ABSTRACT
Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar as concepções de maternidade para mulheres inférteis de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos que estão em tratamento de reprodução assistida. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, que utilizou como instrumento uma entrevista semiestruturada e contemplou temas como o significado de família, desejo/expectativas sobre filho e gestação e expectativas sobre a maternidade. Participaram da pesquisa 48 mulheres inférteis acima de 35 anos que usam tecnologias de reprodução assistida de alta complexidade em instituições privada e pública. Os dados foram tratados pela análise de conteúdo em que emergiram os temas: representações sociais da família; representações sociais da maternidade; expectativas com a gestação e os modelos maternos; e o filho imaginado. As participantes representaram a família de forma positiva, como um sistema de suporte, de fundação e origem de amor, configurando-a como um laço social. Por outro lado, as concepções de família com base na consanguinidade também estiveram presentes, representando a família pela perpetuação da espécie e pela importância do laço biológico. A maternidade foi marcada por significativa idealização, sendo vista como um papel gratificante e de realização da feminilidade. O peso da cobrança social para procriar também foi sentido como um dever a cumprir e que, na impossibilidade de se realizar, gera sentimentos de inferioridade, menos-valia, impotência e inadequação perante a sociedade, o que reforça o estigma da infertilidade. Tais resultados apontam a importância de reflexões sobre o papel da mulher na nossa cultura, visto que a maternidade é ainda utilizada como medida para o sucesso ou fracasso feminino. Faz-se necessário também refletir sobre a possibilidade da maior inserção do trabalho psicológico na reprodução assistida, visto a carga emocional e social envolvidas nesse processo.(AU)
This study aimed to analyze the conceptions of motherhood for infertile women from different socioeconomic levels who are undergoing assisted reproduction treatment. This is a qualitative and descriptive study that used a semi-structured interview as an instrument and included topics such as the meaning of family and desires/expectations about the child, pregnancy, and motherhood. A total of 48 infertile women over 35 years of ages using high-complexity assisted reproductive technologies in private and public institutions participated in this research. The data were treated by content analysis in which the following themes emerged: family social representations; social representations of motherhood; expectations with pregnancy and maternal models; and the imagined son. Participants represented the family in a positive way as a support system and the foundation and origin of love, embracing the family as a social bond. On the other hand, the family concepts based on inbreeding were also present, representing the family by perpetuation of the species and the importance of biological bonds. Motherhood was marked by significant idealization, being seen as a gratifying role and the fulfillment of femininity. The weight of the social demand to procreate was also felt as a duty to be fulfilled that, in the impossibility of carrying it out, generates feelings of inferiority, worthlessness, impotence, and inadequacy toward society, which reinforce the stigma of infertility. Results point to the necessary reflections on the role of women and our culture since Motherhood is still used as a measure of female success or failure. They also point to a reflection on the possibility of greater inclusion of psychological work in assisted reproduction given the emotional and social burden involved in this process.(AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las concepciones de maternidad de mujeres infértiles, de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos, que se encuentran en tratamiento de reproducción asistida. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, que utilizó como instrumento una entrevista semiestructurada e incluyó temas como el sentido de la familia, deseos/expectativas sobre el hijo y el embarazo y expectativas sobre la maternidad. Participaron en la investigación un total de 48 mujeres infértiles, mayores de 35 años, usuarias de tecnologías de reproducción asistida de alta complejidad en instituciones públicas y privadas. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de contenido del cual surgieron los temas: representaciones sociales familiares; representaciones sociales de la maternidad; expectativas con el embarazo y modelos maternos; hijo imaginado. Las participantes representaron a la familia de manera positiva, como sistema de apoyo, fundamento y origen del amor, configurándola como vínculo social. Por otro lado, también estuvieron presentes las concepciones familiares basadas en la consanguinidad, representando a la familia para la perpetuación de la especie y la importancia del vínculo biológico. La maternidad estuvo marcada por una importante idealización, vista como un rol gratificante y de realización de la feminidad. También se sintió el peso de la demanda social de procrear como un deber que cumplir y que, ante la imposibilidad de realizarlo, genera sentimientos de inferioridad, desvalorización, impotencia e inadecuación en la sociedad, lo que refuerza el estigma de la infertilidad. Por tanto, son necesarias reflexiones sobre el papel de la mujer en nuestra cultura, ya que la maternidad se sigue utilizando como medida del éxito o fracaso femenino. También se reflexiona sobre la posibilidad de una mayor inclusión del trabajo psicológico en la reproducción asistida dada la carga emocional y social que implica este proceso.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Reproduction , Family , Parenting , Social Representation , Infertility, Female , Anxiety , Ovulation Detection , Ovulation Induction , Ovum , Ovum Transport , Parent-Child Relations , Patient Care Team , Patients , Pregnancy Maintenance , Pregnancy, Multiple , Prejudice , Psychology , Quality of Life , Self Concept , Sex , Sexual Abstinence , Shame , Achievement , Social Identification , Sperm Transport , Spermatozoa , Taboo , Time , Tobacco Use Disorder , Urogenital System , Uterus , Population Characteristics , National Health Strategies , Labor, Obstetric , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Adoption , Divorce , Marriage , Fertilization in Vitro , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Child Rearing , Family Characteristics , Risk Factors , Pelvic Inflammatory Disease , Reproductive Techniques , Gestational Age , Coitus , Pregnancy, High-Risk , Oocyte Donation , Consanguinity , Contraception , Sexuality , Couples Therapy , Affect , Abortion, Threatened , Pelvic Infection , Heredity , Inheritance Patterns , Ovulation Prediction , Depression , Reproductive Rights , Diagnosis , Dreams , Alcoholism , Embryo Transfer , Endometriosis , Conjugal Status , Job Market , Fallopian Tube Patency Tests , Family Conflict , Family Relations , Fantasy , Fear , Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications , Masculinity , Sedentary Behavior , Binge Drinking , Hope , Social Norms , Delay Discounting , Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys , Psychological Trauma , Donor Conception , Healthy Lifestyle , Contraceptive Effectiveness , Long-Acting Reversible Contraception , Social Construction of Gender , Gender Expression , Gender-Specific Needs , Frustration , Embarrassment , Sadness , Emotional Regulation , Psychological Distress , Empowerment , Varicocele , Belonging , Family Support , Emotional Exhaustion , Guilt , Happiness , Imagination , Infertility, Male , Insemination, Artificial, Homologous , Laboratories , Life Style , Loneliness , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Medicine , ObesityABSTRACT
Semen from the first 15mL of the ejaculate (P1) obtained from two boars (30mL) was diluted in glycine-egg yolk extender, cooled at 5°C in a special container and rediluted in standard doses of 3x109 mobile spermatozoa after 12h of storage. Semen was also stored up to 24h after redilution. The physical characteristics of the semen were evaluated at different storage periods (fresh, 0h, 12h, rediluted, 24h, and 36h). The reproductive performance of the boars and their fertility regarding the insemination of primiparous sows were also determined. Two treatments were used: T1-15B sows inseminated with semen originated from hyperconcentrated heterospermic doses (15x109 mobile spermatozoa per dose), rediluted after 12h of storage at 5°C for standard doses of 3x109 mobile spermatozoa per dose and stored at 5°C up to 24h after redilution (n=10); T2-3B sows inseminated with standard heterospermic doses (3x109 mobile spermatozoa per dose), stored at 5°C up to 36h after semen collection (n=10). There was no effect (P>0.05) of treatments on the spermatic motility, even though a pronounced decrease (P>0.05) of their values at 12h of storage was recorded. However, they remained higher than 70% until 36h. There was effect of treatments on spermatic vigour at 0h (P<0.05), when T1-15B vigour was higher. There was also effect of the storage period for both treatments with a progressive decrease throughout 36h of storage, although the differences were not always significant. Pregnancy rates (90%) and the number of total farrowed piglets (15, 11-T1-15B; 13, 44- T2-3B) did not differ (P>0.05) between the treatments. It was concluded that the semen hyperconcentration of 15 billion of mobile spermatozoa per dose, stored at 5°C for 12h, did not result in drawbacks considering the physical characteristics of the semen, maintaining the pregnancy rates and prolificacy of the inseminated sows.
Os primeiros 15mL do ejaculado (P1) de dois varrões foram coletados (30mL) e diluídos em diluidor glicina-gema de ovo, resfriados a 5°C em contêiner especial e rediluídos para doses padrão de 3x109 espermatozoides (sptz) móveis, após 12 horas de armazenamento. Além disso, foram armazenados por até 24 horas após a rediluição, sendo as características físicas avaliadas em diferentes períodos de estocagem (fresco, zero hora, 12h, Red12h, 24h e 36h) e a fertilidade avaliada por meio de fêmeas primíparas inseminadas. Foram realizados dois tratamentos: T1-15B: porcas inseminadas com sêmen de doses heterospérmicas hiperconcentradas (15x109 sptz móveis/dose), rediluídas após 12 horas de armazenamento a 5°C para doses padrão de 3x109 sptz móveis/dose, e armazenadas a 5°C por até 24 horas após a rediluição (n=10); T2-3B: porcas inseminadas com doses heterospérmicas padrão (3x109 sptz móveis/dose), armazenadas a 5°C por até 36 horas após coleta. Não houve efeito (P>0.05) dos tratamentos sobre a motilidade espermática e, embora tenha ocorrido queda (P<0.05) às 12 horas, a motilidade foi superior a 70% durante as 36 horas de armazenamento. Houve efeito (P<0.05) dos tratamentos no tempo zero hora quanto ao vigor espermático, sendo E1T1-15B superior. Além disso, houve efeito do período de estocagem para os dois tratamentos, com queda progressiva do vigor ao longo das 36 horas, embora nem sempre as diferenças tenham sido significativas. As taxas de gestação (90%) e o número total de leitões nascidos (15, 11 - T1-15B; 13, 44 - T2-3B) não diferiram (P>0.05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a hiperconcentração do sêmen para 15x109 sptz móveis/dose, armazenado a 5°C por 12 horas não resultou em prejuízos quanto à manutenção das características físicas do sêmen e ao desempenho reprodutivo dos varrões, sendo capaz de manter a taxa de gestação e a prolificidade das fêmeas inseminadas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Semen Analysis/veterinary , Sperm Banks/methods , Semen Preservation/methods , Semen Preservation/veterinary , Swine , Reproduction , Sperm Capacitation , Sperm TransportABSTRACT
La infertilidad, es un problema que afecta a una gran cantidad de parejas. Una de sus causas es la disminución de la calidad seminal debido, por ejemplo, a tratamientos gonadotóxicos. La criopreservación seminal es la técnica que permite conservar y almacenar espermatozoides sin que pierdan su capacidad fecundante; siendo esta una herramienta fundamental en reproducción asistida. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido optimizar la técnica de criopreservación. Para ello se llevó a cabo un estudio, sobre muestras de pacientes en estudio por problemas de fertilidad, en el que se compararon dos medios de criopreservación (SpermCryo™All-round y CryoSperm™) y la aplicación o no de un baño en nitrógeno líquido a las muestras (previo a su almacenamiento); así como el efecto del tiempo que transcurre desde la eyaculación hasta el procesado sobre la calidad de la muestra. Las posibles variaciones fueron estudiadas con un analizador automático, mediante la realización de test pre- y post-congelación para comprobarla movilidad espermática
Infertility is a problem that affects a lot of couples. One of its causes is a decreased semen quality due to, for example, gonadotoxic treatments. The cryopreservation of human semen is the technique that allows sperm preserving and storing without losing their fertilizing capacity; being a fundamental tool in assisted reproduction. The aim of this study was to optimize the cryopreservation technique. To this end, a study carried out on samples of patients under study by fertility problems, in which two cryoprotectant media (SpermCryo™ All-round and CryoSperm™) and the execution or non-execution of an immersion of the samples in liquid nitrogen (before storage) were compared; and the effect of the time between ejaculation and the processing on the quality of the sample. Variations were studied with an automatic analyzer by performing pre- and post-thaw sperm motility tests. The results show no difference between the two cryoprotectants media, but seems to have a tendency to obtain better postthaw mobility with either depending on sample characteristics. Moreover, the liquid nitrogen bath had no apparent effects on post-thaw results. However, we must highlight the importance of time in the processing of semen samples once liquefied, to avoid decreased sperm quality. To improve post-thaw outcomes the key lies in the necessity to adjust the freezing protocol to the sample characteristics and a correct implementation of the protocol cryopreservation (selection and addition of cryoprotectant media...); favoring the management of infertility and the success of assisted reproduction techniques
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Sperm Motility/physiology , Infertility, Male/epidemiology , Semen Analysis/methods , Cryoprotective Agents/analysis , Cryoprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Cryopreservation/methods , Cryopreservation , Sperm Immobilizing Agents/therapeutic use , Sperm Transport/physiologyABSTRACT
Unexplained infertility diagnosis is made in the presence of a normal semen analysis when tubal patency and normal ovulatory function are established. Among several potential causes, unexplained infertility could be attributed to vaginal pH and cervical mucus abnormalities. Although the vaginal canal and the cervix generally function as effective barriers to sperm, and although the production of mucus is essential to transport them from the vagina to the uterine cavity, these factors receive little attention in the investigation of couples with unexplained infertility. A substantial reduction in sperm number occurs as they transverse the cervix. From an average of 200 to 300 million sperm deposited in the vagina, only a few hundred achieve proximity to the oocyte. Given this expected high spermatozoa loss, a slight modification in cervical mucus may rapidly transform the cervix into a "hostile" environment, which, together with changes in vaginal environment and cervix structure, may prevent natural conception and be a cause of infertility. In this review, we discuss the physiological role of the vaginal pH and cervical mucus in fertility, and describe several conditions that can render the cervical mucus hostile to sperm and therefore be implicated in the pathophysiology of unexplained infertility.
RESUMO O diagnóstico de infertilidade inexplicada baseia-se na presença de espermograma normal, constatadas também permeabilidade tubária e função ovulatória normais. Entre as várias causas potenciais de infertilidade inexplicada, a presença de muco cervical e pH vaginal anormais devem ser consideradas. Embora a produção adequada de muco cervical seja essencial para o transporte dos espermatozóides da vagina para a cavidade uterina, e tanto o canal vaginal quanto o colo do útero desempenham função importante como barreira à passagem dos espermatozóides, estes fatores recebem pouca atenção na investigação de casais com infertilidade inexplicada. Uma redução substancial do número de espermatozoides ocorre à medida que estes percorrem o trato reprodutivo feminino. Partindo de cerca de 200 a 300 milhões de espermatozoides depositados na vagina, apenas algumas centenas alcançam a proximidade do oócito. Alteracões do muco cervical podem rapidamente transformar o colo do útero num ambiente hostil, que em conjunto com alterações no ambiente vaginal e da estrutura de colo do útero, podem apresentar-se condicões impedientes para a concepção natural; desse modo, convertem-se em causa de infertilidade. Nesta revisão, discutimos o papel fisiológico do pH vaginal e do muco cervical na fertilidade, descrever várias condicões que podem tornar o muco cervical hostil aos espermatozoides e, por fim analisamos como estes fatores interferem na fisiopatologia da infertilidade inexplicada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Sperm Agglutination , Sperm Transport , Vaginal Diseases/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Diseases/diagnosis , Cervix Mucus/diagnostic imaging , Infertility , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
O espermatozoide é o gâmeta masculino e, como tal, a sua principal func¸ão é fecundar o oócito. Aquando da ejaculac¸ão, esta célula ainda não se encontra madura, pelo que não consegue realizar a sua func¸ão. Ao entrar em contato com o trato reprodutor feminino, o espermatozoide sofre a capacitac¸ão. Este processo é caracterizado por alterac¸ões bioquímicas e funcionais. A reac¸ão acrossómica é o processo final para a fecundac¸ão e caracteriza-se pela libertac¸ão das enzimas de proteolíticas que hidrolisam a zona pelúcida. Todos estes processos dependem de vias de sinalizac¸ão. A maioria das vias de sinalizac¸ão descritas para células somáticas já foram identificadas no espermatozoide, contudo, os seus efeitos não são completamente conhecidos. Nesta revisão serão descritas as principais vias de sinalizac¸ão dos espermatozoides, nomeadamente PPP1CC2, cAMP/PKA, fosfolipase C, PI3K-AKT e ROS (AU)
Spermatozoon is the male gamete and its main function is to fertilize the oocyte. When ejaculation occurs, this cell is immature and therefore cannot perform its function. When it contacts the female reproductive tract, the sperm undergoes capacitation. This process is characterized by biochemical and functional changes. The acrosome reaction is the last process for fertilization and it is characterized by the release of proteolytic enzymes which hydrolyze the zona pellucida. All of these processes depend of signaling pathways. Most of the signaling pathways described for somatic cells have been identified in the sperm, but their effects are not completely known. In this review the main signaling pathways of sperm are described, including PPP1CC2, cAMP/PKA, phospholipase C, PI3K-AKT and ROS (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Sperm Transport/physiology , Spermatozoa/physiology , Sperm Motility/physiology , Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/analysis , Acrosome Reaction/physiology , Reactive Oxygen Species/analysis , Type C Phospholipases/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of Inclear, a feminine cleanser, on sperm motility. METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from infertile male patients. Following liquefaction, the raw semen samples were diluted with Ham's F-10 nutrient mixture medium containing 0.4% human serum albumin solution at a ratio of 1:3. The semen samples were subsequently centrifuged to separate the seminal plasma from the serum. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended. The sample was again centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was removed. The final pellet was gently loosened by resuspension and incubated in medium alone as a control, and in a 10% solution of the medium plus Inclear. A sampling time of 30 minutes was selected on the basis of sperm transport studies. Sperm motility was evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis. RESULTS: A total of 20 samples were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 34.40+/-2.96 years. There was no difference in sperm concentration and motility in the two samples at 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. In both semen samples, the sperm concentration and motility decreased after an incubation period of 30 minutes. However, there was no statistical difference between the samples. Sperm concentration and motility were not significantly different between the control and Inclear samples after 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. CONCLUSION: Inclear has no negative effects on sperm motility. This product can be recommended to pregnancy planners for vaginal hygiene and as a vaginal lubricant.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Feminine Hygiene Products , Hygiene , Lubricants , Prospective Studies , Semen , Serum Albumin , Sperm Motility , Sperm Transport , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
With the rapid development of biotechnology, we can change the trait of organism using transgenetic technology. In recent years, there are growing interests in the establishment of sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) technology as an effective and convenient method to produce transgenic animals. SMGT technology is a transgenetic method, which is easy in operation and does little harm to the cell compared with the other transgenetic methods. In this review, we expound the background, development, mechanism, operation and application of SMGT.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Animals, Genetically Modified , Gene Transfer Techniques , Genetic Engineering , Methods , Sperm Transport , Physiology , Spermatozoa , Metabolism , PhysiologyABSTRACT
The vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti is directly influenced by its high reproductive output. Nevertheless, females are restricted to a single mating event, sufficient to acquire enough sperm to fertilize a lifetime supply of eggs. How Ae. aegypti is able to maintain viable spermatozoa remains a mystery. Male spermatozoa are stored within either of two spermathecae that in Ae. aegypti consist of one large and two smaller organs each. In addition, each organ is divided into reservoir, duct and glandular portions. Many aspects of the morphology of the spermatheca in virgin and inseminated Ae. aegypti were investigated here using a combination of light, confocal, electron and scanning microscopes, as well as histochemistry. The abundance of mitochondria and microvilli in spermathecal gland cells is suggestive of a secretory role and results obtained from periodic acid Schiff assays of cell apexes and lumens indicate that gland cells produce and secrete neutral polysaccharides probably related to maintenance of spermatozoa. These new data contribute to our understanding of gamete maintenance in the spermathecae of Ae. aegypti and to an improved general understanding of mosquito reproductive biology.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Aedes/ultrastructure , Exocrine Glands/ultrastructure , Insemination/physiology , Spermatozoa/physiology , Aedes/physiology , Exocrine Glands/physiology , Exocrine Glands , Histocytochemistry , Microscopy, Electron , Oviducts/anatomy & histology , Sperm TransportABSTRACT
Objetivo: Discutir el efecto que puede tener el factor masculino sobre la muerte embrionaria temprana. Método: Se hace una revisión de literatura de diferentes componentes del espermatozoide que pueden tener algún papel en la muerte embrionaria temprana. Resultados: Antes que ocurra la fusión entre la membrana plasmática del espermatozoide y la del oocito, ambos gametos deben sufrir un proceso de maduración que permita la fecundación y el desarrollo embrionario exitosos. El estudio de las parejas con muerte embrionaria temprana, usualmente se aborda desde el factor femenino por la obvia relación de la mujer con su producto en desarrollo, pero no es ilógico suponer que una alteración genética o epigenética en el espermatozoide, tenga un papel importante en estas pérdidas por su importancia en el desarrollo placentario y embrionario. El espermatozoide posee algunas características como el empaquetamiento del ADN, la apoptosis y los antioxidantes en el plasma seminal, que protegen la integridad estructural y funcional de la célula germinal, permitiendo que el espermatozoide fecunde al oocito y contribuya al desarrollo embrionario. Sin embargo, alteraciones epigenéticas como el remodelamiento de la cromatina y la consecuente perturbación de los eventos relacionados con la impronta genómica podrían ser causas de origen paterno que pueden tener alguna representación en las muertes embrionarias tempranas como también lo son la ausencia o alteración del centrosoma, el acortamiento telomérico y la ausencia de RNA espermático. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de la intervención espermática en el desarrollo embrionario proporcionará bases para el entendimiento y el posible diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas alteraciones reproductivas masculinas que puedan estar ocasionando fallas en el desarrollo posterior del embrión (AU)
Objective: To discuss the possible role of the male factor in early embryo death. Method: A detailed bibliographic review has been put together to establish which alterations in spermatozoa can be associated with early embryo death. Results: Before the fusion between plasma membranes of the sperm and the oocyte occurs, both germ cells must undergo a maturation process that allows successful fertilization and embryo development. The study of couples with early embryo loss is usually approached from the side of the woman due to the obvious relationship that exists between the female and the developing embryo. However, it is not illogical to suppose that a genetic or epigenetic alteration of the sperm could have important consequences on these losses due to the necessary contribution of the male gamete not only to embryonic but also to placental development. On the other hand, spermatozoa have certain characteristics such as a highly compact DNA, they undergo apoptosis and the seminal plasma contains antioxidants that protect the structural and functional integrity of the germ cell. These factors assure fertilization and embryo development. Nevertheless, epigenetic alterations of the sperm such as altered chromatin packing, mistakes in imprinting, absence or alteration of the centrosome, telomeric shortening and absence of sperm RNA, could affect functions leading to early embryo loss. Conclusions: Knowledge concerning sperm intervention previous to embryo development will provide the basis for better understanding and for possible diagnosis and treatment of diverse reproductive alterations in men that could impede embryo development (AU)
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Embryo Loss/complications , Embryo Loss/diagnosis , Spermatozoa/pathology , Fertilization/physiology , Oocytes/physiology , Sperm Maturation , Sperm Maturation/physiology , Apoptosis/physiology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Embryo Loss/etiology , Spermatozoa/growth & development , Oocytes/pathology , Sperm Transport , Sperm Transport/physiologyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Fertilization in Vitro/methods , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/trends , Uterine Myomectomy , Tissue Adhesions/surgery , Sperm Transport , Uterine Contraction , LaparoscopyABSTRACT
En esta revisión se actualiza el mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel (LNG) usado en anticoncepción de emergencia. El análisis crítico de la estimación de la eficacia anticonceptiva del LNG indica que su tasa de falla es más alta que la publicada. El LNG aumenta la viscosidad del moco cervical impidiendo que los espermatozoides del reservorio cervical vayan a renovar la población espermática en el sitio de fecundación. Diversos autores han documentado que LNG suprime el pico preovulatorio de gonadotrofinas e interfiere con el proceso ovulatorio en la mujer y en modelos animales. Administrado después de la fecundación en rata y Cebus apella, no interfiere con la implantación del embrión. Se concluye que LNG previene el embarazo solamente cuando se administra en un momento del ciclo menstrual en el cual puede impedir la fecundación y que el método falla cuando la administración es más tardía.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Levonorgestrel/pharmacology , Ovulation , Sperm Transport , Contraception , Levonorgestrel/administration & dosageABSTRACT
En este trabajo se ha analizado el proceso de reacción acrosómica de muestras congeladas de semen bovino cultivados en tres medios de cultivo utilizados para la fecundación in vitro TALP, TCM-199 y BO. El estado del acrosoma y la viabilidad espermática fue evaluada mediante una doble tinción fluorescente con lectinas unidas a fluoresceina y ioduro de propidio. El medio utilizado y el tiempo de cultivo ejercen un efecto significativo sobre los parámetros estudiados. Así el porcentaje de espermatozoides con acrosomas intactos es superior en el medio TCM-199 (valor medio 30.93ñ1.18) que en TALP (28.79ñ1.40) o BO (26.53ñ1.31). El medio TALP es el que induce un mayor porcentaje de espermatozoides con reacción acrosómica (valor medio TALP 9.33ñ0.81, TCM-199 6.76ñ0.64 BO 7.33ñ0.54), mientras que los espermatozoides cultivados en el medio TCM-199 presentan un retraso en el patrón de reacción acrosómica (AU)
Subject(s)
Cattle , Female , Male , Cattle , Humans , Animals , Fertilization in Vitro/veterinary , Fertilization in Vitro , Fertilization in Vitro/methods , Acrosome , Acrosin/analysis , Semen/physiology , Lectins/analysis , Propidium/analysis , Semen Preservation/methods , Semen Preservation , Semen Preservation/veterinary , Culture Media/analysis , Heparin/analysis , Heparin/administration & dosage , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Sperm Transport , Sperm Transport/physiologySubject(s)
Endometrium , Fertilization , Gametogenesis , Menstrual Cycle , Physiology , Reproductive Medicine , Sperm Transport , SpermatogenesisABSTRACT
Este experimento fue realizado en la Unidad Ambiental de la Compañía Energética de Minas Gerais-Brasil y en el Laboratorio de Fisiología y Farmacología del Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Federal de Lavras (UFLA). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dos diluyentes (Glucosa 5 por ciento y agua de coco) en el semen del pez Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) después de congelado. Fueron utilizados como activadores de la motilidad espermática después de congelación el bicarbonato sódico al 0,5 y 1,0 por ciento y agua destilada. Un modelo factorial de 2 x 3 fue utilizado para testar el efecto de los diluyentes de congelación y de los activadores de la motilidad espermática después de la congelación. La motilidad espermática media fue de 60 por ciento cuando se utilizó el agua de coco como diluyente, observándose diferencia significativa (P0,01) entre los diluyentes utilizados pero fue mejor (P<0,01) cuando se empleó el bicarbonato sódico como activador. El agua de coco usada como diluyente del semen para congelación y el bicarbonato sódico usado como activador de la motilidad espermática después de la congelación aumenta y prolonga, respectivamente, la motilidad espermática del semen de Piracanjuba. (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Semen , Fishes , Glucose/analysis , Sodium Bicarbonate , Sperm Motility/physiology , Semen Preservation/veterinary , Semen Preservation , Sperm Transport/physiology , Semen Preservation/classification , Semen Preservation/statistics & numerical data , Semen Preservation/trendsABSTRACT
Retrograde ejaculation severely compromises male fertility. The use of sympathicomimetics for the treatment of this condition has poor results, except in patients with partial retrograde ejaculation, whose semen has a higher spermatozoa concentration. The semen of two patients with partial retrograde ejaculation was collected and frozen after the injection of a sympathicomimetic (Midodrine). The frozen/thawed samples were mixed with fresh semen recently ejaculated to obtain a minimal number of motile spermatozoa, and used for intrauterine insemination (> de 1 x 106 motile spermatozoa/ml). In both cases, pregnancies that developed satisfactorily, were obtained
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Midodrine/administration & dosage , Insemination, Artificial/methods , Semen Preservation/methods , Sperm Transport , Infertility, Male/therapy , Ejaculation/physiologyABSTRACT
La vía espermática extratesticular de la paloma está formada por los conductores eferentes proximales y distales, y Por el conducto epididimario. Los conductos eferentes están revestidos por epitelio pseudo-estratificado, estereocilado y el conducto Epididimario por epitelio columnar bajo, pseudo-estratificado. El análisis morfométrico demostró que los conductores eferentes proximales Poseen mayor diámetro medio entre los túbulos de la región epididimaria (X: 283,64 um); teniendo este hecho una probable implicancia Fisiológica en el proceso de reabsorción del fluido seminífero
Subject(s)
Animals , Columbidae/anatomy & histology , Epididymis/anatomy & histology , Sperm Transport/physiologyABSTRACT
Diabetes is known to induce autonomic dysfunction and most experiments have been focused on the smooth muscle dysfunctions of the urinary bladder and corpus cavernosum in the genitourinary tract. The contractile response of the vas deferens is also decreased in diabetic rats and this effect may cause impairment of sperm transportation. However, few studies have been investigated the changes of contractility of the vas deferens in diabetic animals and little attention has been given to the differences between the contractilities of the prostatic and epididymal ends of the vas deferens in diabetic rats. In this study, the whole vas deferens was divided into two portions, prostatic and epididymal ends, and we examined the contractility of both segments to field stimulation at various frequencies from 4 to 64 Hz for 30 sec with pulses of 1 msec duration at 80 V in organ bath containing modified Tyrode's solution. Both initial twitch and the last contraction after 30 sec elicited by field stimulation were compared to clarify which component was more susceptible to field stimulation in control and diabetic rats. In the prostatic end, initial twitch was more impaired than the last contraction, which is believed that in diabetic rats, ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is more affected than NA(noradrenaline). In contrast, in the epididymal and the last contraction was more impaired than the initial twitch. In 64 Hz, initial twitch and the secondary contractions were not distinguished in the epididymal end of control rats, but in diabetic rats both phases were distinct. This means that the release of NA to field stimulation in the epididymal end is delayed in diabetic rats.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Baths , Muscle, Smooth , Sperm Transport , Urinary Bladder , Vas DeferensABSTRACT
Apresenta-se uma revisäo sobre transporte de gametas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ovum Transport/physiology , Sperm Transport/physiology , Cervix Mucus , Uterus , VaginaABSTRACT
Descreve-se de modo resumido a biografia de J. M. Sims. Mostra-se o processo que o ilustre médico trouxe à cirurgia e ginecologia dos Estados Unidos da América, razäo por que é denominado o "Pai da Ginecologia Norte-americana". Além da magistral contribuiçäo ao tratamento das fístulas vesicovaginais, preocupou-se com o problema da infertilidade e descreveu com detalhes o teste pós-coito em 1866. Apesar de merecidos elogios pelo desempenho profissional, foi considerado pessoa insensível por realizar repetidas operaçöes em escravas negras e em imigrantes pobres de Nova Iorque, no intuito de aperfeiçoamento cirúrgico. Mas Hühner, em 1913, publicou um livro em que expôs os diferentes exames a serem realizados na pesquisa diagnóstica do casal infértil e redescreveu o teste pós-coito. Em 1929 o livro teve uma segunda ediçäo. Em artigo de divulgaçäo de 1924, Hühner enumerou os exames descritos anteriormente e mencionou que médicos daquela época tinha proposto a denominaçäo de "teste de Hühner" ao exame pós-coito por ele relatado como "teste do espermatozóide". Na bibliografia do artigo há citaçäo de um trabalho, posterior ao de 1866, é bem explícito e, além da descriçäo da prova, realça o valor do microscópio e assinala as condiçöes adversas ao teste. Causa estranheza a omissäo de Hühner