Exercise Training Promotes Sex-Specific Adaptations in Mouse Inguinal White Adipose Tissue.

Recent studies demonstrate that adaptations to white adipose tissue (WAT) are important components of the beneficial effects of exercise training on metabolic health. Exercise training favorably alters the phenotype of subcutaneous inguinal WAT (iWAT) in male mice, including decreasing fat mass, improving mitochondrial function, inducing beiging, and stimulating the secretion of adipokines. In this study, we find that despite performing more voluntary wheel running compared with males, these adaptations do not occur in the iWAT of female mice. Consistent with sex-specific adaptations, we report that mRNA expression of androgen receptor coactivators is upregulated in iWAT from trained male mice and that testosterone treatment of primary adipocytes derived from the iWAT of male, but not female mice, phenocopies exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. Sex specificity also occurs in the secretome profile, as we identify cysteine-rich secretory protein 1 (Crisp1) as a novel adipokine that is only secreted from male iWAT in response to exercise. Crisp1 expression is upregulated by testosterone and functions to increase glucose and fatty acid uptake. Our finding that adaptations to iWAT with exercise training are dramatically greater in male mice has potential clinical implications for understanding the different metabolic response to exercise training in males and females and demonstrates the importance of investigating both sexes in studies of adipose tissue biology.

Elevated gut microbiome abundance of Christensenellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and Rikenellaceae is associated with reduced visceral adipose tissue and healthier metabolic profile in Italian elderly.

Aging is accompanied by physiological changes affecting body composition and functionality, including accumulation of fat mass at the expense of muscle mass, with effects upon morbidity and quality of life. The gut microbiome has recently emerged as a key environmental modifier of human health that can modulate healthy aging and possibly longevity. However, its associations with adiposity in old age are still poorly understood. Here we profiled the gut microbiota in a well-characterized cohort of 201 Italian elderly subjects from the NU-AGE study, by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We then tested for association with body composition from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with a focus on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Dietary patterns, serum metabolome and other health-related parameters were also assessed. This study identified distinct compositional structures of the elderly gut microbiota associated with DXA parameters, diet, metabolic profiles and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Nonsurgical Treatment of Postpartum Lower Abdominal Skin and Soft-Tissue Laxity Using Microfocused Ultrasound With Visualization.

BACKGROUND: Microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) is a well-established treatment modality for skin tightening. There is a paucity of evidence for its use in body treatments, such as the lower abdomen. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of MFU-V in treating lower abdominal skin and soft-tissue laxity in postpartum women. METHODS: The lower abdomen of 20 female patients between 6 and 24 months postpartum are treated with MFU-V using 1.5-, 3.0-, and 4.5-mm transducers. Data are prospectively collected and analyzed at 3 and 6 months using subject-reported and investigator-reported outcome measures. One additional patient underwent planned abdominoplasty 6 weeks after MFU-V treatment with tissue assessed intraoperatively and histologically. RESULTS: There was a mean improvement of 1.0 and 1.3 grades at 6 months using the investigator-reported and patient-reported skin laxity scale, respectively (p < .001). Patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction survey showed consistent improvement at 6 months. Histological examination of pretreated tissue showed increased total collagen, increased number and thickness of fibrous septae, and no change in fat cells within pretreated tissue compared with the control. No significant adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSION: MFU-V is an effective and safe treatment modality for lower abdominal skin laxity in postpartum patients.

Mechanism of nonthermal induction of apoptosis by high-intensity focused electromagnetic procedure: Biochemical investigation in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have reported adipose tissue reduction after the application of the High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) field technology, yet cellular level evidence of the mechanisms has remained scarce. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to verify or refute previous single-study histological evidence and further investigates the proposed mechanism of apoptotic induction. METHODS: The thigh of two Large White pigs was treated with HIFEM for 30 minutes. Fat punch biopsies were collected from the application area before, immediately after, and 8 hours post-treatment. Control samples were taken from the abdomen immediately after and 8 hours post-treatment. Samples were analyzed for pro-apoptotic DNA markers (BAX, BCL-2, TXNIP, MMP9, TNF-α), the levels of free fatty acids (FFA), and the pH levels of the adipose tissue. RESULTS: The levels of FFA in the treated adipose tissue increased on average by 127.1% immediately post-treatment and by 134.1% 8 hours post-treatment, indicating a rapid breakdown of lipids. The average recorded adipose pH changed from 7.30 ± 0.12 at baseline to 6.60 ± 0.07 immediately post-treatment (P = .001) and to 7.19 ± 0.12 8 hours post-treatment. The levels of BAX, TXNIP, MMP9, and TNF-α increased post-treatment while BCL-2 decreased. Control samples showed constant levels of pH and pro-apoptotic markers. The FFAs in the control samples were increased by 41.6%-51.4%. CONCLUSION: The changes in the levels of the pro-apoptotic markers conformed to the previously reported elevated fat apoptosis post-HIFEM treatments. These effects were accompanied by an increase in FFA levels, and by reduced pH levels, due to the increased acidity in the adipose tissue. Further research is required to explore the potential of nonthermal induction of apoptosis.

Outcomes specific to patient sex after open ventral hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: Male and female hernia patients often have different surgical history, fat distribution, and medical comorbidities. Female surgical patients seemingly experience worse outcomes after open ventral hernia repair. This study evaluates the impact of sex and the distribution of abdominal adiposity on outcomes after open ventral hernia repair. METHODS: A prospective hernia database was queried for patients from 2007 to 2018 with a computed tomography within 1 year of open ventral hernia repair. Three-dimensional volumetric analysis was performed. Demographics, abdominal fat distribution, operative characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated by sex using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1,178 patients were identified, 57.8% were female. Compared with males, females had higher mean body mass index (34.8 ± 8.5 vs 31.7 ± 6.4 kg/m2, P < .0001), previous abdominal operations (3.3 ± 1.5 vs 2.6 ± 1.3, P < .0001), and preoperative chronic pain (33.5 vs 26.4%, P = .009). There was no difference in history of recurrence, age, steroid use, smoking, diabetes, or hernia volume between sexes (P ≥ .17 all values). Males had larger defects (168.1 ± 148.2 vs 138.8 ± 126.8 cm2, P = .001) and intra-abdominal volume (intra-abdominal fat volume; 6,279 ± 2,614 vs 4,454 ± 2,196 cm3, P < .0001). Females had larger subcutaneous fat volume (subcutaneous fat volume; 7,453 ± 6,600 vs 5,708 ± 3,275 cm3, P < .0001), and ratio of hernia to intra-abdominal volume (hernia volume to intra-abdominal fat volume; 0.33 ± 0.52 vs 0.22 ± 0.42, P < .0001). On univariate analysis, females had higher rates of readmission, wound complication, and intervention for pain after open ventral hernia repair (P ≤ .02 all values). On multivariate analysis, females had shorter duration of stay (-1.36 day, standard error 0.49, P = .006) with higher readmission rate (odd ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.34). CONCLUSION: Female hernia patients in our population are more comorbid, with higher body mass index, thicker subcutaneous fat volume and a higher ratio of hernia volume to intra-abdominal fat volume. These differences are associated with more extensive surgical intervention, such as panniculectomy and higher rates of adverse outcomes after open ventral hernia repair. However, these differences are not fully explained by identified comorbidities and warrant further investigation.

Simultaneous Changes in Abdominal Adipose and Muscle Tissues Following Treatments by High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Technology-Based Device: Computed Tomography Evaluation

Objective: This study investigates the effects of high-intensity focused electromagnetic technology for induction of changes in abdominal muscles and abdominal subcutaneous fat. Methods: 22 male and female subjects (aged 34 to 64, mean BMI, 23.5kg/m2) underwent 8 treatments of the abdomen (2 per week) with a high-intensity focused electromagnetic field device. Subjects were scanned by computed tomography (CT) at baseline and 1 month after the eighth treatment. Sub-umbilical and epi-umbilical slices were used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat and abdominal muscles and the abdominal separation. In addition, standardized photographs, weight, and circumference measurements were collected. Results: While comparing baseline to follow-up measurements, CT data showed on average 17.5% (-3.1±1.9mm) reduction in subcutaneous fat and simultaneous 14.8% (+1.5±0.8mm) thickening of the rectus abdominis muscle. Subjects lost on average 3.9±3.1cm in the waist circumference. Most of the waist reduction effect was achieved after the fourth treatment. The width of abdominal separation decreased by 9.5% (-2.0±1.7mm). All results were highly significant (P<0.01) while weight change was insignificant (P<0.05). Digital photographs showed aesthetic improvement in most subjects. The treatments were painless and without adverse events. Conclusion: Results suggest that the investigated device is effective for abdominal body sculpting. This technology produced rectus muscle hypertrophy and a reduction in subcutaneous abdominal fat. Data suggests 4 treatments as the ideal protocol delivering 86% of the observed improvement. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(11):1098-1102.

Epicardial and visceral adipose tissue in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Body fatness is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and it has been postulated that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may have a particularly detrimental effect because of its localized toxic effects. We therefore aimed to examine the association between EAT and coronary artery calcification and compared this with associations for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and other regional fat depots. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 487 Chinese participants aged 50 years old and above, living in Singapore. Participants, free from known diabetes mellitus and coronary heart diseases, completed interviews, a health screening to evaluate obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors, and computed tomography scans of the abdomen and coronary arteries. Associations between regional fat depots and subclinical atherosclerosis defined as CAC> = 100 were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) was highly correlated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (Pearson r = 0.72) and trunk fat mass (r = 0.66). The age and sex-adjusted odd ratio (OR) (in 1-SD increase) of subclinical atherosclerosis was 1.28 (1.01-1.61) for EAT and 1.40 (1.04-1.88) for VAT. These associations were weaker and non-significant after adjusting for markers of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Total body fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and leg, arm and trunk fat mass were not significantly associated with atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: VAT and EAT showed similar associations with coronary artery calcification and the associations could be mediated by traditional risk factors in this ethnic Chinese population.

Computational method for estimating boundary of abdominal subcutaneous fat for absolute electrical impedance tomography.

Abdominal fat accumulation is considered an essential indicator of human health. Electrical impedance tomography has considerable potential for abdominal fat imaging because of the low specific conductivity of human body fat. In this paper, we propose a robust reconstruction method for high-fidelity conductivity imaging by abstraction of the abdominal cross section using a relatively small number of parameters. Toward this end, we assume homogeneous conductivity in the abdominal subcutaneous fat area and characterize its geometrical shape by parameters defined as the ratio of the distance from the center to boundary of subcutaneous fat to the distance from the center to outer boundary in 64 equiangular directions. To estimate the shape parameters, the sensitivity of the noninvasively measured voltages with respect to the shape parameters is formulated for numerical optimization. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. A 3-dimensional finite element method is used to construct a computer model of the human abdomen. The inverse problems of shape parameters and conductivities are solved concurrently by iterative forward and inverse calculations. As a result, conductivity images are reconstructed with a small systemic error of less than 1% for the estimation of the subcutaneous fat area. A novel method is devised for estimating the boundary of the abdominal subcutaneous fat. The fidelity of the overall reconstructed image to the reference image is significantly improved. The results demonstrate the possibility of realization of an abdominal fat scanner as a low-cost, radiation-free medical device.

Genomic ancestry and education level independently influence abdominal fat distributions in a Brazilian admixed population.

We aimed to identify the independent associations of genomic ancestry and education level with abdominal fat distributions in the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study, Brazil. In 2,890 participants (1,409 men and 1,481 women), genomic ancestry was assessed using genotype data on 370,539 genome-wide variants to quantify ancestral proportions in each individual. Years of completed education was used to indicate socio-economic position. Visceral fat depth and subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness were measured by ultrasound at age 29-31y; these measures were adjusted for BMI to indicate abdominal fat distributions. Linear regression models were performed, separately by sex. Admixture was observed between European (median proportion 85.3), African (6.6), and Native American (6.3) ancestries, with a strong inverse correlation between the African and European ancestry scores (ρ = -0.93; p<0.001). Independent of education level, African ancestry was inversely associated with both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat distributions in men (both P = 0.001), and inversely associated with subcutaneous abdominal fat distribution in women (p = 0.009). Independent of genomic ancestry, higher education level was associated with lower visceral fat, but higher subcutaneous fat, in both men and women (all p<0.001). Our findings, from an admixed population, indicate that both genomic ancestry and education level were independently associated with abdominal fat distribution in adults. African ancestry appeared to lower abdominal fat distributions, particularly in men.

Investigation of biomechanical response of Hoffa's fat pad and comparative characterization.

The infrapatellar adipose body (Hoffa's fat pad, IFP) is situated between the patellar tendon, the femoral condyle and the tibial plateau. The IFP consists of lobules of white adipose tissue delimited by thin connective septa. The actual structural functionality of the IFP is debated and should pertain to a cushioning role in the knee joint, providing to distribute and to damp mechanical stresses during articular activity. The present study is aimed to analyze the correlation between histological configuration and mechanical properties of the IFP, compared to other adipose tissues, partially differentiated by composition and conformation. Histological and ultrastructural methods were exploited to analyze the microscopic anatomies of IFP, knee (KSF) and abdominal (ASF) subcutaneous fat tissues. Numerical micro-models of the different tissues were developed by using histo-morphometric data, as the size of adipose lobules, the thickness of the septa and their composition. Numerical analyses made it possible to evaluate the mechanical functionality of the different fat tissues considering the characteristic loading conditions, as compressive and shear actions. The results pointed out the actual mechanical relevance of IFP and KSF, while ASF exhibited different mechanical properties. Furthermore, the contribution of connective septa and adipose lobules to compressive and shear mechanical behavior was elucidated. This preliminary investigation represents the basis for biomechanical interpretation and the definition of more refined model to be developed on the acquisition of additional histological and morphometric data.

[Correlation between vertebral bone marrow fat and abdomen fat: a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the lumbar bone marrow fat and abdominal fat. METHODS: A total of 68 individuals (32 men and 36 women, aged 21-74 years with a median of 49.5 years) were included in this study. All the subjects underwent spectroscopic examination of the third lumber vertebra with the single voxel method on a 1.5T MR scanner to measure the fat fraction (FF%). Quantitative CT was also performed for measurement of the abdomen subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The measurements were compared between subjects aged ≥50 years and those below 50 years, respectively,in male or female subjects. RESULTS: In male subjects, BMI, FF%, VAT or SAT showed no significant differences between the two age groups (P>0.05), and FF% was not correlated with BMI, VAT or SAT (r=0.109, 0.034, 0.066, respectively; P>0.05). In the female subjects, BMI, FF%, VAT and SAT differed significantly between the two age groups (P<0.05), and in ≥50 years group, FF% showed a positive correlation with VAT (r=0.499, P<0.05) but was not correlated with SAT (r=0.221, P>0.05); in<50 years group, FF% was not correlated with VAT or SAT (r=0.076, -0.067, respectively; P>0.05). CONCLUSION: FF% is positively correlated with VAT in female subjects aged beyond 50 years, but is not correlated with VAT or SAT in male subjects or in younger female subjects.

Injected Implant of Uncultured Stromal Vascular Fraction Loaded Onto a Collagen Gel: In Vivo Study of Adipogenesis and Long-term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were used to increase the efficacy of a newly formed adipose tissue in a collagen gel in vitro. However, the outcome of the seeded cells in the collagen gel in vivo remains unknown. We traced the SVF cells in the host tissue and evaluated the efficacy of SVF for fat tissue engineering. METHODS: The aggregates implanted in the experimental and control groups were prepared by mixing SVF with the collagen gel and Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with the collagen gel, respectively. The aggregates were implanted using a subcutaneous injection into the backs of immunodeficient mice. The aggregates were harvested 1, 2, 4, and 6 months after implantation; and 9 mice were euthanized each time. Macroscopic changes in the volume and wet weight of the aggregates were assessed. The formation of adipose tissue was studied using hematoxylin and eosin and Nile red staining. The origin and survival of adipocytes in the aggregates were examined through the immunostaining of leptin antibodies, DNA assay, and tracing of SVF cells by 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate labeling. RESULTS: The formation of adipose tissue was observed in all of the aggregates. Implanted human SVF cells remained in the experimental aggregates harvested after 1, 2, and 4 months but not after 6 months. At 6 months, viable adipocytes in both groups were of murine origin. Furthermore, at 6 months, the mean volume of the aggregate (P < 0.001) and the mean percentage of adipocytes (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Implanted SVF cells could not be traced in the aggregates harvested at 6 months but promoted the recruitment of host adipocytes to generate more adipose tissue in the experimental group than in the control group.

Numerous Genes in Loci Associated With Body Fat Distribution Are Linked to Adipose Function.

Central fat accumulation is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci associated with body fat distribution. The objectives of the current study are to examine whether genes in genetic loci linked to fat distribution can be linked to fat cell size and number (morphology) and/or adipose tissue function. We show, in a cohort of 114 women, that almost half of the 96 genes in these loci are indeed associated with abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue parameters. Thus, adipose mRNA expression of the genes is strongly related to adipose morphology, catecholamine-induced lipid mobilization (lipolysis), or insulin-stimulated lipid synthesis in adipocytes (lipogenesis). In conclusion, the genetic influence on body fat distribution could be mediated via several specific alterations in adipose tissue morphology and function, which in turn may influence the development of type 2 diabetes.

Multi-gradient echo MR thermometry for monitoring of the near-field area during MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound heating.

The multi-gradient echo MR thermometry (MGE MRT) method is proposed to use at the interface of the muscle and fat layers found in the abdominal wall, to monitor MR-HIFU heating. As MGE MRT uses fat as a reference, it is field-drift corrected. Relative temperature maps were reconstructed by subtracting absolute temperature maps. Because the absolute temperature maps are reconstructed of individual scans, MGE MRT provides the flexibility of interleaved mapping of temperature changes between two arbitrary time points. The method's performance was assessed in an ex vivo water bath experiment. An ex vivo HIFU experiment was performed to show the method's ability to monitor heating of consecutive HIFU sonications and to estimate cooling time constants, in the presence of field drift. The interleaved use between scans of a clinical protocol was demonstrated in vivo in a patient during a clinical uterine fibroid treatment. The relative temperature measurements were accurate (mean absolute error 0.3 °C) and provided excellent visualization of the heating of consecutive HIFU sonications. Maps were reconstructed of estimated cooling time constants and mean ROI values could be well explained by the applied heating pattern. Heating upon HIFU sonication and subsequent cooling could be observed in the in vivo demonstration.

Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Differentially Expands Breast Progenitors in Tissue Adjacent to Tumors Compared to Healthy Breast Tissue.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafts supplemented with adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction are used in reconstructive and cosmetic breast procedures. Stromal vascular fraction contains adipose-derived stem cells that are thought to encourage wound healing, tissue regeneration, and graft retention. Although use of stromal vascular fraction has provided exciting perspectives for aesthetic procedures, no studies have yet been conducted to determine whether its cells contribute to breast tissue regeneration. The authors examined the effect of these cells on the expansion of human breast epithelial progenitors. METHODS: From patients undergoing reconstructive breast surgery following mastectomies, abdominal fat, matching tissue adjacent to breast tumors, and the contralateral non-tumor-containing breast tissue were obtained. Ex vivo co-cultures using breast epithelial cells and the stromal vascular fraction cells were used to study the expansion potential of breast progenitors. Breast reduction samples were collected as a source of healthy breast cells. RESULTS: The authors observed that progenitors present in healthy breast tissue or contralateral non-tumor-containing breast tissue showed significant and robust expansion in the presence of stromal vascular fraction (5.2- and 4.8-fold, respectively). Whereas the healthy progenitors expanded up to 3-fold without the stromal vascular fraction cells, the expansion of tissue adjacent to breast tumor progenitors required the presence of stromal vascular fraction cells, leading to a 7-fold expansion, which was significantly higher than the expansion of healthy progenitors with stromal vascular fraction. CONCLUSIONS: The use of stromal vascular fraction might be more beneficial to reconstructive operations following mastectomies compared with cosmetic corrections of the healthy breast. Future studies are required to examine the potential risk factors associated with its use. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.

Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness in newborns: correlation with anthropometric and metabolic profile.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness with anthropometric data and metabolic profile in newborns. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with 99 newborns was performed at Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Brazil. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral thickness were measured by ultrasound. Glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were determined. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULT: Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness was positively correlated with birth weight (r=0.31; P<0.001), height (r=0.27; P<0.001) and abdominal circumference (r=0.26; P<0.001), but not with metabolic profile. Abdominal visceral fat thickness was correlated with abdominal circumference (r=0.23; P=0.01), insulin (r=0.21; P=0.04) and HOMA (r=0.24; P=0.02). The results remained the same among males and females. CONCLUSION: Abdominal fat distribution in newborns has a different correlation with anthropometric and metabolic profile. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness is positively correlated with anthropometric data whereas abdominal visceral fat thickness is correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR.

Structural and functional properties of deep abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue explain its association with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in men.

OBJECTIVE: Fat distribution is an important variable explaining metabolic heterogeneity of obesity. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is divided by the Scarpa's fascia into a deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) and a superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (sSAT) layer. This study sought to characterize functional differences between the two SAT layers to explore their relative contribution to metabolic traits and cardiovascular risk (CVR) profile. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited 371 Caucasians consecutively from a local random, population-based screening project in Oxford and 25 Asian Indians from the local community. The depth of the SAT layers was determined by ultrasound (US), and adipose tissue (AT) biopsies were performed under US guidance in a subgroup of 43 Caucasians. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass was quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. RESULTS: Male adiposity in both ethnic groups was characterized by a disproportionate expansion of dSAT, which was strongly correlated with VAT mass. dSAT depth was a strong predictor of global insulin resistance (IR; homeostatic model assessment of IR), liver-specific IR (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1), and Framingham risk score independently of other measures of adiposity in men. Moreover, dSAT had higher expression of proinflammatory, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes and contained higher proportions of saturated fatty acids. There was increased proportion of small adipocytes in dSAT. CONCLUSIONS: SAT is heterogeneous; dSAT expands disproportionally more than sSAT with increasing obesity in Caucasian males (confirmed also in Asian Indians). Its expansion is related to increased CVR independent of other adiposity measures, and it has biological properties suggestive of higher metabolic activity contributing to global IR.

[Fat distribution and its relationship with genetic polymorphism in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease].

The article presents the results of research which demonstrated that the features of fat distribution in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which depended on the sex and the activity of alanine transaminase. It is shown that carriers G allele rs6666089ADIPOR1 had significantly higher levels of visceral, subcutaneous adipose tissue and their relation and% liver fat in the compared with carriers A allele. The findings suggest that the development of more severe hepatic steatosis in carriers of GG genotype of rs6666089 ADIPOR1, confirming participation in the formation of ectopic fat NAFLD.

Television, adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: It is largely unknown how TV use relates to depot-specific adiposity or cardiometabolic risk in children. PURPOSE: To examine relationships between having a TV in the bedroom and TV viewing time with total fat mass, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 369 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years was conducted (2010-2011; analysis 2011-2012). Waist circumference; resting blood pressure; fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and glucose; fat mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity by MRI were assessed. Cardiometabolic risk was defined as three or more risk factors including adverse levels of waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL-C, and glucose. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute ORs of high fat mass; subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue mass (top age-adjusted quartile); and cardiometabolic risk, based on self-reported TV present in the bedroom and TV viewing time, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level, and unhealthy diet. RESULTS: In multivariable models, presence of a TV in the bedroom and TV viewing time were associated with (p<0.05) higher odds of high waist circumference (OR=1.9-2.1); fat mass (OR=2.0-2.5); and subcutaneous adiposity (OR=2.1-2.9), whereas viewing TV ≥5 hours/day was associated with high visceral adiposity (OR=2.0). Having a TV in the bedroom was associated with elevated cardiometabolic risk (OR=2.9) and high triglycerides (OR=2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Having a bedroom TV and TV viewing time were related to high waist circumference, fat mass, and abdominal subcutaneous adiposity. TV viewing time was related to visceral adiposity, and bedroom TV was related to cardiometabolic risk in children, controlling for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and an unhealthy diet. REGISTRATION: This study is registered at Clinicaltrials.govNCT01595100.

Effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 on cell motility, collagen gel contraction, myofibroblastic differentiation, and extracellular matrix expression of human adipose-derived stem cell.

Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells, and their usefulness in plastic surgery has garnered attention in recent years. Although, there have been expectations that ASCs might function in wound repair and regeneration, no studies to date have examined the role of ASCs in the mechanism that promotes wound-healing. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1) is a strong candidate cytokine for the triggering of mesenchymal stem cell migration, construction of extracellular matrices, and differentiation of ASCs into myofibroblasts. Cell proliferation, motility, and differentiation, as well as extracellular matrix production, play an important role in wound-healing. We have evaluated the capacity of ASCs to proliferate and their potential to differentiate into phenotypic myofibroblasts, as well as their cell motility and collagen gel contraction ability, when cultured with TGF-ß1. Cell motility was analyzed using a wound-healing assay. ASCs that differentiated into myofibroblasts expressed the gene for alpha-smooth muscle actin, and its protein expression was detected immunohistochemically. The extracellular matrix expression in ASCs was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR. Based on the results, we conclude that human ASCs have the potential for cell motility, extracellular matrix gene expression, gel contraction, and differentiation into myofibroblasts and, therefore, may play an important role in the wound-healing process.