Effect of an allostatic modulator on stress blood indicators and meat quality of commercial young bulls in Mexico.

To assess the effect of an allostatic modulator (AM) on stress blood indicators and meat quality traits, the feed of 80 non-castrated 18-20 month-old bulls was supplemented with 10 g/day of an AM for 30 days before slaughter. Another 80 bulls served as control animals. The AM was comprised of ascorbic acid, acetoxybenzoic acid and sodium and potassium chloride. Blood samples were taken at slaughter for analyses of hematocrit value, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and glucose, lactate and cortisol concentrations. Post-mortem measures of meat color and pH were made at 24h and color, shear force and cooking loss on meat from 20 animals at 28 days. The AM supplementation resulted in lower hematocrit value, erythrocyte count and glucose level (P<0.05), higher a* (P<0.0001) and b* (P<0.0001) at 24h and lower b* (P<0.05) at 28 days. Thus AM treatment improved some stress blood indicators and meat color and therefore merits further investigation.

Conocimientos, actitudes y aceptación de la sal fluorada en una población peruana / Knowledge, attitudes and acceptance of fluoridated salt in a peruvian population

Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y aceptación de la sal fluorada de los padres de familia atendidos en la Casa del Adulto Mayor y la Casa de la Mujer de la Municipalidad de Chorrillos. Lima û Perú. Materiales y métodos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 130 padres de familia. Se realizó una entrevista estructurada y se presentaron los datos mediante tablas de distribución de frecuencias. Resultados. Respecto al conocimiento sobre la sal fluorada, solo el 16,2% conocía de su existencia, y de este grupo, el 33,3% no estaba informado de sus beneficios. Respecto a las actitudes sobre la sal fluorada, el 76,9% refirió que no compraba ninguna marca en especial. La mayor parte no revisaba la etiqueta o leía solo la marca para identificar la sal de su elección (45,4% en ambos casos). El 86,9% manifestó no saber si vende sal fluorada cerca de su casa. Respecto a la aceptación, el 91,6% estaba de acuerdo con que la eficacia en la prevención de la caries es una buena razón para su consumo. El 97,7% consideró que los beneficios de la sal fluorada deberían darse a conocer en la etiqueta de la bolsa. El 93,1% estaría dispuesto a utilizar diariamente la sal fluorada en la preparación de las comidas de los niños, y el 96,2% recomendaría su uso a otros padres de familia. Conclusiones. La mayor parte de la población no presenta un conocimiento adecuado sobre la sal fluorada. Sin embargo, estarían dispuestos a consumirla y recomendarla si estuviesen mejor informados sobre los beneficios que aporta...

Objective. To determine the knowledge, attitudes and acceptance of the fluoridated salt of parents attended in the House of the Older Adult and the House of the Women, Municipality of Chorrillos. Lima - Peru. Material and methods. The sample consisted of 130 parents. An structured survey was made and data was presented by frequency distribution tables. Results. Regarding knowledge about fluoride salt, 16.2% knew of its existence. Of this group, 33.33% was not inofremed about their benefits. Regarding attitudes about fluoridated salt, 76.9% reported that they did not buy any brand in particular. The majority did not check the label or read only the mark to identify the salt of your choice (45.4% in both cases). 86.9% said that it did not know if they sell this productnear his home. With respect to the acceptance, 91.6% was in agreement with the effectiveness of caries prevention is a good reason for consumption. 97.7% considered the benefits of fluoridated salt should be disclosed in the label on the bag. 9.1% were willing to use fluoridated salt dialy to prepare meals for the children, and 96.2% would recommend its use to other parents Conclusions. The majority of the population does not have an adequate knowledge about the fluoridated salt. However, they would be willing to consume it and recommend it if they were better informed about the benefits...

La deficiencia de yodo en Cuba / Iodine deficiency in Cuba

Objetivo: caracterizar la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba. Métodos: se caracterizó la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba mediante la determinación de la yoduria y la prevalencia de bocio por inspección y palpación. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal utilizando un muestreo complejo por conglomerados bietápico en tres estratos de selección: urbano, rural y montaña, el cual incluyó 67 municipios del país con un total de 2 101 escolares de 6 a 11 años. Resultados: se encontraron yodurias deficientes en el 6,4 por ciento de los niños evaluados a predominio del estrato de montaña. Se evidenció una ingesta excesiva de yodo en todos los estratos. La prevalencia de bocio fue de 27, 3 por ciento, considerada como endemia moderada con una mayor cifra en la montaña y sexo femenino. Los hallazgos indicaron el impacto de la yodación de la sal evaluado a través de la excreción urinaria como indicador de ingesta reciente. Conclusiones: el bocio endémico continúa siendo un problema nutricional poblacional, lo que sugiere realizar estudios de mayor profundidad para identificar las posibles relaciones causales(AU)

Objective: characterize the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba. Methods: characterization of the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba was based on determination of iodinuria and the prevalence of goitre by inspection and palpation. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted using complex two-staged cluster sampling of three selected strata: urban, rural and mountainous, including 67 municipalities and a total of 2 101 school children aged 6-11. Results: deficient iodinuria was found in 6.4 percent of the children evaluated, with a predominance of the mountainous stratum. Excessive iodine intake was present in all strata. Goitre was classed as moderately endemic, with a prevalence of 27.3 percent and a predominance in the mountainous stratum and the female sex. Findings revealed the impact of salt iodization, which was evaluated through examination of urinary excretion as an indicator of recent salt intake. Conclusions: endemic goitre continues to be a nutritional problem in the population, pointing to the need to conduct more profound studies to identify possible causal relationships(AU)

La deficiencia de yodo en Cuba / Iodine deficiency in Cuba

Objetivo: caracterizar la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba. Métodos: se caracterizó la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba mediante la determinación de la yoduria y la prevalencia de bocio por inspección y palpación. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal utilizando un muestreo complejo por conglomerados bietápico en tres estratos de selección: urbano, rural y montaña, el cual incluyó 67 municipios del país con un total de 2 101 escolares de 6 a 11 años. Resultados: se encontraron yodurias deficientes en el 6,4 por ciento de los niños evaluados a predominio del estrato de montaña. Se evidenció una ingesta excesiva de yodo en todos los estratos. La prevalencia de bocio fue de 27, 3 por ciento, considerada como endemia moderada con una mayor cifra en la montaña y sexo femenino. Los hallazgos indicaron el impacto de la yodación de la sal evaluado a través de la excreción urinaria como indicador de ingesta reciente. Conclusiones: el bocio endémico continúa siendo un problema nutricional poblacional, lo que sugiere realizar estudios de mayor profundidad para identificar las posibles relaciones causales

Objective: characterize the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba. Methods: characterization of the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba was based on determination of iodinuria and the prevalence of goitre by inspection and palpation. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted using complex two-staged cluster sampling of three selected strata: urban, rural and mountainous, including 67 municipalities and a total of 2 101 school children aged 6-11. Results: deficient iodinuria was found in 6.4 percent of the children evaluated, with a predominance of the mountainous stratum. Excessive iodine intake was present in all strata. Goitre was classed as moderately endemic, with a prevalence of 27.3 percent and a predominance in the mountainous stratum and the female sex. Findings revealed the impact of salt iodization, which was evaluated through examination of urinary excretion as an indicator of recent salt intake. Conclusions: endemic goitre continues to be a nutritional problem in the population, pointing to the need to conduct more profound studies to identify possible causal relationships

Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma and iodine intake in Salta, Argentina.

This study was conducted to investigate the natural history of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (UTC) in the iodine-deficient province of Salta, Argentina, in relation to salt iodization and health care standards. Five hundred ninety-three thyroid cancers diagnosed from 1958 to2012 were reviewed based mainly on the WHO classification and grouped into three periods, one before and two after iodine prophylaxis. The incidence of UTC was analyzed in relation to changing concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) in salt during the prophylaxis period (from 40 to 33.3 mg KI/kg salt), establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region, and use of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Twenty-nine UTCs were found in the whole series. The frequency of UTC decreased from 15.2 % (9/59 cases) in the first period to 2.6 % (10/381 cases) well after salt iodination (x (2) Fisher's test, p < 0.0002), and the incidence from 1.4/10(6)/year to 0.1/10(6)/year (Student's t test, p < 0.06), respectively. The decline of UTC after iodine prophylaxis occurred even after decreasing concentrations of KI in salt and timely coincided with the establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region and routine use of FNA. The lower rate of UTC after iodine prophylaxis in the province of Salta is mostly related to earlier detection of more differentiated thyroid tumors rather than higher salt iodization.

Um método chamado Pinotti: sal medicamentoso, malária e saúde internacional (1952-1960) / A method called Pinotti: medicated salt, malaria, and international health (1952-1960)

Analisa a criação, a recepção e o abandono do método Pinotti de combate à malária: sal de cozinha misturado com cloroquina. Idealizado no início da década de 1950 pelo malariologista brasileiro Mario Pinotti como ação profilática e terapêutica contra a malária, foi testado durante a primeira metade daquela década e utilizado no Brasil entre 1959 e 1961, como parte da campanha de erradicação da malária coordenada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conquistou reconhecimento no cenário internacional da saúde, sofreu críticas e foi testado em outros países até meados dos anos 1960. Argumentamos que, no Brasil, o abandono foi devido, sobretudo, ao ocaso político de seu criador, a partir de 1960.(AU)

Um método chamado Pinotti: sal medicamentoso, malária e saúde internacional (1952-1960) / A method called Pinotti: medicated salt, malaria, and international health (1952-1960)

Analisa a criação, a recepção e o abandono do método Pinotti de combate à malária: sal de cozinha misturado com cloroquina. Idealizado no início da década de 1950 pelo malariologista brasileiro Mario Pinotti como ação profilática e terapêutica contra a malária, foi testado durante a primeira metade daquela década e utilizado no Brasil entre 1959 e 1961, como parte da campanha de erradicação da malária coordenada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conquistou reconhecimento no cenário internacional da saúde, sofreu críticas e foi testado em outros países até meados dos anos 1960. Argumentamos que, no Brasil, o abandono foi devido, sobretudo, ao ocaso político de seu criador, a partir de 1960.

INCAP studies of endemic goiter and its prevention.

The high prevalence of goiter among adults in its member countries of Central America and Panama was observed as soon as INCAP began field studies. This led to systematic studies of goiter in schoolchildren in all of the countries as described, beginning with Guatemala where the rate was 38% nationally. However, efforts to eliminate the consequences of iodine with iodized salt using the water soluble potassium iodate and a process that had proved successful in Switzerland and the United States could not be used with the crude moist salt of the region. INCAP identified potassium iodate that is insoluble in water, and in four schools (two each in El Salvador and Guatemala) proved that the iodine in this compound was as available as that in potassium iodate. It remained evenly distributed in moist salt. When added to salt in Guatemala, goiter rate dropped to 15% in four years and less than 5% in eight years. Compulsory iodation of salt in other developing countries followed with comparable results. This method is now used in worldwide campaigns against iodine deficiency in developing countries.

Iodine deficiency and its association with intelligence quotient in schoolchildren from Colima, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency, its causes and its association with intelligence quotient (IQ) in Mexican schoolchildren. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical study, in which determinations of thyroid gland size, urinary iodine excretion, IQ, iron nutritional status, physical anthropometry, family consumption of goitrogenic foods, type/origin and iodine saturation of salt consumed at home and coliform organisms in drinking water were performed, and the association of each variable with IQ scores was evaluated by multiple regression analyses. SETTING: Municipality of Cuauhtémoc, in Colima, Mexico (altitude: 600-2700 m above sea level). Sea salt is extracted manually nearby and often used for human consumption. Goitre remains present in the region despite over half a century of mandatory salt iodination in the country. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and three children, similar proportions of boys and girls, mean age 9.3 years, randomly selected from 19 public elementary schools. RESULTS: Overall goitre rate was 21.4%; low urinary iodine excretion was found in 19.5% of the children, high urinary iodine excretion in 32.0%. IQ scores were transformed into percentile values, with the following categorisation: < or = P5 (low IQ), 48.5%; > P5 to < or = P25 (below average), 24.2%; > P25 to < P75 (average), 18.8%; > or = P75 to < P95 (above average), 3.6%; > or = P95 (high IQ), 4.9%. Ninety-two per cent of the population used iodinated salt, but deficient iodine saturation (<50 ppm) was found in 86.8% of salt samples. The main goitrogenic foods consumed were peanuts (by 31.5% of the sample), cabbage (30.1%), broccoli (27.7%) and cauliflower (25.7%). Median counts of coliform organisms (colony-forming units/100 ml of drinking water) were: 207.5 (well water), 151 (cisterns), 52 (private homes), 25 (elementary schools) and 12 (kindergartens). Moderate iodine deficiency was associated (P < 0.05) with a 4.26 times higher risk of low IQ. CONCLUSIONS: There is a perturbing negative impact of these findings on human capital acquisition for the region and the country. More attention is needed to ensure effective salt iodination processes, particularly in regions where goitrogens may contribute to the negative effects of iodine deficiency on the intellectual development of children.

Efeitos da suplementacão de potássio via sal de cozinha sobre a pressão arterial e a resistência à insulina em pacientes obesos hipertensos em uso de diuréticos / Effects of potassium supplementation by salt on arterial blood pressure and insulin resistance in hypertensive obese patients on diuretic therapy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementacão de potássio, por intermédio do sal de cozinha contendo cloreto de potássio, associada à dieta hipocalórica e à atividade física aeróbica, sobre a pressão arterial e índices de resistência à insulina em pacientes hipertensos com obesidade abdominal. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo duplo-cego, randomizado, em 22 pacientes hipertensos com excesso de peso (índice de massa corporal >27kg/my) e controle insatisfatório da pressão arterial durante o uso de diuréticos pressão arterial sistólica >140 e <160mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica >90 e <105mmHg. O estudo teve duracão de 12 semanas, durante as quais, os pacientes, divididos em dois grupos (grupo sal normal, n=10; grupo sal de potássio, n=12), receberam sal contendo 100 por cento de cloreto de sódio, ou sal contendo 50 por cento de cloreto de sódio e 50 por cento de cloreto de potássio. No início e ao final do estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos à determinacão do índice de massa corporal, da circunferência da cintura, dos níveis séricos e da excrecão urinária de sódio e potássio, à monitorizacão ambulatorial da pressão arterial nas 24 horas, ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose com determinacão dos níveis séricos de insulina em jejum e aos 120 minutos, à determinacão do perfil lipídico do plasma e à medida da composicão corporal. RESULTADOS: No grupo sal de potássio, os níveis do potássio sérico não se elevaram, como no grupo sal normal, embora se elevasse de 38,8n18,6 para 62,3n29,7mEq/g a excrecão de creatinina urinária (p<0,05). A perda de peso, semelhante nos dois grupos (3,5 por cento no grupo sal normal e 2,7 por cento no grupo sal de potássio), associou-se às reducões na pressão arterial sistólica durante a monitorizacão ambulatorial...

Short report: documentation of iodine deficiency in Haitian schoolchildren: implication for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Haiti.

In this study we documented unexpected moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency in Haitian schoolchildren although they live in a coastal community where presumably they have access to iodine-containing seafood. This fact combined with the lack of an iodized salt supply and endemic lymphatic filariasis makes community distribution of diethylcarbamazine-fortified, iodized salt an attractive strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis and iodine deficiency disorders in this area of Haiti. Combining lymphatic filariasis elimination with other public health interventions is one strategy to increase its public health benefit and maximize the impact of limited public health resources.

Determination of discretionary salt intake in rural Guatemala and Benin to determine the iodine fortification of salt required to control iodine deficiency disorders: studies using lithium-labeled salt.

The use of discretionary salt, which is salt added during cooking and at the table, as a suitable vehicle for iodine intake was assessed by measuring salt consumption using the lithium-marker technique in rural areas of Guatemala and Benin. In both countries, we studied boys aged 6-12 y and their mothers. Subjects used lithium-labeled salt after all unlabeled salt was removed from their households. In Guatemala, 24-h urine samples for 9 mother-son pairs were collected at baseline and on days 7, 8, and 9 during the use of lithium-labeled salt. Total maternal salt intake averaged 5.2 +/- 1.7 g/d (mean +/- SD), of which 77 +/- 24% came from discretionary sources, whereas Guatemalan boys consumed 1.8 +/- 0.6 g salt/d, of which 72 +/- 12% came from discretionary sources. In Benin, urine collection from 13 mother-son pairs took place at baseline and on days 5 and 7. Beninese mothers had a total salt intake of 9.0 +/- 2.9 g/d and their sons had an intake of 5.7 +/- 2.8 g/d; discretionary salt contributed 52 +/- 14% and 50 +/- 13%, respectively, of total salt consumed. Therefore, fortification of household salt appears to be an appropriate method of controlling iodine deficiency in both countries, although fortification of other salt sources could be considered in Benin.

Manual de combate aos distúrbios por deficiência de iodo no Brasil / Manual for control and prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in Brazil

O manual tem o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a deficiência de iodo e seu controle, destinando-se, principalmente, aos profissionais de saúde näo-especialistas e às autoridades estaduais e municipais, a quem deverá caber a operacionalizaçäo e acompanhamento das açöes de combate à deficiência de iodo. Compöem-se de duas partes: a primeira, trata dos aspectos técnicos e científicos da deficiência de iodo e a segunda apresenta a técnica de dosagem de iodato, com ênfase na iodaçäo do sal.