Impacto econômico da implementação de políticas públicas para distúrbios de sono no Brasil: uma revisão integrativa / Economic impact of the implementation of public policies for sleep disorders in Brazil: an integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar estudos sobre políticas públicas, ações de saúde e análises econômicas relacionados aos distúrbios de sono no Brasil e discutir os seus resultados para o sistema de saúde, gestores de políticas públicas e a sociedade. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Lilacs (via BVS), SciELO e PubMed (via Medline), incluindo estudos publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, entre os anos de 1960-2023; foram excluídos estudos que não apresentaram a perspectiva brasileira ou aqueles cuja versão integral não estava disponível (seja gratuitamente ou na versão paga). Resultados: A busca retornou 536 resultados, dos quais apenas dois atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e mais cinco trabalhos foram incluídos manualmente, após consulta com especialistas de sono (todos abordaram apneia obstrutiva do sono, sendo: um relato sobre alteração na legislação de trânsito focada em prevenção de acidentes por sonolência excessiva; uma revisão de escopo sobre análises de custo-efetividade do tratamento da doença com uso de CPAP; dois relatos sobre linha de cuidado em um município e outros três em Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde). Conclusões: A revisão integrativa encontrou poucas evidências acerca do tema e aponta para a necessidade de futuros estudos que visem a suprir essa lacuna científica e de que seja necessário o desenvolvimento de futura linha de cuidado que amplie o acesso ao tratamento de doenças do sono no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: To identify studies on public policies, health actions, and economic analyses related to sleep disorders in Brazil and discuss their results for public policy managers and society. Methods: Integrative literature review using Lilacs (via BVS), SciELO, and PubMed (via Medline) databases, including studies published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages, between years of 1960-2023; studies that did not present the Brazilian perspective or whose full version was not available were excluded (free or paid version). Results: The search returned 536 results, of which only two met the inclusion criteria, and five more studies were included manually after consulting sleep experts (all addressing obstructive sleep apnea, namely: a report on changes in traffic legislation focused on preventing accidents caused by excessive sleepiness; a scoping review on cost-effectiveness analysis of CPAP for sleep apnea treatment; two reports on care lines in one municipality and another three in State Secretariats). Conclusions: The integrative review found few evidences on the topic and points to the need for future studies aimed at filling this scientific gap and the development of a care line that expands access to sleep disorder treatment in Brazilian Public Health System.

El paciente ortodóncico en dentición mixta y los trastornos del sueño / The orthodontic patient with mixed dentition and sleep disorders

Los desórdenes respiratorios del sueño (DRS) y, principalmente, roncopatías y apneas obstructivas afectan aproximadamente al 7% de los pacientes ortodóncicos. Los DRS no solo son importantes por la cantidad de pacientes afectados, sino por la gravedad de los posibles efectos secundarios a nivel de la salud general del paciente. La obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores (VAS) provoca alteraciones del crecimiento y deformaciones craneofaciales importantes, por lo que el tratamiento temprano y la prevención de la respiración oral es muy importante.El papel del ortodoncista es muy importante en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los DRS, pero también en su prevención, realizando tratamientos que aumenten la dimensión y la permeabilidad de las VAS. El protocolo de exploración interdisciplinar en niños y adolescentes y la cefalometría de vías aéreas son importantes en el diagnóstico y deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el plan de tratamiento. Pero las pruebas más significativas, el CBCT de vías aéreas y la polisomnografía no son pruebas rutinarias por la dificultad logística y el precio de estas pruebas. En este artículo también se recomiendan los tratamientos de ortodoncia más indicados en estos casos y que tienden al aumento de la dimensión de las VAS (AU)

Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) and in the first place, roncopathy and obstructive apnea, affect approximately 7% of orthodontic patients. The SBD are not only important for the number of affected patients, but also for the severity of the possible side effects at the level of general health of a patient. The upper air ways (UAW) obstruction provokes important alterations in growth and craniofacial deformations, and this is why the early treatment and prevention of mouth breathing are very important. The role of an orthodontist in diagnosis and treatment of SBD is very important, but it is also in its prevention, carrying out the treatments which increase the dimension and permeability of UAW. The protocol of interdisciplinary examination.In children and adolescents and the air ways cephalometry analysis have an important role in diagnosis and they should be taken into account in treatment planning. But the most important tests, the air ways CBCT and polysomnography, are not routine tests due to the complicated logistics and their cost. In this article, the orthodontic treatments most indicated in these cases are recommended, because they tend to increase the UAW dimension (AU)

Evaluation of quality of sleep in women with stress urinary incontinence before and after surgical correction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of sleep in women with urinary incontinence before and after sling surgery. METHODS: A prospective study of case series of women with urodynamic diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. To evaluate the subjective quality of sleep, two specific questionnaires were used and validated for the Portuguese Language: Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The questionnaires were applied before and 6 months after surgical repair. RESULTS: When analyzing the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, there was an improvement in sleep quality (p=0.0401). For the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, only for sleep disorder there was improvement in quality of sleep after surgery (p=0.0127). CONCLUSION: Women with urinary incontinence, submitted to surgery with sling, showed improvement in both quality of sleep and sleep disorder.

Severidad según índice de apnea hipopnea del sueño en el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño posicional vs no posicional en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael / Severity according to apnea hypopnea index in the positional and non positional obstructive sleep apnea sindrome in the San Rafael Clinical University Hospital

Introducción: El síndrome de apnea e hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es un problema de salud pública común, en donde la posición al dormir tiene influencias fisiológicas importantes en el patrón de sueño. Objetivo: Establecer la severidad según índice de apnea hipopnea del sueño en los pacientes con síndrome obstructivo del sueño posicional (supino) y no posicional (no supino) en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael entre el 1 de enero de 2014 al 31 de diciembre de 2017. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Metodología: Se tomaron datos registrados en las historias clínicas de los pacientes que asistieron al Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 88 personas de ambos sexos, en edades entre 18 y 90 años. Resultados: La distribución por género fue de 55 hombres (62,5%) y 33 mujeres (37,5%) de los cuales 47(53.4%) fueron SAHOS posicional y 41(46.6%) SAHOS no posicional. El peso promedio de las mujeres es de 71 kg y en hombres de 81 kg, la estatura es 1,58 cm y 1.67 respectivamente presentándose índices de masa corporal altos, en promedio de 28 para los dos géneros. La edad promedio es de 53 años para mujeres y de 46 años para hombres. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la severidad y SAHOS posicional (Fischer exact p=0.018), en donde el SAHOS severo está asociado con apnea no posicional, mientras que el SAHOS leve tiende a corresponder a la apnea posicional. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio se evidenció que el SAHOS más severo está asociado a la apnea no posicional, mientras que el SAHOS menos severo tiende a corresponder a la apnea posicional.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common public health problem, where the sleeping position has important physiological influences on the sleep pattern. Objective: To establish the severity according to the index of hypopnea sleep apnea in patients with positional (supine) and non-positional (non-supine) sleep obstructive syndrome in the San Rafael Clinical University Hospital from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Recorded data of patients that attend the outpatient service of the San Rafael Clinical University Hospital has been taken for the study. The simple size was 88 people of both sexes, with ages between 18 and 90 years. Results: The distribution by gender was 55 men (62.5%) and 33 women (37.5%) of which 47(53.4%) were positional OSAS and 41(46.6%) non-positional OSAS The average weight of women is 71 kg and in men of 81 kg, the height is 1.58 cm and 1.67 cm respectively, with high body mass indexes, on average 28 for both genders. The average age is 53 for women and 46 for men. A statistically significant association was found between severity and positional OSAS (Fischer exact p = 0.018), where severe OSAS is associated with non-positional apnea, while mild OSAS corresponds to positional apnea. Conclusions: In our study it was evidenced that the most severe OSAS is associated to the non-positional apnea, while the less severe OSAS tends to correspond to the positional apnea.

Evaluation of quality of sleep in women with stress urinary incontinence before and after surgical correction / Avaliação da qualidade do sono em mulheres com incontinência urinária antes e depois da correção cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the quality of sleep in women with urinary incontinence before and after sling surgery. Methods: A prospective study of case series of women with urodynamic diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. To evaluate the subjective quality of sleep, two specific questionnaires were used and validated for the Portuguese Language: Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The questionnaires were applied before and 6 months after surgical repair. Results: When analyzing the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, there was an improvement in sleep quality (p=0.0401). For the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, only for sleep disorder there was improvement in quality of sleep after surgery (p=0.0127). Conclusion: Women with urinary incontinence, submitted to surgery with sling, showed improvement in both quality of sleep and sleep disorder.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade do sono em mulheres com incontinência urinária antes e após correção cirúrgica do tipo sling. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo do tipo série de casos de mulheres com diagnóstico urodinâmico de incontinência urinária de esforço. Para avaliar a qualidade subjetiva do sono, utilizaram-se dois questionários específicos e validados para a língua portuguesa: Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os questionários foram aplicados antes e 6 meses após a correção cirúrgica. Resultados: Ao analisar a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, houve melhora da qualidade do sono (p=0,0401). Para o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, apenas para o transtorno do sono, houve melhora da qualidade do sono após a cirurgia (p=0,0127). Conclusão: Mulheres com incontinência urinária, submetidas à correção cirúrgica por meio de sling, apresentaram melhora tanto na qualidade do sono como no transtorno do sono.

[Effect of partial and generalised epileptic seizures on sleep architecture in rats]. / Efecto de las crisis epilépticas parciales y generalizadas sobre la arquitectura del sueño en ratas.

INTRODUCTION: It is a well-known fact that epileptic seizures disrupt sleep, yet little information is available about sleep disorders according to the type of epileptic seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sleep architecture of rats was evaluated in polysomnography recordings 36 hours after inducing partial and generalised epileptic seizures in them. The epileptic seizures were induced by applying 50-100 IU of sodium G penicillin in the amygdala of the temporal lobe. RESULTS: Partial and generalised seizures triggered an increase in the latency of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The number of episodes of the phases of wakefulness, SWS and REM sleep was reduced and the mean duration of the episodes of wakefulness and SWS increased, while that of REM sleep diminished. The total percentage of REM sleep diminished significantly. During the first period of light the partial and generalised seizures triggered an increase in wakefulness and a reduction in the phases of SWS and REM sleep. In the period of darkness, the SWS increased and wakefulness decreased, while there were no changes in REM sleep. In the second period of light, the percentages of the phases of wakefulness and SWS returned to control values and the percentage of REM sleep continued to be reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the structuring of sleep depend on the type of epileptic seizure that presents. Generalised epileptic seizures caused greater deterioration in REM sleep.

TITLE: Efecto de las crisis epilepticas parciales y generalizadas sobre la arquitectura del sueño en ratas.Introduccion. La alteracion del sueño producido por las crisis epilepticas se conoce; sin embargo, aun se tiene poca informacion de la alteracion en el sueño por el tipo de crisis epileptica. Materiales y metodos. Se evaluo la arquitectura del sueño de ratas en registros polisomnograficos de 36 horas tras inducirles crisis epilepticas parciales y generalizadas. Para la induccion de las crisis epilepticas se aplicaron in situ 50-100 UI de penicilina G sodica en la amigdala del lobulo temporal. Resultados. Las crisis parciales y generalizadas provocaron el aumento en la latencia del sueño de ondas lentas (SOL) y sueño de movimiento oculares rapidos (MOR). El numero de episodios de las fases de vigilia, SOL y sueño MOR disminuyo y la duracion media de los episodios de la vigilia y del SOL aumento, mientras que la del sueño MOR disminuyo. El porcentaje total del sueño MOR disminuyo significativamente. Durante el primer periodo de luz, las crisis parciales y generalizadas provocaron el incremento de la vigilia y la reduccion de las fases del SOL y sueño MOR. En el periodo de oscuridad, aumento el SOL, disminuyo la vigilia y no hubo cambios en el sueño MOR. En el segundo periodo de luz los porcentajes de las fases de vigilia y SOL regresaron a los valores control y el porcentaje del sueño MOR continuo disminuido. Conclusion. Los cambios en la organizacion del sueño dependen del tipo de crisis epileptica que se presenta. Las crisis epilepticas generalizadas provocaron mayor deterioro en el sueño MOR.

[Clinical approach to the first epileptic crisis in adults]. / Aproximación clínica a una primera crisis epiléptica en adultos.

Seizures are one of the main reasons for visits to emergency and neurology. Represent a traumatic event with potential medical and social consequences. A first epileptic seizure, can be the initial manifestation of malignancy, systemic disorder or infection, but can also be the first manifestation of epilepsy. The misdiagnosis of symptomatic seizures and unprovoked seizure, significantly affects prognosis and patient outcomes. The aim of this review is to examine the general concepts that enable successful diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient presenting with a first epileptic seizure.

TITLE: Aproximacion clinica a una primera crisis epileptica en adultos.Las crisis epilepticas son uno de los principales motivos de consulta en urgencias y en neurologia. Representan un evento traumatico con potenciales consecuencias medicas y sociales. Una primera crisis epileptica puede ser la manifestacion inicial de una neoplasia, un trastorno sistemico o una infeccion, pero tambien puede ser la primera manifestacion de la epilepsia. El diagnostico y el tratamiento erroneo de crisis epilepticas sintomaticas y no provocadas repercuten de manera significativa en el pronostico y la evolucion de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta revision es profundizar en los conceptos generales que permitan una aproximacion diagnostica y terapeutica acertada al paciente que se presenta con una primera crisis epileptica.

Prevalencia y riesgos asociados con pacientes adultos con asma de 40 años o más de la Ciudad de México: estudio de base poblacional / Adult asthma in Mexico City: a population-based study

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia de asma y la asociación entre características sociodemográficas, espirométricas, síntomas respiratorios, calidad de vida y sueño en adultos >40 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este informe es parte del estudio PLATINO (Proyecto Latinoamericano de Investigación en Obstrucción Pulmonar), llevado a cabo en la Ciudad de México y área metropolitana en 2003. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística ajustados por el diseño del estudio, donde asma fue la variable dependiente y las independientes síntomas respiratorios y características sociodemográficas y clínicas, entre otras. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de asma diagnosticada por médico fue de 3.3% en hombres y 6.2% en mujeres. La función pulmonar disminuyó en asmáticos. En el análisis multivariado, después de ajustar por confusores potenciales, los asmáticos mostraron un mayor riesgo de ronquido más somnolencia excesiva diurna [RM=3.2 (IC95%1.4-7.4), p=0.008], y mayor frecuencia de inasistencias laborales por problemas respiratorios [RM=5.1 (IC95% 2.5-10.4), p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de asma fue de 5%. Los asmáticos mostraron menor calidad de vida y función pulmonar.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of asthma and the association between sociodemographic characteristics, spirometry, respiratory symptoms, quality of life and sleep in adults > 40 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This report is part of our study (Latin American Research Project Obstructive Pulmonary), held in Mexico City and the metropolitan area in 2003. We used logistic regression models adjusted for study design, where asthma was the dependent and independent variable respiratory symptoms, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among others. RESULTS: The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was: 3.3% in men and 6.2% in women. Decreased lung function in asthmatics was observed. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, asthmatics had a higher risk of excessive daytime sleepiness more snoring [OR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.4-7.4), p= 0.008], and more frequent work absences due to respiratory problems [OR = 5.1 (95% CI 2.5-10.4), p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma was 5%. Asthmatics showed lower quality of life and lung function.

[Adult asthma in Mexico City: a population-based study]. / Prevalencia y riesgos asociados con pacientes adultos con asma de 40 años o más de la Ciudad de México: estudio de base poblacional.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of asthma and the association between sociodemographic characteristics, spirometry, respiratory symptoms, quality of life and sleep in adults > 40 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This report is part of our study (Latin American Research Project Obstructive Pulmonary), held in Mexico City and the metropolitan area in 2003. We used logistic regression models adjusted for study design, where asthma was the dependent and independent variable respiratory symptoms, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among others. RESULTS: The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was: 3.3% in men and 6.2% in women. Decreased lung function in asthmatics was observed. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, asthmatics had a higher risk of excessive daytime sleepiness more snoring [OR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.4-7.4), p= 0.008], and more frequent work absences due to respiratory problems [OR = 5.1 (95% CI 2.5-10.4), p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma was 5%. Asthmatics showed lower quality of life and lung function.

Sleep desaturation and its relationship to lung function, exercise and quality of life in LAM.

BACKGROUND: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterised by progressive airway obstruction and hypoxaemia in young women. Although sleep may trigger hypoxaemia in patients with airway obstruction, it has not been previously investigated in patients with LAM. METHODS: Consecutive women with lung biopsy proven LAM and absence of hypoxaemia while awake were evaluated with pulmonary function test, echocardiography, 6-min walk test, overnight full polysomnography, and Short Form 36 health-related quality-of-life questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with (mean±SD) age 45±10 years, SpO(2) awake 95%±2, forced expiratory volume in the first second (median-interquartile) FEV(1)(% predicted) 77 (47-90) and carbonic monoxide diffusion capacity, DL(CO) (%) 55 (34-74) were evaluated. Six-minute walk test distance and minimum SpO(2) (median-interquartile) were, respectively, 447m (411-503) and 90% (82-94). Median-interquartile apnoea-hypopnoea index was in the normal range 2 (1-5). Fourteen patients (56%) had nocturnal hypoxaemia (10% total sleep time with SpO(2) <90%), and the median sleep time spent with SpO(2) <90% was 136 (13-201)min. Sleep time spent with SpO(2) <90% correlated with the residual volume/total lung capacity ratio (r(s)=0.5, p: 0.02), DL(CO) (r(s)=-0.7, p: 0.001), FEV(1) (r(s)=-0.6, p: 0.002). Multivariate linear regression model showed that RV/TLC ratio was the most important functional variable related to sleep hypoxaemia. CONCLUSION: Significant hypoxaemia during sleep is common in LAM patients with normal SpO(2) while awake, especially among those with some degree of hyperinflation in lung function tests.

Obesity, diabetes and OSAS induce of sleep disorders: exercise as therapy.

Sleep is an integral part of good health. Sleep disorders and variations in sleep habits are associated with a low-grade inflammatory status, which may be either a cause or consequence of other conditions, including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several strategies are available to counteract these conditions including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), pharmacological and nutritional interventions, and even surgery. At present, our group is investigating the effect of chronic endurance exercise on sleep alterations.

[Latin American survey on delirium in critical patients]. / Encuesta iberoamericana sobre delirium en pacientes críticos.

OBJECTIVES: This study has aimed to establish the intensivist physician's concepts and practices in this region regarding the diagnosis, management and prevention of delirium in intensive care units (ICU). DESIGN: A survey was distributed among the FEPIMCTI member societies for distribution among its medical members. RESULTS: Eight hundred fifty-four intensive care physicians from 12 Latin America countries, most of them from Argentina, Mexico, Chile and Colombia, responded to the survey. There was a majority of academic ICUs (70.5%). A total of 56.55% responded that they always evaluated the diagnosis of delirium and only 10.2% answered never. A general clinical assessment was made by 69.5%, only 19.6% used the CAM-ICU scale and 9% the checklist assessment of delirium. It was agreed or strongly agreed by 88.3% that delirium was an expected event in the ICU and by 90.1% that delirium was underdiagnosed in ICU. A total of 97% responded that it was a problem that requires intervention and which is preventable (66.5%). It was considered that excessive sedation is given in the ICU by 74.5% and 70.5% believed that opiates are associated with the onset of delirium, while 87.1% considered that some sedatives are associated with its development. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was considered as a risk factor by 70.2% of the respondents and 87.8% considered that it made extubation difficult. CONCLUSIONS: Although delirium is considered to be a common and preventable problem with serious implications for critically ill patients, the intensivist physicians surveyed do not use a tool for its evaluation in the ICU. Educational efforts are needed to disseminate the effectiveness and usefulness of the scales that allow for early and accurate diagnosis of delirium in the ICU.

Transtornos do sono / Sleeping disorders

Os autores ressaltam a importância do clínico em conhecer e diagnosticar os principais transtornos do sono, bem como seu tratamento. É abordado, em linhas gerais, o diagnóstico e tratamento da insônia, das principais parassônias, da apneia obstrutiva do sono, da síndrome das pernas inquietas e da narcolepsia.

Síndrome de Kleine-Levin: caso clínico y revisión del tema / Kleine-Levin Syndrome: clinical case and revision

Episodic hypersomnia, compulsive excessive eating and erotic behaviour, with schizophreniclike mental symptoms are the hallmarks of the rare Kleine–Levin syndrome. Many patients may not necessarily fulfill minimum criteria described for diagnosis. We report a 19 years young man with incomplete presentation the Kleine–Levin syndrome and briefly reviewed the most relevantaspects of this disorder, its epidemiology, clinical symptoms and complementary diagnostic examinations. Known therapeutic options and prognosis are also discussed.

Prevalence of sleep related symptoms in four Latin American cities.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: to estimate the prevalence of the most common sleep related symptoms (SRS) in the metropolitan areas of Mexico City, Montevideo (Uruguay), Santiago (Chile), and Caracas (Venezuela). METHODS: The study consisted of a multistage cluster sampling of adults aged > or = 40 years living in metropolitan areas. All participants completed a questionnaire on sleep related symptoms. Simplified respiratory polygraphy during sleep was conducted on 188 subjects from Mexico City. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was defined as Epworth Sleepiness Scale score > or = 11 and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) > or = 15 events/h; a cut-off of 15 was chosen because of its high sensitivity and specificity in association with the portable monitor used in the study. RESULTS: The study included 4,533 subjects (1,062 in Mexico City, 941 in Montevideo, 1,173 in Santiago, and 1,357 in Caracas). Snoring was reported by 60.2% (95% CI 58.8% to 61.6%), excessive daytime sleepiness by 16.4% (15.3% to 17.5%), observed apneas by 12.3% (11.4% to 13.3%), insomnia by 34.7% (33.3% to 36%), sedative use by 15.1% (14.1% to 16.2%), daytime napping by 29.2% (27.7% to 30.6%), and a combination of snoring, sleepiness, and observed apneas by 3.4% (2.9% to 4%). Men had a higher frequency of snoring and daytime napping, whereas women reported more insomnia and sedative use. Prevalence of OSAS varied from 2.9% among subjects who denied snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and observed apneas, to 23.5% among those reporting these 3 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of sleep related symptoms and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea in Latin America was observed.

Late-onset, "Gastaut type", childhood occipital epilepsy: an unusual evolution.

We report on two girls and one boy with clinical and electroencephalographic features of late-onset childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms of the "Gastaut type", showing an unusual evolution. Neurological examination and brain imaging were normal in all three. At the age of 7.5 years, eight years and ten years respectively, the three children presented with episodes of visual symptoms when awake, and in one of them, the seizures were occasionally followed by oculocephalic deviation. The interictal EEG showed bilateral occipital spike-wave activated by eye closing. In two patients, the occipital seizures had been immediately followed by typical absences, since onset; in the other patient, five months after onset. The ictal EEG showed irregular bilateral occipital spike-wave discharges during the visual symptoms, followed by generalized spike-wave activity during the typical absences. The typical absences were activated by hyperventilation; the EEG did not show continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep. These three patients, with typical electroclinical features of "Gastaut type", childhood occipital epilepsy, demonstrated an evolution which, to our knowledge, has not been previously described. We investigated whether this unusual, age-dependent evolution was due to secondary bilateral synchrony or if these electroclinical features represent two types of idiopathic epileptic syndromes in the same patients.

[Increased accumulated incidence of allergic rhinitis in adolescents of Morelia, Michoacán, and its relation to satisfaction of vital and affective needs]. / Incremento de la incidencia acumulada de rinitis alérgica en adolescentes de la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán, y su relación con la satisfacción de necesidades vitales y afectivas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence (preliminary) of allergic rhinitis in a population-based sample of adolescents and its relation on how they meet basic and affective need satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used ISAAC survey to assess rhinitis-related symptoms in a population-based sample of adolescents from Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. Some items were added to the survey to evaluate how they meet basic and affective needs. Random sample included 1,333 adolescents aged 11-16 years from several schools of Morelia, Michoacán. Allergic rhinitis impact on basic and affective need satisfaction was assessed. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Until 2003, such disease was diagnosed in 12% of cases; however, the number went up after the survey: rhinitis-related symptoms were seen in 46% of those polled, of which prevalence, sensitivity and specificity rates were 27, 90, 70%, respectively. More symptoms were reported from July through December. Sixty percent of adolescents with allergic rhinitis reported sleep disturbances, with adverse effects on bed rest period (RR 2.64) [1.01-6.94]. Well-balanced diet was seen in 62% of adolescents with such disease (RR 1.56) [1.34-1.79]. Sixty-seven percent of such teenagers said that the disease does no interfere with their performance in school (RR 1.41) [0.61-3.24] and 22% felt unaccepted (RR 1.8) [0.795-16.63]. CONCLUSIONS: The estimation of incidence of allergic rhinitis found in this study is higher than in other reports. Basic and affective need satisfaction was affected; thus, implementation of psychotherapy within a multi-disciplinary approach is required.

[Prevalence of asthma in Cuban adolescents by different clinical criteria]. / Prevalencia de asma en adolescentes cubanos por diferentes criterios clínicos.

BACKGROUND: Despite of the knowledge about asthma, its diagnosis is clinical and its prevalence depends on the case criterion. Several methodologies have been applied to determine its prevalence; the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) is the newest, although some inconsistencies have been attributed to their results. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of asthma according to five diagnostic criteria and according to respiratory symptoms in order to contribute to improve the diagnosis quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of the first phase of the ISAAC study made at the Centro Cubano Playa-Marianao in 2003 were collected. Three thousand twenty-six children of 13 to 14 years of age answered a survey, and prevalence of established criteria was estimated; confidence intervals were used to compare them. Estimations were presented with 95% of confidence; the chi square test and the odds ratio were applied for prevalence rates by gender. RESULTS: When comparing all the prevalences among different criteria, those corresponding to criteria I and II were statistically significant. Criterion I was the least discriminatory and criterion V had the highest power to discriminate. Criterion III offered an intermediate value of prevalence, with a proper level to discern. The first three criteria had higher prevalences in women, with statistically significant values among genders (p = 0.002, p = 0.045 and p = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Using a criterion that could include several symptoms, especially in low income-countries, where hospitals do not have current and expensive diagnostic methods, would be useful and would contribute to diminish the diagnostic error.

Sleep organization in children with partial refractory epilepsy.

Although it is currently known that sleep can influence epilepsy and epilepsy can influence sleep organization, few data have been published on this mutual interaction concerning the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to verify the eventual presence of sleep alterations in children with partial refractory epilepsy. Seventeen patients with partial refractory epilepsy were submitted to whole-night polysomnography as part of their epilepsy investigation. Polysomnographic recordings were performed on a digital video-electroencephalography (EEG) system and consisted of the registration of EEG (24 channels), electro-oculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and nasal airflow and abdominal respiratory movements. Sleep stages were visually scored following standard criteria, and ictal events were classified according to the international classification of seizures. The patients were also subdivided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of ictal episodes during the recording night. The results concerning sleep organization were compared with those obtained from a normal control group. The analysis of the sleep parameters showed a reduction of total time in bed and total sleep time in both subgroups of epileptic children; there was a higher number of stage shifts per hour in the control group than in both epileptic subgroups. The percentage of stage 2 shifts is significantly reduced in patients with epilepsy and seizures during the night and the percentage of stage 3 to 4 shifts is increased. Nonsignificant differences are evident for the number of awakenings per hour and the percentage of stage 1 shifts. The percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is reduced, and first REM latency is increased in both epileptic subgroups, compared with normal controls, without statistical significance. Nine of 17 patients had seizures during the polysomnographic recording; nocturnal ictal events occurred mostly during non-REM sleep stage 2. Our results show that patients with partial refractory epilepsies have only mild sleep structure abnormalities, and this can be considered as an effect of the epileptic syndrome per se or as a result of the chronic antiepilepsy drug treatment.

Forced oscillation technique in the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: identification of respiratory events and nasal continuous positive airway pressure titration.

Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) are related to obstructions resulting from repetitive narrowing and closure of the pharyngeal airway. Their diagnoses and treatment are critically dependent on an accurate identification of and discrimination between types of respiratory events. However, these disorders have been diagnosed using indirect or invasive measurements, which resulted in serious doubts concerning the correct evaluation of breathing events. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) has recently been suggested as a clinical tool able to accurately and non-invasively quantify respiratory obstruction during sleep. The present study investigates the morphology of the impedance signal during different sleep respiratory events and evaluates the ability of impedance measurements in providing adequate nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) titration. The results evidenced characteristic patterns in impedance signal morphology that are useful in the identification and classification of abnormal respiratory events. Moreover, significantly higher impedance values were obtained during apnoea and hypopnoea events when compared with normal values (p < 0.01). Studies using impedance measurements to adjust nCPAP showed a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of abnormal respiratory events, and a consequent normalization of the patients. These findings support the use of the FOT as a versatile clinic diagnostic tool helping SBD diagnosis and treatment.