ABSTRACT
Snakes display a wide range of skin colors and patterns, acting in ecological, behavioral, and physiological roles. Xanthism has been reported in numerous snake species, including many neotropical taxa. Corallus hortulana is a polychromatic species widely distributed throughout South America. Yellow, patternless individuals, while rare, have been recognized as within the species' polychromatic range. We report the first yellow, patternless specimens of Corallus hortulana collected in Bolivia and discuss whether these individuals fit the criteria of xanthism.(AU)
Las serpientes muestran una amplia gama de colores y patrones de piel, actuando en roles ecológicos, de comportamiento y fisiológicos. Además, se ha informado xantismo en numerosas especies de serpientes, incluidos muchos taxones neotropicales. Corallus hortulana es una especie policromática ampliamente distribuida en América del Sur. Los individuos amarillos sin patrón, aunque raros, se han reconocido dentro del rango policromático de la especie. Reportamos los primeros especímenes amarillos sin patrón de Corallus hortulana recolectados en Bolivia y discutimos si estos individuos cumplen con los criterios de xantismo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Boidae/classification , Boidae/physiology , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , BoliviaABSTRACT
Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata is redescribed, and the expansion of its geographic distribution is presented based on abundant new records. Morphological analysis, meristic comparison and osteological description were performed. No one autapomorphy was identified for P. nigrolineata, but the species is identified by an exclusive combination of characters of coloration of the body, morphometric and meristic data (snout length, maxillary and outer mental barbels length; number of vertebrae). A discussion of its geographic distribution, coloration pattern of the body, the putative relationships among some species of the genus, and its conservation status are presented.(AU)
Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata é redescrita e a expansão de sua distribuição geográfica é apresentada com base em abundantes novos registros. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas, comparação merística e descrição osteológica. Nenhuma autapomorfia foi identificada para P. nigrolineata, mas a espécie é identificada por uma combinação exclusiva de caracteres de colorido do corpo, dados morfométricos e merísticos (comprimento do focinho, comprimento dos barbilhões maxilares e mentais externos; número de vértebras). Uma discussão dessa distribuição geográfica, padrão de coloração do corpo, as supostas relações entre algumas espécies do gênero e seu estado de conservação são apresentados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Catfishes/classification , Animal Distribution , Amazonian EcosystemABSTRACT
Snakes have a wide variety of color patterns that can be related to specific ecological and physiological functions. However, genetic mutations can lead to the appearance of anomalous color patterns, which can directly interfere with the fitness of individuals. Leucism is a chromatic anomaly characterized by the almost total absence of epidermal and dermal chromatophores that produce the color. Corallus hortulana is an arboreal snake with nocturnal habits, widely distributed throughout South America, with a wide range of color patterns, known as polychromatism. Here we report the first case of leucism in Corallus hortulana and discuss the potential ecological implications of this anomaly in this species.(AU)
As cobras possuem uma grande variedade de padrões de coloração que podem estar relacionadas a funções ecológicas e fisiológicas específicas. No entanto, mutações genéticas podem levar ao aparecimento de padrões de coloração anômalos que podem interferir diretamente na fitness do indivíduo. O leucismo é uma anomalia cromática caracterizada pela ausência quase total de cromatóforos epidérmicos e dérmicos que produzem a cor. Corallus hortulana é uma serpente arborícola de hábitos noturnos, amplamente distribuída pela América do Sul, com grande variação de padrões de cor, conhecida como policromatismo. Aqui nós relatamos o primeiro caso de leucismo em Corallus hortulana e discutimos as potenciais implicações ecológicas desta anomalia para a espécie.(AU)
Subject(s)
Snakes/abnormalities , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Chromatophores , South AmericaABSTRACT
Cambeva contains species with complex taxonomy or poorly delimitated in terms of morphology and geopraphic distribution. We conducted an extensive review of Cambeva populations from coastal drainages of Southern to Southeastern Brazil to evaluate species geographic limits with an integrative analysis including morphological and molecular data (COI). We test if two single-locus methods, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), are efficient to delimit species boundaries in Cambeva by the comparison with the diagnosable morphological units. Using GMYC, we also evaluated the combination of tree and molecular clock priors to reconstruct the input phylogeny and assessed how well the implemented model fitted our empirical data. Eleven species were identified using a morphological diagnosability criterion: Cambeva balios, C. barbosae, C. botuvera, C. cubataonis, C. davisi, C. guaraquessaba, C. iheringi, C. tupinamba, and C. zonata and two treated as undescribed species. In contrast with previous knowledge, many of them have wider distribution and high intraspecific variation. Species delimitation based on single-locus demonstrated incongruences between the methods and strongly differed from the morphological delimitation. These disagreements and the violation of the GMYC model suggest that a single-locus data is insufficient to delimit Cambeva species and the failure may be attributable to events of mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting.(AU)
Cambeva contém espécies com taxonomia complexa ou mal delimitadas em termos morfológicos e de distribuição geográfica. Realizamos uma extensa revisão de populações de Cambeva das drenagens costeiras do Sul ao Sudeste do Brasil para avaliar os limites das espécies com uma análise integrativa incluindo dados morfológicos e moleculares (COI). Testamos se dois métodos de locus único, Implementação Bayesiana dos Processos da Árvore de Poisson (bPTP) e Coalescente de Yule Misto Generalizado (GMYC), são eficientes para delimitar os limites das espécies em Cambeva pela comparação com as unidades morfológicas diagnosticáveis. Usando o GMYC, também avaliamos a combinação de árvores e relógios moleculares para reconstruir a filogenia e avaliamos o quão bem o modelo implementado se ajustava aos nossos dados empíricos. Foram identificadas 11 espécies usando o critério morfológico: Cambeva balios, C. barbosae, C. botuvera, C. cubataonis, C. davisi, C. guaraquessaba, C. iheringi, C. tupinamba e C. zonata e duas tratadas como espécies não-descritas. Em contraste com o conhecimento prévio, muitas delas têm distribuição mais ampla e alta variação intraespecífica. A delimitação das espécies baseada em locus único demonstrou incongruências entre os métodos e diferiu fortemente da delimitação morfológica. Essas discordâncias e a violação do modelo GMYC sugerem que os dados de locus único são insuficientes para delimitar as espécies de Cambeva e a falha pode ser atribuída a eventos de introgressão mitocondrial e sorteio incompleto da linhagem.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/classification , Catfishes/genetics , Animal Distribution/physiology , Phylogeny , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Brazil , Poisson DistributionABSTRACT
The present study tested a comet assay that was modified for compatibility with Giemsa staining to assess the drug genotoxicity in the peripheral blood of rats. We analysed the peripheral blood of 16 female Wistar rats (N=8 rats/group) from a control group and from a group that was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 50mg cyclophosphamide/kg. The comet assay was carried out with modifications of the blood volume and immersion time in the lysing solution and different combinations of electrophoresis conditions (running time, voltage and current), to Giemsa staining. The lysing time and electrophoresis conditions allowed for the expression of all classes of DNA damage during the electrophoresis run, and the comets were efficiently stained with Giemsa. The technique showed high reproducibility for the DNA classes. The results demonstrate that the modified comet assay with Giemsa staining can be standardized for routine laboratory procedures using a 20µL blood sample, 3h and 30min immersions in the lysing solution and electrophoresis runs with 23 to 25 V and 310 and 360mA of electrical current. The modified comet assay with Giemsa staining that was described in the present study was standardized to be applied in the laboratory routine.(AU)
O presente estudo testou um ensaio cometa modificado para a coloração de Giemsa para avaliar a genotoxicidade de fármacos no sangue periférico de ratos. Analisou-se o sangue periférico de 16 ratas Wistar (n=8 ratas/grupo) de um grupo controle e de um grupo que foi tratado com uma injeção intraperitoneal de 50mg/kg pv. de ciclofosfamida. O ensaio cometa foi realizado com modificações do volume sanguíneo e do tempo de imersão na solução de lise, bem como com diferentes combinações de condições de eletroforese (tempo de corrida, tensão e corrente), para coloração de Giemsa. O tempo de lise e as condições de eletroforese permitiram a expressão de todas as classes de danos no DNA durante a corrida de eletroforese, e os cometas foram eficientemente corados com Giemsa. A técnica mostrou alta reprodutibilidade para as classes de DNA. Os resultados demonstram que o ensaio cometa modificado com coloração de Giemsa foi padronizado para procedimentos laboratoriais de rotina usando-se uma amostra de sangue de 20µL, 3h30min de imersão na solução de lise e eletroforese com 23 a 25 V e 310 e 360mA. O ensaio cometa modificado com coloração de Giemsa descrito foi padronizado para ser aplicado na rotina laboratorial.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Azure Stains/toxicity , Comet Assay/veterinary , Genotoxicity/analysis , Electrophoresis/veterinary , Mutagenicity Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
The present study tested a comet assay that was modified for compatibility with Giemsa staining to assess the drug genotoxicity in the peripheral blood of rats. We analysed the peripheral blood of 16 female Wistar rats (N=8 rats/group) from a control group and from a group that was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 50mg cyclophosphamide/kg. The comet assay was carried out with modifications of the blood volume and immersion time in the lysing solution and different combinations of electrophoresis conditions (running time, voltage and current), to Giemsa staining. The lysing time and electrophoresis conditions allowed for the expression of all classes of DNA damage during the electrophoresis run, and the comets were efficiently stained with Giemsa. The technique showed high reproducibility for the DNA classes. The results demonstrate that the modified comet assay with Giemsa staining can be standardized for routine laboratory procedures using a 20µL blood sample, 3h and 30min immersions in the lysing solution and electrophoresis runs with 23 to 25 V and 310 and 360mA of electrical current. The modified comet assay with Giemsa staining that was described in the present study was standardized to be applied in the laboratory routine.(AU)
O presente estudo testou um ensaio cometa modificado para a coloração de Giemsa para avaliar a genotoxicidade de fármacos no sangue periférico de ratos. Analisou-se o sangue periférico de 16 ratas Wistar (n=8 ratas/grupo) de um grupo controle e de um grupo que foi tratado com uma injeção intraperitoneal de 50mg/kg pv. de ciclofosfamida. O ensaio cometa foi realizado com modificações do volume sanguíneo e do tempo de imersão na solução de lise, bem como com diferentes combinações de condições de eletroforese (tempo de corrida, tensão e corrente), para coloração de Giemsa. O tempo de lise e as condições de eletroforese permitiram a expressão de todas as classes de danos no DNA durante a corrida de eletroforese, e os cometas foram eficientemente corados com Giemsa. A técnica mostrou alta reprodutibilidade para as classes de DNA. Os resultados demonstram que o ensaio cometa modificado com coloração de Giemsa foi padronizado para procedimentos laboratoriais de rotina usando-se uma amostra de sangue de 20µL, 3h30min de imersão na solução de lise e eletroforese com 23 a 25 V e 310 e 360mA. O ensaio cometa modificado com coloração de Giemsa descrito foi padronizado para ser aplicado na rotina laboratorial.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Azure Stains/toxicity , Comet Assay/veterinary , Genotoxicity/analysis , Electrophoresis/veterinary , Mutagenicity Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
The golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest, a shrinking biodiversity hotspot. As in other Neotropical primates, its semen characteristics and freezability are poorly studied. Hence, reproductive technologies for callitrichids would greatly benefit from reliable methods of semen analysis. In a bid to promote reproductive research in tamarins, we validated simple and inexpensive sperm function tests that can be used to monitor sperm-egg binding, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA fragmentation. Ejaculates from adult males were individually diluted and divided into control and damage-induced aliquots, and then samples comprising assorted amounts of damaged spermatozoa were examined by organelle-specific tests. Our findings showed that sperm-binding in chicken egg perivitelline membrane (EPM) positively correlated with the number of spermatozoa injured by snap-freezing. Eosin-nigrosin (EN) and propidium iodide readings were correlated with each other, and both provided robust measurements of plasma membrane integrity. A high correlation between expected and measured amounts of acrosome-intact spermatozoa was found using Fast Green-Rose Bengal (FG-RB), Coomassie Blue (CB), and FITC-PSA stains, and all three methods exhibited comparable results. Likewise, different percentages of UV-irradiated spermatozoa were accurately assessed for DNA integrity by Toluidine Blue (TB) and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) tests. Comparisons between 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and JC-1 stains also indicated the reliability of the former assay to ascertain gradual increases in spermatozoa with greater mitochondrial function. These data confirmed that different parts of the tamarin spermatozoa can be simply and consistently evaluated by EPM, EN, FG-RB, CB, TB, and DAB protocols.
Subject(s)
Leontopithecus , Semen Analysis/veterinary , Spermatozoa/physiology , Acrosome , Animals , Cell Membrane , DNA Damage , Freezing/adverse effects , Male , Mitochondria/physiology , Semen Analysis/methods , Spermatozoa/cytology , Staining and Labeling/methods , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The toluidine blue (TB) stain has been used in different species to evaluate the degree of chromatin condensation. The objectives of this study were as follows: simplify the TB stain to evaluate sperm in canine raw semen, verify the staining patterns for this species using this simplified technique and establish a protocol for using dithiothreitol (DTT) as a positive control for TB staining in dogs. Twenty-one ejaculates were collected from 7 adult male dogs; semen was extended, fixed with ethanol 96° and stained with TB using 2 staining times: 15 and 30 min. In addition, 3 incubation times with 1% DTT were assayed (2, 5 and 30 min). Three staining patterns were established: light blue colouring (TB negative, normal chromatin condensation), light violet (TB intermediate, some degree of chromatin decondensation) and dark blue-violet (TB positive, high degree of chromatin decondensation). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the staining times (15 and 30 min) for any of the TB patterns. All DTT incubation times (2, 5 and 30 min) showed 100% sperm positive to TB. To conclude, it was possible to simplify the TB stain and determine the different patterns in canine spermatozoa. Also, DTT can be used both as a positive control for the stain and to evaluate individual susceptibility to decondensation in vitro.
Subject(s)
Coloring Agents/chemistry , DNA/chemistry , Semen Analysis/veterinary , Tolonium Chloride/chemistry , Animals , Chromatin/ultrastructure , Dogs , Male , Semen/cytology , Semen Analysis/methods , Spermatozoa/cytology , Staining and Labeling/methods , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
The tortuous nature of the ovine cervix restricts the transcervical passage of the cannula, and many studies have aimed to understand the endocrine mechanism of the remodelling of cervical tissue in adult ewe. However, little is known about the remodelling of the cervical tissue during the prepubertal development of the lambs. To obtain histochemical and biochemical evidence about the nature of the prepubertal development of the cervix of the ewe, cervices of Corriedale lambs obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months of age (n = 5 to 6 in each) were processed. Neutral and acidic glycosaminoglycans (by PAS-Alcian stain) were weakly in the cervical stroma and not shown change during the development, whereas the percentage volume of fibrillar collagen (by van Gieson stain) increases throughout the experimental period in the superficial fold stroma and deep wall stroma (p < 0.05). The relative cervical weight (g/kg of body weight) and the collagen concentration (by spectrophotometry, mg/mg wet tissue) showed an early decreasing phase from months 0 to 4 and a later increasing phase from months 4 to 8 (p < 0.05). The latent form of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) detected by gelatin zymography (ng/mg protein) decreased from months 0 to 2 and increased from months 4 to 8, whereas the activated form decreased from months 0 to 2, remained low until month 6 and then recovered on month 8 (p < 0.0001). Data suggest that the relative cervical weight biphasic pattern during the development is related to MMP-2-dependent changes in the collagen content.
Subject(s)
Cervix Uteri/chemistry , Collagen/analysis , Glycosaminoglycans/analysis , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/analysis , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/analysis , Sheep/growth & development , Animals , Body Weight , Cervix Uteri/enzymology , Cervix Uteri/growth & development , Female , Histocytochemistry/veterinary , Organ Size , Paraffin Embedding/veterinary , Spectrophotometry/veterinary , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Predation avoidance is a primary factor influencing survival. Therefore, any trait that affects the risk of predation, such as camouflage, is expected to be under selection pressure. Background matching (homochromy) limits habitat use, especially if the habitat is heterogeneous. Another camouflage mechanism is disruptive coloration, which reduces the probability of detection by masking the prey's body contours. Here we evaluated if disruptive coloration in the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, allows habitat use diversification. We analyzed 82 photographs of animals, comparing animal and background color, and registering anchorage substrate (holdfast). We tested whether the presence (disruptive coloration) or absence of bands (plain coloration) predicted occupation of backgrounds of different colors. We also calculated the connectance between seahorse morph and background color or holdfast, as well as whether color morph differed in their preferences for holdfast. Animals with disruptive coloration were more likely to be found in environments with colors different from their own. Furthermore, animals with disruptive coloration occupied more diversified habitats, but as many holdfasts as plain colored animals. Therefore, animals with disruptive coloration were less selective in habitat use than those lacking disruptive color patterns, which agrees with the disruptive coloration hypothesis.(AU)
Evitar a predação é um dos principais fatores que influenciam a sobrevivência. Portanto, qualquer traço que afete o risco de predação, como a camuflagem, deverá estar sob forte pressão de seleção. Confundir-se com a cor do fundo (homocromia) limita o uso do habitat, especialmente se ele é heterogêneo. Outro mecanismo de camuflagem é a coloração disruptiva, que reduz a probabilidade de detecção mascarando o contorno do corpo da presa. Aqui nós avaliamos se a coloração disruptiva no cavalo-marinho de focinho comprido, Hippocampus reidi, permite diversificar o uso do habitat. Analisamos 82 fotografias de animais, comparando a cor do animal à do fundo, e registrando o substrato de apoio (holdfast). Nós testamos se a presença (coloração disruptiva) ou ausência de bandas (coloração lisa) predizia a ocupação de substratos de cores diferentes. Nós também calculamos a conectância entre o morfo do cavalo-marinho e a cor do fundo ou o substrato de apoio, bem como se o morfo diferiu em suas preferências por substratos de apoio. Animais com coloração disruptiva eram mais encontrados em ambientes com cores diferentes de sua própria cor. Além disso, os animais com coloração disruptiva ocupavam habitats mais diversificados, mas tantos substratos de apoio quanto animais lisos. Portanto, animais com cores disruptivas eram menos seletivos do que animais lisos quanto ao habitat que utilizavam, o que concorda com a hipótese da coloração disruptiva.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Smegmamorpha/classification , Disruptive Technology/classification , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Predation avoidance is a primary factor influencing survival. Therefore, any trait that affects the risk of predation, such as camouflage, is expected to be under selection pressure. Background matching (homochromy) limits habitat use, especially if the habitat is heterogeneous. Another camouflage mechanism is disruptive coloration, which reduces the probability of detection by masking the prey's body contours. Here we evaluated if disruptive coloration in the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, allows habitat use diversification. We analyzed 82 photographs of animals, comparing animal and background color, and registering anchorage substrate (holdfast). We tested whether the presence (disruptive coloration) or absence of bands (plain coloration) predicted occupation of backgrounds of different colors. We also calculated the connectance between seahorse morph and background color or holdfast, as well as whether color morph differed in their preferences for holdfast. Animals with disruptive coloration were more likely to be found in environments with colors different from their own. Furthermore, animals with disruptive coloration occupied more diversified habitats, but as many holdfasts as plain colored animals. Therefore, animals with disruptive coloration were less selective in habitat use than those lacking disruptive color patterns, which agrees with the disruptive coloration hypothesis.(AU)
Evitar a predação é um dos principais fatores que influenciam a sobrevivência. Portanto, qualquer traço que afete o risco de predação, como a camuflagem, deverá estar sob forte pressão de seleção. Confundir-se com a cor do fundo (homocromia) limita o uso do habitat, especialmente se ele é heterogêneo. Outro mecanismo de camuflagem é a coloração disruptiva, que reduz a probabilidade de detecção mascarando o contorno do corpo da presa. Aqui nós avaliamos se a coloração disruptiva no cavalo-marinho de focinho comprido, Hippocampus reidi, permite diversificar o uso do habitat. Analisamos 82 fotografias de animais, comparando a cor do animal à do fundo, e registrando o substrato de apoio (holdfast). Nós testamos se a presença (coloração disruptiva) ou ausência de bandas (coloração lisa) predizia a ocupação de substratos de cores diferentes. Nós também calculamos a conectância entre o morfo do cavalo-marinho e a cor do fundo ou o substrato de apoio, bem como se o morfo diferiu em suas preferências por substratos de apoio. Animais com coloração disruptiva eram mais encontrados em ambientes com cores diferentes de sua própria cor. Além disso, os animais com coloração disruptiva ocupavam habitats mais diversificados, mas tantos substratos de apoio quanto animais lisos. Portanto, animais com cores disruptivas eram menos seletivos do que animais lisos quanto ao habitat que utilizavam, o que concorda com a hipótese da coloração disruptiva.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Smegmamorpha/classification , Disruptive Technology/classification , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Sperm DNA fragmentation is a condition that interferes directly in the reproductive efficiency. Currently, there are several methods for assessing the sperm DNA integrity, such as Alkaline Comet, TUNEL and Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay. However, many of these techniques are laborious and require high-precision equipment. Thus, the development of new techniques can optimize the evaluation of sperm DNA damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to standardize the toluidine blue (TB) stain technique for the analysis of DNA fragmentation of dog, cat, bull, stallion and ram spermatozoa. For this purpose, we used six animals of each specie (n = 30), in reproductive age. Sperm was collected by different methods according to the particularities of each species, and such samples were divided into two aliquots: a sperm sample was kept at 5°C (considered as intact sperm DNA), and the remaining samples were submitted to the induction of DNA fragmentation by exposure to ultraviolet light for 4 hr. Samples were then mixed with the intact sample to obtain known and progressive proportions of sperm with fragmented DNA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Semen smears were performed and subjected to staining with TB. Blue-stained spermatozoa were considered to have DNA fragmentation. We observed high linear regression coefficients between the expected proportion of damaged DNA and the results of TB for dog, cat, ram, bull and stallion samples. In conclusion, TB stain was considered a fast and effective technique for the study of spermatozoa DNA in several species.
Subject(s)
DNA Fragmentation/radiation effects , Spermatozoa , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Animals , Cats/genetics , Cattle/genetics , Dogs/genetics , Horses/genetics , Male , Sheep/genetics , Staining and Labeling/methods , Tolonium Chloride/chemistry , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an important microsporidian pathogen that is considered an emergent, zoonotic, and opportunistic. It infects both domestic and laboratory rabbits, generating severe chronic interstitial and granulomatous nephritis with fibrosis and granulomatous encephalitis. Encephalitozoonosis is diagnosed in paraffin-embedded sections by examining the spores in the host tissues. The spores are difficult to observe when the samples are stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), particularly when there is an inflammatory reaction and tissue damage. The spores are easily mistaken for other microorganisms, such as fungi (yeasts), protozoa, and bacteria. In our study, we used kidney samples from E. cuniculi-positive rabbits and employed 14 recommended histologic stains for detecting microsporidia spores: alcian blue, calcofluor white, Giemsa, Gram, Grocott, H&E, Luna, Luxol fast blue, Masson trichrome, modified trichrome stain (MTS), periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS), Van Gieson, Warthin-Starry (WS), and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN).We concluded that MTS and Gram stain, detected by light microscopy, and calcofluor white stain, detected by ultraviolet light microscopy, are the best stains for detecting spores of E. cuniculi in paraffin-embedded tissues from infected rabbits. These stains were superior to WS, ZN, Giemsa, and PAS for identifying spores without background "noise" or monochromatic interference. Also, they allow individual spores to be discerned in paraffin-embedded tissues. MTS allows observation of the polar tube, polaroplast, and posterior vacuole, the most distinctive parts of the spore.
Subject(s)
Encephalitozoon cuniculi/isolation & purification , Encephalitozoonosis/veterinary , Rodent Diseases/diagnosis , Spores, Fungal/isolation & purification , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Encephalitozoonosis/diagnosis , Encephalitozoonosis/parasitology , Kidney/parasitology , Rabbits , Rodent Diseases/parasitology , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: Lipoma is defined as a tumor composed of mature adipocytes, identical to the cells that form normal adult fat. Other elements may also be present, such as cartilaginous tissue. Chondrolipoma is characterized by the presence of differentiated cartilage islands spread within a typical lipoma, in which mucin and collagen can be observed around isles of chondrocytes. This condition affects mainly middle-aged or elderly dogs as well as elderly humans. In the scientific literature, chondrolipomas have not yet been described on the ear of dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to report a case of chondrolipoma on the ear of a dog and its histopathological and histochemical description. Case: A female, 10-year-old, Labrador retriever dog was admitted to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil. The dog was presented with an ulcerated pendulous nodule on the ear, with a clinical evolution of approximately 7 months. A biopsy sample was taken and submitted to the Veterinary Histopathology Laboratory of the UFPB. Macroscopic evaluation revealed a pendulous and firm nodule, with a round apex, measuring 1.3cm in diameter. The epidermis covering the nodule exhibited an ulcer of 0.5cm in length. The nodule exhibited resistance to cutting and the surface was dark red with hard areas in the center. Sample was fixed in 10% formalin and routinely [...]
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Collagen/analysis , Chondrocytes/pathology , Lipoma/diagnosis , Lipoma/veterinary , Mucins/analysis , Alcian Blue , Ear Cartilage/pathology , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: Lipoma is defined as a tumor composed of mature adipocytes, identical to the cells that form normal adult fat. Other elements may also be present, such as cartilaginous tissue. Chondrolipoma is characterized by the presence of differentiated cartilage islands spread within a typical lipoma, in which mucin and collagen can be observed around isles of chondrocytes. This condition affects mainly middle-aged or elderly dogs as well as elderly humans. In the scientific literature, chondrolipomas have not yet been described on the ear of dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to report a case of chondrolipoma on the ear of a dog and its histopathological and histochemical description. Case: A female, 10-year-old, Labrador retriever dog was admitted to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil. The dog was presented with an ulcerated pendulous nodule on the ear, with a clinical evolution of approximately 7 months. A biopsy sample was taken and submitted to the Veterinary Histopathology Laboratory of the UFPB. Macroscopic evaluation revealed a pendulous and firm nodule, with a round apex, measuring 1.3cm in diameter. The epidermis covering the nodule exhibited an ulcer of 0.5cm in length. The nodule exhibited resistance to cutting and the surface was dark red with hard areas in the center. Sample was fixed in 10% formalin and routinely [...](AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Lipoma/diagnosis , Lipoma/veterinary , Chondrocytes/pathology , Mucins/analysis , Collagen/analysis , Alcian Blue , Ear Cartilage/pathology , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Lymphatic mapping has been performed in humans and dogs. Although several cases of anaphylaxis have been reported in humans, there are no such reports in dogs. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adverse reactions to patent blue V dye in bitches undergoing uterine lymphatic mapping procedures using cardiovascular and hematological evaluations. The experiment was performed in 14 mongrel bitches without any reproductive disease, randomly assigned into two equal groups (PBV- uterine lynphatic mapping and OHE; Control - OHE only). The animals were submitted to pre- and postoperative hematological and serum biochemistry exams (7 days). The anesthetic protocol was: sedation (morphine and acepromazine), induction (propofol), maintenance (isoflurane), transoperative analgesia (fentanyl). Systolic blood pressure was monitored throughout the procedure and arterial blood gas analysis was performed immediate pre and postoperatively. For lymphatic mapping was injected patent blue V in the uterine wall, 10 minutes before OEH. Comparisons between the pre- and postoperative parameters within the same animal were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. To compare the values between control and PBV group was obtaining the difference between the pre and post of each group, subjected to the Mann-Whitney test (significance of 5%). Differences were observed (P 0.05) between the pre- and postoperative evaluations in the PBV (total protein and the albumin serum), in both groups (arterial partial pressure of oxygen) and in the Control (arterial oxygen saturation). There were no signs of adverse reactions to the patent blue V dye in the healthy bitches submitted to lymphatic uterine mapping.(AU)
O mapeamento linfático tem sido realizado em humanos e cães. Embora inúmeros casos de anafilaxia já tenham sido relatados em humanos, não existem tais relatos em cães. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de reações adversas ao corante azul patente V em cadelas submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino, usando avaliações cardiovasculares e hematológicas. O experimento foi realizado em 14 cadelas mestiças, divididas igualmente em dois grupos (PBV- mapeamento linfático uterino e OEH; Controle - apenas OEH). Os animais foram submetidos a exames hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias). O protocolo anestésico foi: sedação (morfina e acepromazina), indução (propofol), manutenção (isoflurano), analgesia trans-operatória (fentanil). A pressão arterial sistólica foi monitorada durante todo o procedimento e hemogasometria arterial no pré e pós-operatório imediato. Para o mapeamento linfático foi injetado azul patente V na parede uterina, 10 minutos antes de realizar a OEH. Comparações entre os valores do pré e pós-operatório do mesmo animal foram realizados pelo teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Para a comparação dos valores entre Controle e PBV foi realizado a obtenção da diferença entre os valores pré e pós de cada grupo, submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whitney (significância de 5%). Diferenças foram observadas (p 0,05) entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias no PBV (proteína total e albumina), ambos os grupos (pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial) e no Controle (saturação de oxigênio arterial). Não houve sinais de reação adversa ao corante azul patente V em cadelas saudáveis submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Lymphatic Vessels/pathology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Coloring Agents , Anaphylaxis/veterinary , Uterus/physiology , Reference Standards/analysis , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Lymphatic mapping has been performed in humans and dogs. Although several cases of anaphylaxis have been reported in humans, there are no such reports in dogs. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adverse reactions to patent blue V dye in bitches undergoing uterine lymphatic mapping procedures using cardiovascular and hematological evaluations. The experiment was performed in 14 mongrel bitches without any reproductive disease, randomly assigned into two equal groups (PBV- uterine lynphatic mapping and OHE; Control - OHE only). The animals were submitted to pre- and postoperative hematological and serum biochemistry exams (7 days). The anesthetic protocol was: sedation (morphine and acepromazine), induction (propofol), maintenance (isoflurane), transoperative analgesia (fentanyl). Systolic blood pressure was monitored throughout the procedure and arterial blood gas analysis was performed immediate pre and postoperatively. For lymphatic mapping was injected patent blue V in the uterine wall, 10 minutes before OEH. Comparisons between the pre- and postoperative parameters within the same animal were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. To compare the values between control and PBV group was obtaining the difference between the pre and post of each group, subjected to the Mann-Whitney test (significance of 5%). Differences were observed (P<0.05) between the pre- and postoperative evaluations in the PBV (total protein and the albumin serum), in both groups (arterial partial pressure of oxygen) and in the Control (arterial oxygen saturation). There were no signs of adverse reactions to the patent blue V dye in the healthy bitches submitted to lymphatic uterine mapping.(AU)
O mapeamento linfático tem sido realizado em humanos e cães. Embora inúmeros casos de anafilaxia já tenham sido relatados em humanos, não existem tais relatos em cães. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de reações adversas ao corante azul patente V em cadelas submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino, usando avaliações cardiovasculares e hematológicas. O experimento foi realizado em 14 cadelas mestiças, divididas igualmente em dois grupos (PBV- mapeamento linfático uterino e OEH; Controle - apenas OEH). Os animais foram submetidos a exames hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias). O protocolo anestésico foi: sedação (morfina e acepromazina), indução (propofol), manutenção (isoflurano), analgesia trans-operatória (fentanil). A pressão arterial sistólica foi monitorada durante todo o procedimento e hemogasometria arterial no pré e pós-operatório imediato. Para o mapeamento linfático foi injetado azul patente V na parede uterina, 10 minutos antes de realizar a OEH. Comparações entre os valores do pré e pós-operatório do mesmo animal foram realizados pelo teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Para a comparação dos valores entre Controle e PBV foi realizado a obtenção da diferença entre os valores pré e pós de cada grupo, submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whitney (significância de 5%). Diferenças foram observadas (p<0,05) entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias no PBV (proteína total e albumina), ambos os grupos (pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial) e no Controle (saturação de oxigênio arterial). Não houve sinais de reação adversa ao corante azul patente V em cadelas saudáveis submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Anaphylaxis/veterinary , Coloring Agents , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Vessels/pathology , Reference Standards/analysis , Uterus/physiology , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
La cromoendoscopia se define como la aplicación tópica de colorante acuoso en la mucosa del tracto gastrointestinal. Estos colorantes tienen la función de mostrar cambios tempranos o discretos que pasan sin ser notados para el examen convencional, lo que permite la colecta de tejidos alterados o seguimiento de las enfermedades pre existentes. En medicina veterinaria, no fueron encontrados estudios que han utilizado esta técnica, pero hay muchas situaciones en las que puede ser empleado como la investigación o monitoreo: esofagitis (tales como esófago de Barrett en los seres humanos), lesiones erosivas gástricas o polipoidis y lesiones duodenales . Este trabajo se realizó en diez animales adultos, endoscopia (EGD) seguido por cromoendoscopia (CRE) y la recolección de biopsia del esófago, estómago (fondo, el cuerpo y antro pilórico) y el duodeno cuando esté disponible. Las biopsias fueron enviadas para histopatología e identificación de la presencia o ausencia de daños en el material recogido. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la técnica de la cromoendoscopia en perros, evaluar su eficacia en la identificación y la delimitación de las lesiones en el tracto digestivo superior de estos animales y correlacionar los hallazgos endoscópicos antes y después de la aplicación de la técnica a los resultados histopatológicos. La correlación entre la EGD y la CRE porhistopatología (patrón oro) se evaluó mediante la prueba de Kappa. Los resultados mostraronun acuerdo significativo en la CRE esófago con una precisión de 83,33%. Acuerdo Moderadoen la endoscopia convencional EGD del esófago con una precisión de 83,33% y CRE delfondus, el cuerpo y el antro pilórico con una precisión de 70%. Acuerdo razonable en CREestómago con una precisión de 70%. Concordancia moderada en EGD de antro y EGD y CREde duodeno con una precisión de 50%, 40% y 40% respectivamente. No hubo correlaciónentre los ensayos en el EGD de fondo, el cuerpo y el estómago con una precisión de [...](AU)
Chromoendoscopy is defined as the topical application of aqueous dye in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa. These dyes have the function of showing early or discrete changes which may go unnoticed in conventional examination. Therefore, this procedure enables altered tissue collection or monitoring of pre-existing diseases. In Veterinary Medicine, there were no studies that have used this technique, but there are many conditions in which it can be employed as research or monitoring of esophagitis (such as humans Barrett"s esophagus), erosive or polypoid gastric lesions and duodenal injuries. In the present study, ten adult dogs underwent endoscopy (EGD), followed by chromoendoscopy (CRE) and biopsy of esophagus, stomach (fundus, body and pyloric antrum) and duodenum, when available. Biopsies were sent for histopathology for identification of presence or absence of lesions in the collected samples. The aim of this study was to describe the technique of chromoendoscopy in dogs, evaluate its effectiveness on the identification and delineation of lesions in the upper digestive tract of dogs and correlate endoscopic findings before and after application of the technique with histopathologic results. The correlation between EGD and CRE by histopathology (gold standard) was evaluated using the Kappa test. The results showed significant agreement in CRE of esophagus with accuracy of 83. Moderateagreement in conventional endoscopy (CE) of esophagus and CRE of fundus, body andpyloric antrum were demonstrated with an accuracy of 83.33%, 70%, 70% and 70%respectively. Fair agreement was found in CRE of stomach, with an accuracy of 70%. Therewas poor agreement in EGD of pyloric antrum and EGD and CRE of duodenum, with anaccuracy of 50%, 40% and 40% respectively. There was no correlation between the tests [...](AU)
A Cromoendoscopia é definida como a aplicação tópica de corantes aquosos na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal. Estes corantes têm a função de evidenciar alterações precoces ou discretas que passariam despercebidas ao exame convencional, permitindo, assim, a coleta de tecido alterado ou o acompanhamento de doenças pré-existentes. Na Medicina Veterinária, não foram encontrados trabalhos que tenham utilizado esta técnica, mas há muitas situações em que ela pode ser empregada, como na pesquisa ou no acompanhamento de: esofagites (como esôfago de Barrett em humanos), lesões gástricas erosivas ou polipoides e lesões duodenais. Neste trabalho, dez cães adultos foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) seguida de cromoendoscopia (CRE) e biopsia de esôfago, estômago (fundo, corpo e antro pilórico) e duodeno quando acessível. As biopsias foram enviadas para exame histopatológico com o objetivo de identificar a presença ou ausência de lesão no material coletado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar a aplicação da técnica de cromoendoscopia em cães, avaliar sua eficácia quanto à identificação e delimitação de lesões no trato digestório superior destes animais e correlacionar os achados endoscópicos pré e pós-aplicação da técnica com os resultados histopatológicos. A correlação da endoscopia convencional (E.C). e da CRE com o exame histopatológico (padrão ouro) foi avaliada pelo teste de Kappa e osresultados demonstraram concordância importante na CRE de esôfago com acurácia de83,33%. Concordância moderada foi observada na E.C. de esôfago e na CRE de fundo, corpoe antro piloro com acurácia de 83,33%, 70%, 70% e 70%, respectivamente. Concordânciarazoável foi demonstrada na CRE de estômago com acurácia de 70%. Concordância ruim foiencontrada na E.C. de antro pilórico e na E.C. e CRE de duodeno com acurácia de 50%, 40%e 40% [...](AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Endoscopy, Digestive System/veterinary , Endoscopy, Digestive System/methods , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology , Indigo Carmine/analysis , Methylene Blue/analysis , Staining and Labeling/veterinary , Biopsy/veterinaryABSTRACT
Neoplasmas primarios del corazón son raros en todas las especies domésticas, sin embargo, paragangliomas se producen en los perros. En este informe, un perro de raza Golden Retriever fue enviado al Departamento de Patología del Hospital Veterinario - UNESP, Botucatu con histórico de muerte súbita. En la necropsia, el corazón mostró neoformación adyacente a la vena cava caudal y en la aurícula derecha, otra parte, fueron observados en ambos pulmones varios nodos. El material recogida fue procesado y se tiñó con hematoxilina-eosina. También se realizó inmunohistoquímica para panel de anticuerpos primarios anti-citoqueratina, antivimentina, anti-desmina, músculo liso anti-actina alfa, anti-factor VIII y anti-enolasa neuronal específica (NSE). Con base en los datos clínicos y morfológicos, anatómicos, histológicos, además, inmunorreactividad positiva para NSE, el tumor se caracterizó por ser un paraganglioma grado 2 de malignidad. Este informe tiene como objetivo contribuir agregando datos a la literatura de esta neoplasia(AU)
Primary neoplasms of the heart are rare in all domestic species, however, paragangliomas occur in dogs. In this case report, a Golden Retriever breed was sent to the Pathology Department of Veterinary Veterinary Hospital - UNESP, Botucatu with sudden death. At necropsy, the heart showed neoformation adjacent to the caudal vena cava and in the right atrium and, in both lungs were observed many nodes. The collected material was processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. It was also performed immunohistochemical panel for anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin, anti-desmin, smooth muscle anti-alpha actin, anti-factor VIII and anti-enolase specific neuron (NSE). Based on the clinical and morphological findings, anatomical, histological, additionally, to positive immunoreactivity for NSE, the tumor was characterized as a paraganglioma grade 2 of malignancy. This report aims to contribute by adding data to the literature of this neoplasm(AU)
Neoplasias primárias do coração são raras em todas as espécies domésticas, contudo, os paragangliomas ocorrem em cães. No presente relato, um cão da raça Golden Retriever foi encaminhado para o Serviço de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário UNESP, Botucatu com queixa de morte súbita. Ao exame de necropsia, o coração apresentou neoformação adjacente a veia cava caudal e também em aurícula direita. Além disso, em ambos os pulmões, foram observados diversos nódulos. O material coletado foi processado rotineiramente e corado pelo método de hematoxilina-eosina. Também foi realizado painel imuno-histoquímico para os anticorpos primários anti-citoqueratina, anti-vimentina, antidesmina, anti-alfa actina de músculo liso, anti-fator VIII e anti-enolase neurônio específico (NSE). Baseados nos dados clínicos e achados morfológicos, anatômicos, histopatológico, adicionalmente, a imunoreatividade positiva para NSE, o tumor foi caracterizado como um paraganglioma grau 2 de malignidade. O presente relato visa contribuir adicionando dados à literatura desta neoplasia(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Paraganglioma/veterinary , Heart Failure/veterinary , Heart Neoplasms/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Staining and Labeling/veterinaryABSTRACT
Bovine cryptosporidiosis is caused by four differents species: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium ryanae. The species Cryptosporidium parvum (Order: Eucoccidiorida, Family: Cryptosporidiidae) is considered of high zoonotic potential and it can infect humans through the elimination of oocysts by both cattle and by humans. The objective of this research was to detect oocysts of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal contents of calves (75 males and 77 females). We collected 152 stool samples from animals aged between 0 day and 3 months. The material was subjected to modified Ziehl-Neelsen and modified Safranin techniques, the slides were observed in its entire length by optical microscopy to verify the presence of oocysts of this parasitic infections. The results showed 17.1% (26/152) positivity in the samples examined, and the statistical analysis showed no difference between sex and the staining techniques used in this study. We concluded the infection by Cryptosporidium spp. is present in the evaluated properties, but more studies are needed, so that the risk of infection is measured properly and prophylactic measures are implemented(AU)
A criptosporidiose bovina é causada principalmente por quatro espécies distintas: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae e Cryptosporidium andersoni. A espécie Cryptosporidium parvum (Ordem: Eucoccidiorida, Família: Cryptosporidiidae) é considerada de alto potencial zoonótico, podendo infectar humanos por intermédio da eliminação de oocistos tanto pelos bovinos quanto pelo próprio humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a ocorrência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras fecais de bezerros (75 machos e 77 fêmeas), tendo sido coletadas 152 amostras de fezes de animais do nascimento até os três meses de idade. O material foi submetido às técnicas de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado e Safranina modificada, as lâminas foram observadas em toda sua extensão ao microscópio óptico para a verificação da presença de oocistos desta enteroparasitose. Os resultados demonstraram 17,1% (26/152) de positividade no total das amostras examinadas e a análise estatística revelou não haver diferença entre o sexo e as técnicas de coloração utilizadas neste estudo. Conclui-se que a infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. esta presente nas propriedades avaliadas, porém são necessários mais estudos para que o risco de infecção seja mensurado adequadamente e medidas profiláticas implementadas(AU)