Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of sofosbuvir and simeprevir with and without ribavirin in a human-derived liver cell line.

Direct-acting antivirals have revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Sofosbuvir and simeprevir are prescribed worldwide. However, there is a scarcity of information regarding their genotoxicity. Therefore, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sofosbuvir and simeprevir, alone and combined with ribavirin. HepG2 cells were analyzed using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Cells were treated for 24 h with sofosbuvir (0.011-1.511 mM), simeprevir (0.156-5.0 µM), and their combinations with ribavirin (0.250-4.0 mM). No significant differences were observed in the nuclear division cytotoxicity index, reflecting the absence of cytotoxic effects associated to sofosbuvir. However, the highest concentration of simeprevir showed a significant difference for the nuclear division cytotoxicity index. Moreover, significant results were observed for nuclear division cytotoxicity index in two combinations of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin and only in the highest combination of simeprevir plus ribavirin. Additionally, our results showed that sofosbuvir did not increase the frequency of chromosomal damage, but simeprevir significantly increased the frequency of micronuclei at the highest concentrations. The combination index demonstrated that both sofosbuvir and simeprevir produced antagonism to the genotoxic effects of ribavirin. In conclusion, our results showed that simeprevir, but not sofosbuvir, has genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells.

Cognitive assessment in patients with Hepatitis C submitted to treatment with Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir or Daclatasvir.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C can be defined as an infectious disease that develops an inflammatory activity, which may cause an impairment in the central nervous system, may cause cognitive impairments and symptoms of depression. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify the cognitive performance of patients with chronic hepatitis C before and after treatment with simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in three stages: before, right after treatment, and six months after. Fifty-eight patients under clinical follow-up were evaluated at the Emílio Ribas Infectology Institute, in São Paulo, Brazil. The following instruments were used: sociodemographic questionnaire, Lawton's Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory, and a battery of neuropsychological tests that evaluated: intellectual function, memory, attention, executive function, and motor and processing speed). For statistical analysis, the analyses described (mean, frequency, and standard deviation), chi-square, and ANOVA were used. RESULTS: Most of the participants were male (n=30, 51.7%), with a mean of 58.23±8.79 years, mean schooling of 9.75±4.43 years. Comparing the results of neuropsychological evaluations (before, just after completion of drugs, and six months), a significant improvement was observed in relation to the acquisition of new knowledge (p=0.03), late visual memory (p=0.01), and tendency towards alternate attention (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: The treatment of the hepatitis C virus improved cognitive performance, especially in relation to memory.

Anti-rod and ring antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C using direct-acting antivirals.

Anti-rods and rings (anti-RR) antibody induction is related to the combination of interferon and ribavirin in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. If the main factor leading to this autoimmune reaction is the combination of these drugs, is not well known, but in vitro studies shows that ribavirin alone can induce rods and rings structures. New direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) permit HCV treatment without needing interferon but may be associated with ribavirin in the most difficult-to-treat patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of anti-RR in patients with chronic HCV infection, before and after 12 weeks of treatment with DAAs, with and without ribavirin. From Jun 2016 to Oct 2017, 52 HCV-infected patients were screened for anti-RR before and after DAA therapy, including sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, simeprevir, and ribavirin. Serum samples were analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence. The anti-RR was present in 11 (21%) of the 52 patients (51.9% male and mean age of 59.1 years) before using DAAs. All of them had been previously treated and previous exposed to interferon/ribavirin, with exposure time to ribavirin associated with the presence of anti-RR. After 12 weeks of DAA treatment, 3 patients (5.7%) developed the antibody in low titers, and two of them (66%) were interferon/ribavirin experienced. Only one of the 29 naïve patients (3.44%) developed anti-RR during the current treatment. Anti-RR was present in patients previously treated with interferon/ribavirin and can emerge after DAA treatment probably at a lower frequency than after interferon/ribavirin treatment.

HEPATITIS C TREATMENT OF RENAL TRANSPLANT AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS: EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL REGIMENS CONTAINING SOFOSBUVIR.

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antivirals have revolutionized hepatitis C treatment, also for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but some controversy exists regarding the use of sofosbuvir (SOF) in patients with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 mL/min. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of these regimens for hepatitis C treatment of patients with CKD and after renal transplantation, as well as the impact of SOF on renal function in non-dialysis patients. METHODS: All patients with hepatitis C and CKD or renal transplant treated with direct-acting antivirals at a referral center in Brazil between January 2016 and August 2017 were included. Efficacy was evaluated based on viral load (HCV RNA) and a sustained virological response (SVR) consisting of undetectable RNA 12 and/or 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12 and SVR24) was defined as cure. Safety was determined by adverse events and ribavirin, when combined, was administered in escalating doses to all patients with GFR <60 mL/min. The impact of SOF on renal function was determined by the measurement of baseline creatinine during and after the end of treatment and its increase was evaluated using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification. RESULTS: A total of 241 patients (52.7% females) with a mean age of 60.72±10.47 years were included. The combination of SOF+daclatasvir was the predominant regimen in 75.6% of cases and anemia was present in 28% of patients who used ribavirin (P=0.04). The SVR12 and SVR24 rates were 99.3% and 97.1%, respectively. The treatment was well tolerated and there were no major clinically relevant adverse events, with the most prevalent being asthenia (57.7%), itching (41.1%), headache (40.7%), and irritability (40.2%). Among conservatively treated and renal transplant patients, oscillations of creatinine levels (AKIN I) were observed in 12.5% of cases during treatment and persisted in only 8.5% after the end of treatment. Of these, 2.0% had an initial GFR <30 mL/min and this percentage decreased to 1.1% after SOF use. Only 0.5% and 1.6% of the patients progressed to AKIN II and AKIN III elevation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The direct-acting antivirals were safe and efficacious in CKD patients treated with SOF-containing regimens, with the observation of high SVR rates, good tolerability and few severe adverse events. The combination with ribavirin increased the risk of anemia and the administration of escalating doses seems to be useful in patients with GFR <60 mL/min. In patients with GFR <30 mL/min, SOF had no significant renal impact, with serum creatinine returning to levels close to baseline after treatment.

Tratamento da hepatite C em pacientes com doença renal crônica e pós-tranplante renal: eficácia e segurança dos esquemas de antivirais de ação direta contendo sofosbuvir / Hepatitis c treatment of renal transplant and chronic kidney disease patients: efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral regimens containing sofosbuvir

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antivirals have revolutionized hepatitis C treatment, also for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but some controversy exists regarding the use of sofosbuvir (SOF) in patients with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 mL/min. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of these regimens for hepatitis C treatment of patients with CKD and after renal transplantation, as well as the impact of SOF on renal function in non-dialysis patients. METHODS: All patients with hepatitis C and CKD or renal transplant treated with direct-acting antivirals at a referral center in Brazil between January 2016 and August 2017 were included. Efficacy was evaluated based on viral load (HCV RNA) and a sustained virological response (SVR) consisting of undetectable RNA 12 and/or 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12 and SVR24) was defined as cure. Safety was determined by adverse events and ribavirin, when combined, was administered in escalating doses to all patients with GFR <60 mL/min. The impact of SOF on renal function was determined by the measurement of baseline creatinine during and after the end of treatment and its increase was evaluated using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification. RESULTS: A total of 241 patients (52.7% females) with a mean age of 60.72±10.47 years were included. The combination of SOF+daclatasvir was the predominant regimen in 75.6% of cases and anemia was present in 28% of patients who used ribavirin (P=0.04). The SVR12 and SVR24 rates were 99.3% and 97.1%, respectively. The treatment was well tolerated and there were no major clinically relevant adverse events, with the most prevalent being asthenia (57.7%), itching (41.1%), headache (40.7%), and irritability (40.2%). Among conservatively treated and renal transplant patients, oscillations of creatinine levels (AKIN I) were observed in 12.5% of cases during treatment and persisted in only 8.5% after the end of treatment. Of these, 2.0% had an initial GFR <30 mL/min and this percentage decreased to 1.1% after SOF use. Only 0.5% and 1.6% of the patients progressed to AKIN II and AKIN III elevation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The direct-acting antivirals were safe and efficacious in CKD patients treated with SOF-containing regimens, with the observation of high SVR rates, good tolerability and few severe adverse events. The combination with ribavirin increased the risk of anemia and the administration of escalating doses seems to be useful in patients with GFR <60 mL/min. In patients with GFR <30 mL/min, SOF had no significant renal impact, with serum creatinine returning to levels close to baseline after treatment.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os antivirais de ação direta revolucionaram o tratamento da hepatite C, inclusive para os pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC), porém ainda há divergências no emprego do sofosbuvir (SOF) quando taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <30 mL/min. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança desses esquemas no tratamento da hepatite C em pacientes com DRC e pós-transplante renal, além de avaliar o impacto do SOF sobre a função renal dos não-dialíticos. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes com hepatite C e DRC ou transplante renal que realizaram tratamento com antivirais de ação direta em centro referenciado do Brasil no período de janeiro/2016 a agosto/2017 foram incluídos. A eficácia foi avaliada por meio da carga viral (HCV-RNA), considerando-se cura uma resposta virológica sustentada (RVS) com resultado indetectável após 12 e/ou 24 semanas do término do tratamento (RVS12 e RVS24). A segurança foi determinada pelos eventos adversos e a ribavirina, quando associada, foi introduzida de forma escalonada em todos os pacientes com TFG <60 mL/min. Para determinação do impacto do SOF sobre a função renal, foram observadas as dosagens de creatinina basal, durante e após término do tratamento com seu incremento avaliado por meio da classificação de AKIN (acute kidney injury network). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 241 pacientes, sendo 52,7% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 60,72±10,47 anos. A associação de SOF+daclatasvir predominou em 75,6% dos casos e anemia esteve presente em 28% dos pacientes que utilizaram ribavirina (P=0,040). As taxas de RVS12 e RVS24 foram de 99,3% e 97,1%. O tratamento foi bem tolerado, com eventos adversos pouco relevantes, sendo os mais prevalentes: astenia (57,7%), prurido (41,1%), cefaleia (40,7%) e irritabilidade (40,2%). Entre os pacientes em tratamento conservador e transplantados renais, os valores de creatinina sofreram oscilações AKIN I em 12,5% dos casos, durante o tratamento, persistindo em apenas 8,5% da amostra após o término, dos quais 2,0% apresentavam TFG <30 mL/min inicialmente, com queda para 1,1% após uso do SOF. Apenas 0,5% e 1,6% evoluíram com elevação AKIN II e AKIN III. CONCLUSÃO: Os antivirais de ação direta foram seguros e eficazes em pacientes com DRC tratados com esquemas contendo SOF, apresentando altas taxas de RVS, boa tolerabilidade e poucos eventos adversos graves. A associação com ribavirina aumentou o risco de anemia, portanto sua introdução de forma escalonada parece ser útil nos pacientes com TFG <60 mL/min. Em pacientes com TFG <30 mL/min o SOF não apresentou impacto renal significativo, com creatinina sérica retornando a valores próximos ao basal após o tratamento.

Baseline resistance associated substitutions in HCV genotype 1 infected cohort treated with Simeprevir, Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization estimates that 1% of the world population (71 million) is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). In 2015, three direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), simeprevir (SMV), sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DCV) were included in the Brazilian protocol for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Despite the fact that the use of these drugs is associated with higher treatment response rates and with lower incidence of side effects, studies have shown the association between the presence of viral resistance mutations and the failure of pharmacological treatment. AIM: This way, this study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of treatment for HCV genotypes 1a and 1b infected patients with these DAAs, also analyzing the occurrence and prevalence of baseline resistance associated substitutions (RAS), observing the impact of these mutations into the treatment success. METHODS: Clinical data were collected from all the 262 HCV infected patients included for comparative analysis, while serum samples collected from 144 of these individuals, before treatment, were submitted to molecular biology approaches for mutation analysis into NS3, NS5A and NS5B regions. RESULTS: Regarding the treatment regimens, 49.6% of the patients received SOF+DCV±ribavirin and 50.4% used SOF+SMV±ribavirin. The sustained virological response at 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) rate was 92.7% (93.9% for SOF plus DCV and 91.7% for SOF plus SMV). No clinical or laboratorial factor was statistically associated with SVR. The most common adverse reactions were haematological events, nausea/vomiting, headache and asthenia. Out of 144 blood samples, 70 (48.6%) had detected RAS, 34.8% treated with SOF+DCV±ribavirin and 61.3% SOF+SMV±ribavirin. The resistance mutations against SMV were detected into NS3: substitutions G122S (28%), I170V (22.7%), Y56F (17.3%) and V132I (14.7%). The mutations against DCV R30Q (9.1%), P58H (6.1%) and Q62E (6.1%) were observed into NS5A, and for SOF the mutations A421V (10.6%), L159F (6.4%) and C316N (6.4%) were present inside NS5B viral protein. Four patients did not reach SVR, three of them presented viruses carrying RAS (1 treated with SOF+DCV and 2 with SOF+SMV). Some of these mutations, like R30Q (present in relapsing samples) and L159F, are well known by their influence on antiviral resistance, while others, like C316N, have a compensatory effect on viral fitness, maintaining these baseline RAS. CONCLUSION: The use of treatment regimens composed of SOF and DCV or SOF and SMV showed a high SVR rate, despite of a high rate of RAS, and a good tolerability profile in patients with HCV genotype 1. However, the high occurrence of baseline RAS observed in this casuistic is still a concern and studies like this show the necessity to understand how they are maintained in the population and to direct more efficiently the use of DAAs.

Direct antiviral therapy for treatment of hepatitis C: A real-world study from Brazil.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) including sofosbuvir (SOF), daclatasvir (DCV), simeprevir (SIM) and ombitasvir, paritaprevir and dasabuvir were introduced 2015 in Brazil for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aims of this study were to assess effectiveness and safety of HCV treatment with DAA in real-life world in a highly admixed population from Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All Brazilian reference centers for HCV treatment were invited to take part in a web-based registry, prospectively conducted by the Brazilian Society of Hepatology, to assess outcomes of HCV treatment in Brazil with DAAs. Data to be collected included demographics, disease severity and comorbidities, genotype (GT), viral load, DAA regimens, treatment side effects and sustained virological response (SVR). RESULTS: 3939 patients (60% males, mean age 58±10 years) throughout the country were evaluated. Most had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, GT1 and were treated with SOF/DCV or SOF/SIM. Overall SVR rates were higher than 95%. Subjects with decompensated cirrhosis, GT2 and GT3 have lower SVR rates of 85%, 90% and 91%, respectively. Cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis in GT1 and male sex and decompensated cirrhosis in GT3 were significantly associated with no SVR. Adverse events (AD) and serious AD occurred in 18% and 5% of those subjects, respectively, but less than 1% of patients required treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSION: SOF-based DAA regimens are effective and safe in the heterogeneous highly admixed Brazilian population and could remain an option for HCV treatment at least in low-income countries.

Effects of Age on Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C with Direct Acting Antivirals.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Data on the efficacy and tolerance of interferon-free treatment in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in elderly patients are limited in phase II-III trials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of adult patients with CHC treated in French general hospitals. RESULTS: Data from 1,123 patients, distributed into four age groups, were analyzed. Of these, 278 were > 64 years old (fourth quartile) and 133 were > 73 years old (tenth decile). Elderly patients weighed less, were more frequently treatment-experienced women infected with genotype 1b or 2, while they less frequently had genotype 3 or HIV coinfection, but had more frequent comorbidities and drug consumption. Half of the patients had cirrhosis, whatever their ages. The main treatment regimens were sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (37.8%), sofosbuvir/daclatasvir (31.8%), sofosbuvir/simeprevir (16.9%), sofosbuvir/ribavirin (7.8%); ribavirin was given to 24% of patients. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) rate was 91.0 % (95% CI: 89.292.5%) with no difference according to age. Logistic regression of the independent predictors of SVR were albumin, hepatocellular carcinoma and treatment regimen, but not age. The rate of severe adverse events (66 in 59/1062 [5.6%] patients) tended to be greater in patients older than 64 years of age (21/261,8.1%), but the only independent predictors of SAE by logistic regression were cirrhosis and baseline hemoglobin. Patient-reported overall tolerance was excellent in all age groups, and patient-reported fatigue decreased during and after treatment, independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: The high efficacy and tolerance of interferon-free regimens is confirmed in elderly patients in real-life conditions.

Simeprevir para o tratamento da hepatite C / Simeprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C

APRESENTAÇÃO: Algumas propostas de incorporação tecnológica no SUS são avaliadas pela CONITEC de forma simplificada, não sendo submetidas à consulta pública e/ou audiência pública. São propostas de relevante interesse público que tratam de ampliação ou em alguns casos da exclusão de uso de tecnologias, nova apresentação de medicamentos ou incorporação de medicamentos com tradicionalidade de uso. Todas essas demandas, exceto as de exclusão, envolvem tecnologias de baixo custo e baixo impacto orçamentário para o SUS e estão relacionadas à elaboração ou revisão de protocolos clínicos e diretrizes terapêuticas (PCDT). SOLICITAÇÃO DE EXCLUSÃO: Demandante: Coordenação de Vigilância das Ist, Aids e Hepatites Virais. Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do Hiv/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Ministério da Saúde (Nota Técnica nº 1/2019-COVIG/CGVP/DIAHV/SVS/MS, constante no processo 25000.131429/2018-14). DOENÇA: Segundo o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para hepatite C e coinfecções (Portaria nº 84, de 19 de dezembro de 2018), o vírus da hepatite C (HCV) pertence ao gênero Hepacivirus, familia ́ Flaviviridae. Sua estrutura genômica écomposta por uma fita simples de ácido ribonucleico (RNA), de polaridade positiva, com aproximadamente 9.400 nucleotideos. ́ Existem, pelo menos, 7 genótipos e 67 subtipos do vírus. A transmissão do HCV ocorre principalmente por via parenteral, por meio do contato com sangue contaminado, a exemplo do compartilhamento de agulhas, seringas e outros objetos para uso de drogas, reutilização ou falha de esterilização de equipamentos médicos ou odontológicos, falha de esterilização de equipamentos de manicures e reutilização de material para realização de tatuagem e uso de sangue e seus derivados contaminados. A transmissão sexual do HCV também tem sido relatada de forma esporádica. De forma geral, a transmissão sexual desse vírus é pouco eficiente e ocorre em relações sem uso de preservativo. Há também a possibilidade de transmissão vertical, em menor proporção dos casos. De modo geral, a hepatite C aguda apresenta evolução subclínica. A maioria dos casos têm apresentação assintomática e anictérica, o que dificulta o diagnóstico. Habitualmente, a hepatite C é diagnosticada em sua fase crônica. Como os sintomas são muitas vezes escassos e inespecíficos, a doença pode evoluir durante décadas sem diagnóstico. TRATAMENTO: O tratamento da hepatite C e coinfecções no Sistema Único de Saúde segue o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para hepatite C e coinfecções (Portaria nº 84, de 19 de dezembro de 2018). O tratamento instituído depende de características dos pacientes, dos subtipos virais diagnosticados, do histórico clínico e resposta a tratamentos prévios, do grau de fibrose hepática e da presença de cirrose, além da existência de coinfecções. Em adultos preconiza-se o uso de associações entre antivirais de ação direta pelo tempo de 8 a 24 semanas a depender de análise das condições anteriores. As atuais alternativas terapêuticas para o tratamento da hepatite C, com registro no Brasil e incorporadas ao SUS, apresentam alta efetividade terapêutica. De forma geral a efetividade terapêutica, mensurada pela resposta virológica sustentada (RVS), é absolutamente comparável entre todos os esquemas propostos, quando se avaliam situações clínicas semelhantes. No entanto, algumas características específicas desses esquemas os diferencia entre si, como: indicações para populações específicas, diferenças inerentes à comodidade posológica, dispensabilidade da realização de exames em alguns casos e o preço praticado pelas indústrias fabricantes. Essa condição de similaridade permite que a análise da oferta dos esquemas terapêuticos no SUS seja baseada em uma análise de custo-minimização, ou seja, priorização das alternativas que implicam em um menor impacto financeiro ao Sistema, sem deixar de garantir o acesso a terapias seguras e eficazes aos pacientes com hepatite C. Os medicamentos atualmente incorporados ao SUS são, em sua maioria, pangenotípicos utilizados em dose única e, salvos os casos especiais, na maior parte dos indivíduos, sem distinção entre populações específicas. JUSTIFICATIVA DA EXCLUSÃO: De acordo com a Nota Técnica nº 1/2019-COVIG/CGVP/DIAHV/SVS/MS, constante no processo 25000.131429/2018-14, simeprevir (Olysio®) é um medicamento incorporado ao elenco do SUS para o tratamento da Hepatite C e Coinfecções, pela Portaria SCTIE/MS nº 29, de 22 de junho de 2015. A indicação de simeprevir, de acordo com o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de Hepatite C e Coinfecções publicado em julho de 2015, orientava sobre a possibilidade de prescrição desse medicamento para pacientes monoinfectados com genótipo 1 do HCV, sem cirrose ou com cirrose Child-A. O uso de simeprevir estava obrigatoriamente associado à administração concomitante com sofosbuvir, por um período de 12 semanas. A partir da revisão do PCDT, ocorrida em setembro de 2017, passou-se a indicar o uso do esquema de simeprevir em associação a daclatasvir para tratar pacientes com o genótipo 4 do HCV, bem como para retratar pacientes não respondedores a tratamentos prévios realizados com a associação de sofosbuvir e daclatasvir. Contudo, no que se refere aos medicamentos para hepatite C, houve uma dinamicidade significativa nos registros de novas tecnologias na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) e consequentemente a avaliação dessas alternativas frente aos medicamentos já incorporados ao SUS. Ainda que as novas alternativas inseridas no mercado brasileiro não impliquem em diferenças significativas quanto à eficácia frente àqueles já disponibilizados, apresentam algumas vantagens em relação à cobertura de pacientes no que tange aos genótipos tratados por um mesmo medicamento, obrigatoriedade de associação com a ribavirina e comodidade posológica. A atual versão do PCDT de Hepatite C e Coinfecções, aprovada e publicada em dezembro de 2018 (Portaria SCTIE/MS nº 84, de 19 de dezembro de 2018), é o resultado do texto proposto na 72ª reunião da CONITEC com alterações motivadas pelas contribuições feitas durante a Consulta Pública - realizada entre os dias 09 e 19 de novembro de 2018 -, bem como das discussões ocorridas na 73ª Reunião da Conitec, em 05 de dezembro de 2018. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL: Aos 7 (sete) dias do mês de fevereiro de 2019, reuniu-se a Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde ­ CONITEC, regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 7.646, de 21 de dezembro de 2011, e os membros presentes deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a exclusão do simeprevir para o tratamento da Hepatite C. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 417/2019. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 13, DE 25 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2019 - Torna pública a decisão de excluir o medicamento simprevir para o tratamento da hepatite C, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS.

Simeprevir para o tratamento da hepatite C / Simeprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C

APRESENTAÇÃO: Algumas propostas de incorporação tecnológica no SUS são avaliadas pela CONITEC de forma simplificada, não sendo submetidas à consulta pública e/ou audiência pública. São propostas de relevante interesse público que tratam de ampliação ou em alguns casos da exclusão de uso de tecnologias, nova apresentação de medicamentos ou incorporação de medicamentos com tradicionalidade de uso. Todas essas demandas, exceto as de exclusão, envolvem tecnologias de baixo custo e baixo impacto orçamentário para o SUS e estão relacionadas à elaboração ou revisão de protocolos clínicos e diretrizes terapêuticas (PCDT). SOLICITAÇÃO DE EXCLUSÃO: Demandante: Coordenação de Vigilância das Ist, Aids e Hepatites Virais. Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do Hiv/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Ministério da Saúde (Nota Técnica nº 1/2019-COVIG/CGVP/DIAHV/SVS/MS, constante no processo 25000.131429/2018-14). Nome da tecnologia: simeprevir 150 mg (por cápsula). Nome comercial: o medicamento com o princípio ativo simeprevir sódico é comercializado no Brasil somente como Olysio® da Janssen-Cilag® (150 mg cápsulas duras, blister com 28 unidades). A DOENÇA: Segundo o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para hepatite C e coinfecções (Portaria nº 84, de 19 de dezembro de 2018), o vírus da hepatite C (HCV) pertence ao gênero Hepacivirus, familia ́ Flaviviridae. Sua estrutura genômica écomposta por uma fita simples de ácido ribonucleico (RNA), de polaridade positiva, com aproximadamente 9.400 nucleotideos. ́ Existem, pelo menos, 7 genótipos e 67 subtipos do vírus. A transmissão do HCV ocorre principalmente por via parenteral, por meio do contato com sangue contaminado, a exemplo do compartilhamento de agulhas, seringas e outros objetos para uso de drogas, reutilização ou falha de esterilização de equipamentos médicos ou odontológicos, falha de esterilização de equipamentos de manicures e reutilização de material para realização de tatuagem e uso de sangue e seus derivados contaminados. A transmissão sexual do HCV também tem sido relatada de forma esporádica. De forma geral, a transmissão sexual desse vírus é pouco eficiente e ocorre em relações sem uso de preservativo. Há também a possibilidade de transmissão vertical, em menor proporção dos casos. De modo geral, a hepatite C aguda apresenta evolução subclínica. A maioria dos casos têm apresentação assintomática e anictérica, o que dificulta o diagnóstico. Habitualmente, a hepatite C é diagnosticada em sua fase crônica. Como os sintomas são muitas vezes escassos e inespecíficos, a doença pode evoluir durante décadas sem diagnóstico. Em geral, o diagnóstico ocorre após teste sorológico de rotina ou por doação de sangue. Esse fato reitera a importância da suspeição clínica por toda a equipe multiprofissional e do aumento da oferta de diagnóstico sorológico ­ especialmente para as populações vulneráveis ao HCV. A hepatite crônica pelo HCV é uma doença de caráter insidioso, caracterizando-se por um processo inflamatório persistente. Na ausência de tratamento há cronificação em 60% a 85% dos casos e, em média, 20% evoluem para cirrose ao longo do tempo. Uma vez estabelecido o diagnóstico de cirrose hepática, o risco anual para o surgimento de carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é de 1% a 5%. O risco anual de descompensação hepática é de 3% a 6%. Após um primeiro episódio de descompensação hepática, o risco de óbito, nos próximos 12 meses, é 15% a 20%. TRATAMENTO: O tratamento da hepatite C e coinfecções no Sistema Único de Saúde segue o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para hepatite C e coinfecções (Portaria nº 84, de 19 de dezembro de 2018). O tratamento instituído depende de características dos pacientes, dos subtipos virais diagnosticados, do histórico clínico e resposta a tratamentos prévios, do grau de fibrose hepática e da presença de cirrose, além da existência de coinfecções. Em adultos preconiza-se o uso de associações entre antivirais de ação direta pelo tempo de 8 a 24 semanas a depender de análise das condições anteriores. As atuais alternativas terapêuticas para o tratamento da hepatite C, com registro no Brasil e incorporadas ao SUS, apresentam alta efetividade terapêutica. De forma geral a efetividade terapêutica, mensurada pela resposta virológica sustentada (RVS), é absolutamente comparável entre todos os esquemas propostos, quando se avaliam situações clínicas semelhantes. No entanto, algumas características específicas desses esquemas os diferencia entre si, como: indicações para populações específicas, diferenças inerentes à comodidade posológica, dispensabilidade da realização de exames em alguns casos e o preço praticado pelas indústrias fabricantes. Essa condição de similaridade permite que a análise da oferta dos esquemas terapêuticos no SUS seja baseada em uma análise de custo-minimização, ou seja, priorização das alternativas que implicam em um menor impacto financeiro ao Sistema, sem deixar de garantir o acesso a terapias seguras e eficazes aos pacientes com hepatite C. Os medicamentos atualmente incorporados ao SUS são, em sua maioria, pangenotípicos utilizados em dose única e, salvos os casos especiais, na maior parte dos indivíduos, sem distinção entre populações específicas. JUSTIFICATIVA DA EXCLUSÃO: De acordo com a Nota Técnica nº 1/2019-COVIG/CGVP/DIAHV/SVS/MS, constante no processo 25000.131429/2018-14, simeprevir (Olysio®) é um medicamento incorporado ao elenco do SUS para o tratamento da Hepatite C e Coinfecções, pela Portaria SCTIE/MS nº 29, de 22 de junho de 2015. A indicação de simeprevir, de acordo com o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de Hepatite C e Coinfecções publicado em julho de 2015, orientava sobre a possibilidade de prescrição desse medicamento para pacientes monoinfectados com genótipo 1 do HCV, sem cirrose ou com cirrose Child-A. O uso de simeprevir estava obrigatoriamente associado à administração concomitante com sofosbuvir, por um período de 12 semanas. A partir da revisão do PCDT, ocorrida em setembro de 2017, passou-se a indicar o uso do esquema de simeprevir em associação a daclatasvir para tratar pacientes com o genótipo 4 do HCV, bem como para retratar pacientes não respondedores a tratamentos prévios realizados com a associação de sofosbuvir e daclatasvir. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL: Aos 7 (sete) dias do mês de fevereiro de 2019, reuniu-se a Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde ­ CONITEC, regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 7.646, de 21 de dezembro de 2011, e os membros presentes deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a exclusão do simeprevir para o tratamento da Hepatite C. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 417/2019. DECISÃO: A portaria nº 13, de 25 de fevereiro de 2019 - Torna pública a decisão de excluir o medicamento simprevir para o tratamento da hepatite C, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.

Quality of life of Brazilian chronic hepatitis C patients treated with interferon-free therapies.

Due to the severity of chronic hepatitis C, there are multiple factors that can negatively affect the quality of life of infected patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients under second-generation direct-acting antiviral (DAA) (interferon-free) therapies and to assess treatment effectiveness. This was an observational study conducted in Curitiba (Brazil) using two instruments (a generic and a specific) for measuring the quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C, the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) for liver disease evaluation. The study included patients receiving any interferon-free therapy for hepatitis C treatment during 2016 and 2017. Data were collected before, during, and after treatment regarding the two questionnaires, effectiveness and safety. Fifty-six patients fulfilled all eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. Sustained virological response was obtained in 88% of the patients. They were mainly genotype 1, cirrhotic and treated with sofosbuvir combined with daclatasvir or sofosbuvir with simeprevir. Improvement in the quality of life was observed for several domains in both questionnaires (p < 0.05) in the comparison before and after treatment. Patients receiving sofosbuvir with daclatasvir had significantly lower scores compared to the group receiving sofosbuvir with simeprevir. Second-generation DAA therapies were effective and have considerably increased the HRQoL of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus.

Hand-foot syndrome due to hepatitis C therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Direct-acting antivirals are new drugs for chronic hepatitis C treatment. They are usually safe and well tolerated, but can sometimes cause serious adverse effects and there is no consensus on how to treat or prevent them. We described a case of hand-foot syndrome due to hepatitis C virus interferon-free therapy. METHODS: We report the case of a 49-year-old man with compensated liver cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C genotype 1, treatment-naïve, who started viral treatment with sofosbuvir, simeprevir and ribavirin for 12 weeks. RESULTS: At the sixth week of treatment he had anemia, requiring a lower dose of ribavirin. At the tenth week, he had erythematous, pruritic, scaly and flaky lesions on hands and feet, which showed a partial response to oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. It was not necessary to discontinue antiviral treatment, but in the first week after the end of treatment, there was worsening of injuries, including signs of secondary infection, that required hospitalization, antibiotics and oral corticosteroid, with progressive improvement. Biopsy of the lesions was consistent with pharmacodermia. The patient had sustained a virological response, despite the side effect. He had a history of pharmacodermia one year ago attributed to the use of topiramate, responsive to oral corticosteroid. CONCLUSION: Interferon-free therapies can rarely lead to severe adverse reactions, such as skin lesions. Patients receiving ribavirin combinations and those who had a history of pharmacodermia or skin disease may be more susceptible. There is no consensus on how to prevent skin reactions in these patients.

Multicenter Experience using Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir ± RBV to Treat HCV GT 1 Relapsers after Simeprevir and Sofosbuvir Treatment.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Approximately 10%-15% of patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 (HCV GT1) experience virological relapse after all-oral antiviral regimen using simeprevir (SMV) and sofosbuvir (SOF). The efficacy and safety of treating such relapsers using ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) with/without ribavirin (RBV) has been limited. OBJECTIVE: Report the virological response and safety of LDV/SOF with/without RBV for 12-24 weeks in treating HCV GT1 relapsers after SMV + SOF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients treated with standardized clinical protocol utilizing LDV/SOF with/without RBV at three transplant centers were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (29% post-LT, 82% male, 13% non-white, 73% subtype 1a, 86% IL28B CT/TT, 78% F3-4) started LDV/SOF with/without RBV at a median of 22 weeks (range 7-55 weeks) after the last dose of SMV+SOF treatment. Thirty-seven patients received LDV/SOF for 24 weeks (24/37 patients with RBV) and eight patients received LDV/SOF for 12 weeks (5/8 patients with RBV). RBV dose was adjusted for renal function. Sixteen patients who were RBV-ineligible received LDV/SOF without RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. SVR 12 was achieved in 96% (43/45) of patients. Baseline viral load, RBV use, or GT1 subtype did not impact SVR 12. Minimal adverse events were reported in those without RBV; 45% of patients who received RBV developed significant anemia requiring RBV dose reduction and/or discontinuation. In LT recipients, minimal immunosuppression dose adjustments were required and no biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with LDV/SOF with/without RBV for 12-24 weeks was very well tolerated and resulted in high SVR 12 rates (96%) in HCV GT1 relapsers to SMV + SOF treatment.

Interferon-based Simeprevir Therapy for Pediatric Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Viral Infection.

Interferon-based simeprevir therapy showed high efficacy and tolerability in children with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection. While direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy are undergoing study in children, this regimen is considered an available therapeutic option for selected patients in countries where DAAs have not yet been approved.

Effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals in the Public Health System in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is one of the major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. Treatment using direct-acting antivirals has revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C virus, increasing long-term prognosis after cure. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in a Public Health System in southern Brazil. Methods A retrospective study evaluated all patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who underwent treatment at one center of the Public Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, according to the Brazilian Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines. The effectiveness was assessed in terms sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Results A total of 1002 patients who were treated for chronic hepatitis C virus infection were evaluated. The mean age was 58.6 years, 557 patients (55.6%) were male and 550 (54.9%) were cirrhotic. Overall sustained virological response was observed in 936 (93.4%) patients. There was a difference in sustained virological response rate varied according to sex, 91.6% in men and 95.7% in women (p= 0.009), length of treatment in genotype 1, 92.7% with 12 weeks and 99.1 with 24 weeks (p= 0.040), and genotype, 94.7% in genotype 1, 91.7% in genotype 2, and 91.4% in genotype 3 (p= 0.047). Conclusion The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection for genotypes 1, 2 or 3 with the therapeutic regimens established by the Brazilian guidelines showed high rates of SVR, even in cirrhotic patients.

Effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals in the Public Health System in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is one of the major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. Treatment using direct-acting antivirals has revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C virus, increasing long-term prognosis after cure. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in a Public Health System in southern Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study evaluated all patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who underwent treatment at one center of the Public Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, according to the Brazilian Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines. The effectiveness was assessed in terms sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 1002 patients who were treated for chronic hepatitis C virus infection were evaluated. The mean age was 58.6 years, 557 patients (55.6%) were male and 550 (54.9%) were cirrhotic. Overall sustained virological response was observed in 936 (93.4%) patients. There was a difference in sustained virological response rate varied according to sex, 91.6% in men and 95.7% in women (p = 0.009), length of treatment in genotype 1, 92.7% with 12 weeks and 99.1 with 24 weeks (p = 0.040), and genotype, 94.7% in genotype 1, 91.7% in genotype 2, and 91.4% in genotype 3 (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection for genotypes 1, 2 or 3 with the therapeutic regimens established by the Brazilian guidelines showed high rates of SVR, even in cirrhotic patients.

Effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C patients in a Southern state of Brazil

ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness in terms of sustained virological response and tolerability of available second generation direct-acting antivirals in Brazilian patients. Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted in six centers in Southern Brazil. The sample comprised adult patients who were chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, regardless of virus genotype, fibrosis stage, or prior treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness among the treatments, and also to uncover the factors influencing the achievement of sustained virological response. Results A total of 296 patients were included in the study, with the majority receiving sofosbuvir with daclatasvir (59%) or sofosbuvir with simeprevir (26%). Overall sustained virological response rates were approximately 91.6%. For genotype 1, sofosbuvir with daclatasvir had an sustained virological response rate of approximately 95%, while the sustained virological response rate of sofosbuvir with simeprevir was 92%; this difference was statistically significant only for subtype 1b. The only treatment used for genotype 3 patients was sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, and lower rates of sustained virological response were observed for this group, compared to genotype 1 (84% versus 95%, p < 0.05). Apart from this difference between genotypes, and a difference between patients who achieved rapid virologic response compared with those who did not, there were no other statistically significant factors associated with sustained virological response. Conclusions The results point to the effectiveness of second-generation direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus Brazilian patients, especially those with genotype 1. Furthermore, that patients with genotype 3 need more attention and adjustments in available treatment options.

Effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C patients in a Southern state of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness in terms of sustained virological response and tolerability of available second generation direct-acting antivirals in Brazilian patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in six centers in Southern Brazil. The sample comprised adult patients who were chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, regardless of virus genotype, fibrosis stage, or prior treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness among the treatments, and also to uncover the factors influencing the achievement of sustained virological response. RESULTS: A total of 296 patients were included in the study, with the majority receiving sofosbuvir with daclatasvir (59%) or sofosbuvir with simeprevir (26%). Overall sustained virological response rates were approximately 91.6%. For genotype 1, sofosbuvir with daclatasvir had an sustained virological response rate of approximately 95%, while the sustained virological response rate of sofosbuvir with simeprevir was 92%; this difference was statistically significant only for subtype 1b. The only treatment used for genotype 3 patients was sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, and lower rates of sustained virological response were observed for this group, compared to genotype 1 (84% versus 95%, p<0.05). Apart from this difference between genotypes, and a difference between patients who achieved rapid virologic response compared with those who did not, there were no other statistically significant factors associated with sustained virological response. CONCLUSIONS: The results point to the effectiveness of second-generation direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus Brazilian patients, especially those with genotype 1. Furthermore, that patients with genotype 3 need more attention and adjustments in available treatment options.

The Observed Effect of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Direct-acting Antiviral Treatment: a Case Report.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can be cured with treatment using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Although these drugs have been widely studied, information about certain special populations is missing. In this case report we describe a treatment-experienced patient with chronic HCV infection genotype 1b, treated with 150 mg/day simeprevir, 400 mg/day sofosbuvir, and 1,000 mg/ day ribavirin for 24 weeks, after a Roux-and-Y gastric bypass. At steady-state a pharmacokinetic curve was recorded of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, and simeprevir. Ribavirin trough plasma concentration (Ctrough) was determined. The simeprevir area under the-concentration time curve (AUClast) and Ctrough were 9.42 h.mg/L and 0.046 mg/L, respectively. Compared to what was described in the literature, simeprevir exposure was low and therefore the simeprevir dose was increased to 300 mg/day. The increased dose of simeprevir was well tolerated and Ctrough was 0.532 mg/L. Sofosbuvir AUClast and Ctrough were 0.63 h.mg/L and 0.0013 mg/L. GS-331007 AUClast and Ctrough were 21.02 h.mg/L and 0.35 mg/L. Ribavirin Ctrough was 2.5 mg/L. Sofosbuvir, GS-331007, and ribavirin exposure were comparable with levels described in literature. The patient achieved a sustained virological response twelve weeks after the completion of treatment.