórax, segundo recomendações da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, de 1980 e 2000, com anormalidades compatíveis com comprometimento intersticial do parênquima pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 1.147 casos de pneumoconiose (1.075 homens e 72 mulheres), sendo 1.061 casos (92,5 por cento) de silicose, 51 (4,45 por cento) de pneumoconiose por poeira mista, 15 (1,31 por cento) de asbestose, 13 (1,13 por cento) de pneumoconiose por rocha fosfática e 7 (0,61 por cento) de outras pneumoconioses (por carvão, grafite e metais duros). As alterações radiológicas com profusão 1/0, 1/1 e 1/2 e as pequenas opacidades regulares p, q e r foram as mais freqüentes, tendo sido identificados 192 casos (16,74 por cento) com grandes opacidades. Observou-se redução pronunciada da ocorrência dos casos a partir da década de 1990; adicionalmente, o tempo de exposição foi caracteristicamente mais breve do que o observado em série norte-americana. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados do presente estudo estabelecem uma ampla base de dados para a investigação da ocorrência de pneumoconioses numa região industrializada brasileira, tornando factível a realização de estudos de seguimento e a elaboração de políticas de saúde relacionadas aos agravos respiratórios ocupacionais.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and consolidate a comprehensive database on the occurrence of pneumoconioses in an industrialized region of Brazil, with a special focus on the activities most frequently related to these diseases. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted in order to gather data on cases of pneumoconioses treated at the outpatient clinic of the State University at Campinas Hospital das Clínicas between 1978 and 2003. Individuals diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, based on their occupational history and on chest X-ray findings of abnormalities consistent with interstitial lung disease involving the parenchyma, in accordance with the 1980 and 2000 recommendations of the International Labour Organization, were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 1147 cases of pneumoconiosis were identified (1075 in males and 72 in females): 1061 cases of silicosis (92.5 percent); 51 cases of mixed-dust pneumoconiosis (4.45 percent); 15 cases of asbestosis (1.31 percent); 13 cases of phosphate rock-related pneumoconiosis (1.13 percent); and 7 cases of other types of pneumoconiosis (0.6 percent), including those related to exposure to coal, graphite and hard metals. The most common chest X-ray findings were 1/0, 1/1 or 1/2 profusion and small regular opacities (p, q or r), although 192 patients (16.74 percent) presented large opacities. There has been a substantial decline in the occurrence of the disease since the 1990s, and the duration of exposure was typically shorter than that observed in a study conducted in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have been compiled into a comprehensive database for the investigation of pneumoconiosis in an industrialized area of Brazil. These data make it possible to conduct follow-up studies and develop health policies related to occupational respiratory disorders.

Exposição ocupacional à sílica e silicose entre trabalhadores de marmorarias, no município de São Paulo / Occupational exposure to silica and silicosis among sheds workers in São Paulo

No Brasil encontram-se em crescimento os índices de prevalência das doenças crônicas causadas pela exposição dos trabalhadores à poeiras minerais, sendo a silicose a pneumoconiose de maior prevalência, realizou-se estudo com objetivo de estimar o risco de silicose e propor ações preventivas.Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal em 27 marmorarias, no município de São Paulo que executavam o beneficiamento final de rochas ornamentais, que inclui: a) avaliação da exposição à poeiras e à sílica cristalina respirável por meio de coleta de amostras de ar, análise química por gravimetria e difração de Raios X e acumulação das exposições estimadas por função conforme história ocupacional; b) aplicação de questionário de sintomas respiratórios e avaliação médica, espirometria e radiografia do tórax; c) correlação dos resultados de exposição acumulada, com achados clínicos e radiológicos por meio de análises estatísticas; d) levantamento de informações sobre os processos de trabalho e alternativas de controle. Resultados: Os acabadores possuíam a maior exposição, concentração de 0,36 mg m3 (IC 95 por cento 0,32 a 0,47) para granitos e de 0,19 mg m3 (IC 95 por cento 0,16 a 0,23) para a mistura de matérias primas. Para estimativa de exposição acumulada à sílica cristalina respirável de 0,56 mg m3 anos existiu risco de OD = 1,2 (IC 95 por cento 1,02 a 1,40) de o trabalhador exposto apresentar classificação radiológica alterada, profusão maior ou igual 1, em relação a um trabalhador não exposto, com tempo médio de exposição de 19,9 ( mais ou menos 13,0) anos.A população possuía baixo nível de escolaridade e de renda familiar com média de idade 35,8 ( mais ou menos 11,6) anos.

Las silicosis aceleradas / The accelerated silicosis

Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 67 pacientes con diagnóstico de silicosis. Los 37 primeros tienen el tipo de silicosis acelerada (grupo A) y los segundos, silicosis crónica (grupo C). De los del primer grupo fallecieron 9, con los que se conformó otro que se estudió aparte (grupo B). Todos fueron objeto de estudios clínicos, radiológicos, funcionales y broncoscópicos. El conjunto de ellos, considerados en promedio, demostraron que la enfermedad era más grave en el grupo B que en el grupo A, a pesar de su juventud y menor exposición. Los del grupo A tenían una situación de gravedad importante, aunque menor que los del B. El grupo C tenía lesiones irreversibles y autoevolutivas de tal naturaleza que sugieren cronicidad y agravamientos a plazos más prolongados. De los de la enfermedad acelerada falleció el 25 por ciento. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se destaca el predominio de oficios como arenador y minero. Se verificó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre: 1) el oficio de arenador y el diagnóstico de silicosis acelerada; Odd Ratio 149.8, IC 95 por ciento (16.4 < OR < 6303.0). 2) diagnóstico de silicosis crónica con el oficio de minero, OR 26.4, IC 95 por ciento (5.7 < OR 158.3). 3) la posibilidad de morir y el antecedente de arenado (concentración de sílice en el medio ambiente laboral)...(AU)

Las silicosis aceleradas / The accelerated silicosis

Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 67 pacientes con diagnóstico de silicosis. Los 37 primeros tienen el tipo de silicosis acelerada (grupo A) y los segundos, silicosis crónica (grupo C). De los del primer grupo fallecieron 9, con los que se conformó otro que se estudió aparte (grupo B). Todos fueron objeto de estudios clínicos, radiológicos, funcionales y broncoscópicos. El conjunto de ellos, considerados en promedio, demostraron que la enfermedad era más grave en el grupo B que en el grupo A, a pesar de su juventud y menor exposición. Los del grupo A tenían una situación de gravedad importante, aunque menor que los del B. El grupo C tenía lesiones irreversibles y autoevolutivas de tal naturaleza que sugieren cronicidad y agravamientos a plazos más prolongados. De los de la enfermedad acelerada falleció el 25 por ciento. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se destaca el predominio de oficios como arenador y minero. Se verificó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre: 1) el oficio de arenador y el diagnóstico de silicosis acelerada; Odd Ratio 149.8, IC 95 por ciento (16.4 < OR < 6303.0). 2) diagnóstico de silicosis crónica con el oficio de minero, OR 26.4, IC 95 por ciento (5.7 < OR 158.3). 3) la posibilidad de morir y el antecedente de arenado (concentración de sílice en el medio ambiente laboral)...

High prevalence of silicosis among stone carvers in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: In the city of Petrópolis, Brazil, artisans carve souvenirs from a variety of silica-containing minerals. The finding of pulmonary massive fibrosis in one of the workers motivated an investigation of the prevalence of silicosis in this group. METHODS: Between January 2000 and June 2002, a cross-sectional study was performed. We obtained clinical and occupational histories, spirometry, lung volumes, and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity measurements. Chest radiographs and high-resolution computed tomographies (HRCT) were evaluated. Personal air samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-two stone carvers were examined. The prevalence of silicosis was 53.7%. HRCT better characterized silicotic lesions compared to chest radiographs. Early coalescence of small opacities was associated with lung function impairment. The concentration of dust exceeded permissible limits in 91% of the workplaces. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to high levels of silica dust was associated with an increased prevalence of silicosis among stone carvers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:194-201, 2004.