[Parasitic dermatoses from abroad]. / Parasitäre Reisedermatosen.

Increased migration, the omnipresent desire to travel, climate change and a globally more mobile population enhance the risk of spreading infectious, tropical pathogens across international borders. In addition to diarrhea and fever, skin diseases present one of the most common reasons for a medical consultation upon return among travelers. These diseases are often caused by parasites. Detailed data on infectious travel diseases is scarce. However, demographic, endemic and travel-related information represent the basic requirements for physicians to choose appropriate diagnostics and adequate treatment for affected patients. This article gives an overview of common parasitic travel dermatoses, their specific diagnostic workup, treatment and preventive measures.

Exploring Tropical Infections: A Focus on Cutaneous Larva Migrans.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To provide information about infection with cutaneous larva migrans (CLM). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, NPs, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Distinguish the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of CLM.2. Explain the epidemiology of CLM. ABSTRACT: Cutaneous larva migrans is a hookworm infection and one of the most common skin diseases of tourists in tropical countries. Most commonly, the infection is transmitted by contact with feces of dogs and cats containing hookworm eggs. This case-based review explores the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and management of cutaneous larva migrans infection.

Cutaneous larva migrans is a hookworm infection and one of the most common skin diseases of tourists in tropical countries. Most commonly, the infection is transmitted by contact with feces of dogs and cats containing hookworm eggs. This case-based review explores the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and management of cutaneous larva migrans infection.

A Case of Cutaneous Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga Larvae in a Korean Traveler Returning from Central Africa.

The cutaneous myiasis has been rarely reported in the Republic of Korea. We intended to describe here a case of furuncular cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae in a Korean traveler returned from Central Africa. A patient, 55-year-old man, had traveled to Equatorial Guinea, in Central Africa for a month and just returned to Korea. Physical examinations showed 2 tender erythematous nodules with small central ulceration on the left buttock and thigh. During skin biopsy, 2 larvae came out from the lesion. C. anthropophaga was identified by paired mouth hooks (toothed, spade-like, oral hooklets) and 2 posterior spiracles, which lack a distinct chitinous rim. Although rarely described in Korea until now, cutaneous myiasis may be encountered more frequently with increasing international travel and exchange workers to tropical areas.

An intertidal mollusk found in a boy's skin abscess.

Skin abscesses are commonly seen by primary care physicians in the outpatient setting. The majority of these soft tissue infections arise from penetration wounds by inanimate objects, but rarely, a living organism may present as a contributing factor. We present a case of an 11-year-old boy with an unusual skin abscess containing a chequered periwinkle marine snail (Littorina scutulata). The unique characteristics of this intertidal mollusk appear to have enabled it to survive in the subcutaneous tissue for a week, despite the hostile environment of a skin abscess. This case emphasises adherence to current professional guidelines that recommend incision and drainage of suspected skin abscesses and encourages clinicians to take a careful history of present illness which may aid in identification of subsequent cases of marine snails, or other living organisms, residing in skin abscesses.

Common Child and Adolescent Cutaneous Infestations and Fungal Infections.

Cutaneous infections and infestations are common among children and adolescents. Ectoparasitic infestations affect individuals across the globe. Head lice, body lice, scabies, and infestations with bed bugs are seen in individuals who reside in both resource poor areas and in developed countries. Superficial cutaneous and mucosal candida infections occur throughout the life cycle. Dermatophyte infections of keratin-containing skin and skin structures result in tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (foot), and tinea unguium (nails). Less frequent endemic fungal infections such as blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, and histoplasmosis may present with skin findings. This article will describe the epidemiology and transmission of these conditions as well as their clinical manifestations. The approach to diagnosis will be addressed as well as primary prevention and current therapies.

[Update on cutaneous dirofilariasis]. / La dirofilariose cutanée.

Dirofilariasis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that rarely affects humans and is caused by filarial nematodes of the genus Diroflaria transmitted by mosquitoes. Cutaneous dirofilariasis, due to D. repens, presents as inflammatory lesions that develop into subcutaneous nodules. These clinical symptoms may be consistent with Wells' cellulitis. Diagnosis of dirofilariasis involves demonstration of the presence of the nematode during skin biopsy and identification of the worm through macroscopic, histological and PCR analysis. Surgical resection of the nodule remains the gold standard treatment. The number of cases of human cutaneous dirofilariasis has increased in the recent years and the disease must not be misdiagnosed.

Clinical Manifestation of a Patient With Forehead Sparganosis.

Human sparganosis is a parasite infection caused by the larva of a tapeworm of the genus Spirometra. Ocular, central nervous system, auricular, pulmonary, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous manifestations of this infection in the neck or inguinal region have been described.The authors report the rare occurrence of cutaneous forehead sparganosis of a 19-year-old male who presented with a soft subcutaneous mass in the forehead, along with a related literature review.

[Waves of refugees represent challenge for European dermatologists]. / Flüchtlingswelle als Herausforderung für europäische Dermatologinnen und Dermatologen.

With the increasing number of asylum seekers in recent months, European dermatologists have been confronted with rising numbers of patients with formerly rare skin diseases and unusual infectious skin diseases that were previously scarcely observed at our latitude. Thorough examination of the patients medical history, including the routes of travel and the country of origin of the patients, detailed clinical and laboratory examinations, and - if necessary - referral to a special treatment center allow rapid and targeted treatment.

Parasitic Diseases With Cutaneous Manifestations.

Parasitic diseases result in a significant global health burden. While often thought to be isolated to returning travelers, parasitic diseases can also be acquired locally in the United States. Therefore, clinicians must be aware of the cutaneous manifestations of parasitic diseases to allow for prompt recognition, effective management, and subsequent mitigation of complications. This commentary also reviews pharmacologic treatment options for several common diseases.

Cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) in Brazil.

Our study describes the clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular aspects PCR of a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) from Brazil. During a dry period, the animal grazed for 4 months around a pond where the vegetation remained green. Skin lesions were nodular, multifocal, and disseminated, mainly involving the legs, ventral chest, and mammary gland. On cut surface, there were multifocal to coalescent discrete yellow foci, and occasional small cavitations with a few kunkers. Ulcerative nodular pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis with folliculitis and furunculosis were observed histologically. Hyphae were observed in sections stained with Gomori methenamine silver. Immunohistochemistry with Pythium insidiosum antibodies yielded strong immunostaining of hyphae. P. insidiosum DNA was extracted from tissues in paraffin blocks by amplification of a fragment of 105 bp, which targets the 5.8S ribosomal gene. After the diagnosis of pythiosis, the larger skin lesions were excised and treated as second intention healing wounds, which were completely healed 30 days after resection. Small skin lesions regressed spontaneously in ~60 days. The granulomatous inflammation and outcome of the disease in this donkey were similar to cases of pythiosis in cattle.

Got the Travel Bug? A Review of Common Infections, Infestations, Bites, and Stings Among Returning Travelers.

The popularity of international travel continues to increase among Americans, even though they often experience subsequent illness on return from their journey. The pathogens responsible are not necessarily endemic to the destination itself but are often the result of poor sanitary conditions or activities engaged in while away. Skin disease ranks third among all medical concerns in returning travelers. This review addresses the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of the most common skin diseases in returning travelers: insect bites and bedbugs, cutaneous larva migrans, scabies, tungiasis, myiasis, leishmaniasis, viral exanthems, and marine envenomation. Primary care physicians and dermatologists should be familiar with these illnesses and a general approach to their evaluation and management.

[If you go looking for trouble you'll find it. Urticarial reactions to insects of our local areas]. / "Qui s'y frotte s'y pique": réactions urticariennes aux insectes de nos regions.

Itchy skin rashes are a frequent reason to seek medical advice. The symptoms may be caused by hypersensitivity reactions to arthropod bites, waterborne parasites or setae from moth caterpillars and are sometimes mistaken for spontaneous urticaria or eczema. Some of these pests are resurging in Switzerland and elsewhere and increasingly responsible for emergency consultation. In this article we review itchy skin rashes caused by bed bugs, scabies, lice, cercariae, Pyemotes spp, caterpillars and harvest mites, which may be confounded with urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis. We detail here clinical manifestations, topographical distribution of skin lesions, epidemiology, treatment and preventive measures.

Tropical Skin Diseases in Children: A Review-Part II.

Tropical skin diseases are infectious conditions influenced by factors such as nutrition, housing, and the environment. Migration patterns have caused these conditions to be seen all around the world, not only in developing countries. Many of these diseases have a different presentation in childhood, which changes the diagnostic approach and management options. In this article, we review some of the most common tropical mycobacterial, protozoan, parasitic, and viral dermatologic conditions in children, including their epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects.

Cutaneous Strongyloides Infection Postchemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: While clinical symptoms of strongyloidiasis are often nonspecific, larva currens (with erythematous, serpiginous, and pruritic papules and plaques) should prompt investigation including stool microscopy, serology, and skin biopsy of the lesion. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment with ivermectin is necessary, especially in the immunocompromised patient who is at increased risk for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated disease. CONCLUSION: We present a 61-year-old immunocompromised man with presentation of larva currens of cutaneous strongyloides infection without symptoms of hyperinfection or disseminated disease.

Demodicosis: revisión de la literatura / Demodicosis: review of the literature

La demodicosis es una patología cutánea crónica caracterizada por lesiones eritemato-maculares pruriginosas, cuyo agente causal son ácaros foliculares del género Demodex. Presenta un abanico amplio y polimorfo de manifestaciones clínicas, donde la sospecha clínica se presentará frente a una erupción facial crónica persistente o recurrente, resistente a terapia convencional y de distribución asimétrica. El diagnóstico definitivo es difícil, y requiere un cuadro clínico compatible y la presencia de alta densidad de Demodex. El siguiente documento hace una revisión de conceptos con respecto a la patogenia, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad.

Demodicosis is a chronic skin condition characterized by itchy erythematous macular lesions whose causal agents are gender follicular Demodex mites. This entity presents a wide and polymorphous range of clinical manifestations, in which clinical suspicion appears in case of persistent or recurrent chronic facial rash, resistant to conventional therapy and with an asymmetric distribution. The definitive diagnosis is hard to reach, and requires a compatible clinical picture and a high density of Demodex. The following document is a review of concepts regarding pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

HUMAN SUBCUTANEOUS DIROFILARIASIS - CASE REPORT.

INTRODUCTION: Human dirofilariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. It usually presents as a nodular lesion in the lung, subcutaneous tissues or eyes. In animals, dirofilariasis is a very common disease with serious cardiovascular and respiratory manifestations. If adequate therapy is not given at the beginning ofthe disease, dirofilariasis can lead to animal death. On the contrary, human dirofilariasis is frequently mild, sporadic and asymptomatic disease. Complications in humans are very rare. In Europe, human dirofilariasis is a very rare zoonotic disease even in endemic areas such as Italy, Spain and the Mediterranean. CASE REPORT: The authors reported the case of a 43-year-old male with a subcutaneous nodule caused by Dirofilaria repens. The patient who lives in Budva, Montenegro, had a nodule in the right-hand side of the anterior abdominal walljust below the sternum with maximum diameter of 3 cm. His health condition was good and all laboratory analyses were normal. The lesion was surgically removed and the histopathological examination confirmed the parasitic infection by Dirofilaria repens. After surgical excision, the patient was treated with dual antimicrobial therapy (100 mg doxycycline per os twice a day for 28 days and 200 mg albendazole per os twice a day for 10 days). CONCLUSION: It is very difficult to make the diagnosis of a subcutaneous nodule. The difficulties arise in the differential diagnosis because subcutaneous nodules are suspected to be malignant neoplasm or other pathologies such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, sebaceous cysts, hamartomas, abscesses, and so on. Although human dirofilariasis is a rare disease, the number of reported cases has recently been increasing worldwide.

Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections: Nematodes.

In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections and is divided into 2 parts: part I focuses on nematode infections, and part II focuses on trematode and cestode infections. This review highlights the clinical manifestations, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of helminth infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.