ABSTRACT
Surrogacy (GS) has been established as a means of access to male homoparenting and, despite not being regulated in Argentina, it is negotiated in a "paralegal" scenario. For some time now, LGBT organizations have proposed regulation based on the argument that GS represents the only option available for a male homosexual couple to have a child with a genetic link, albeit with only one of them, and consecutively acknowledge the family ties of both. By means of ethnographic work carried out within the scope of a postgraduate research project, our objective is to ascertain the experiences of male homosexual couples who seek the legitimacy of GS processes and equal access to the healthcare system. With this in mind, we seek a reflection that articulates the construction of public health policies and the claims of sectors of the LGBT movement, focusing on the meanings of the collective experience, on the ways in which these actors organize their family demands, and on the conceptions and practices that articulate these claims with the production of public policies.
La gestación por sustitución (GS) se ha instalado como una vía de acceso a la homoparentalidad masculina y pese a que en Argentina no está reglamentada, se lleva adelante en un escenario "paralegal". Desde hace tiempo, organizaciones LGBT proponen su regulación bajo el argumento de que la GS representa la única opción que tiene una pareja de varones homosexuales de tener un/a hijo/a con lazo genético, aunque sólo con uno de ellos, y reconocer consecutivamente ambos vínculos filiatorios. A través del trabajo etnográfico realizado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación de posgrado, nuestro objetivo es recuperar las experiencias de parejas gays que buscan la legitimidad de los procesos de GS y el acceso igualitario en el sistema de salud. En ello, apuntamos a una reflexión que articula la construcción de políticas públicas en salud y los reclamos de sectores del movimiento LGBT, poniendo el foco en los sentidos de la experiencia colectiva, en los modos en que estos actores organizan sus demandas familiaristas y en las concepciones y prácticas que articulan esos reclamos con la producción de políticas públicas.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Homosexuality, Male , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Surrogate Mothers , Argentina , Humans , Male , Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology , Surrogate Mothers/psychology , Female , Homosexuality, Male/psychology , Public Policy , Health Policy , PregnancyABSTRACT
Considered until recently unfit to rear children, non-heterosexual people have been excluded from forming families in most countries. Many, worldwide, demand access to family formation, claiming the same aptitudes as heterosexual people for raising children. However, when non-heterosexual singles and couples want to become parents in Spain, they must consider transnational contexts, resorting to inter-country adoption or surrogacy abroad, processes that contribute to delay their family formation. They must consider not only Spanish sociocultural conditions, but other countries' legal restrictions regarding parents' gender, social status, and sexual identity. These families experience great difficulty in gaining access to reproductive health services. Based on multi-site ethnographic fieldwork, this text addresses how, despite legislative changes allowing homoparental family formation in Spain, these parents must overcome complex bureaucratic processes when they decide to have children, while facing homophobic attitudes and policies in their quests to become parents.
Subject(s)
Parents , Spain , Humans , Female , Male , Parents/psychology , Adoption , Surrogate Mothers/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility , Parenting/psychology , HomosexualityABSTRACT
Comprehensive access to medically assisted reproduction procedures and techniques in Argentina has been assured by National Law No. 26,862 since 2013. This Law does not include surrogacy procedures, and the lack of specific regulation shifts practices to a paralegal setting. In this context, planned parenthood by male couples through surrogacy is performed through actions that convey demands for access rights and active State policies. For these couples, the argument is that surrogacy is the only option to have a child with a genetic bond with at least one of the two parents and recognize both filiatory bonds. This work results from field work in progress with parents from the Province of Buenos Aires running this practice in Argentina. Based on in-depth interviews, we attempted to rebuild personal experiences and analyze the meanings that the narratives construct regarding their parenting, the biological connections in establishing or defining family relationships, and the importance of genetics in constructing and maintaining affiliations.
En Argentina desde 2013 existe la Ley Nacional 26.862 de acceso integral a los procedimientos y técnicas de reproducción médicamente asistida (TRA). Esta no incluye los procedimientos de gestación por sustitución (GS) y la ausencia de regulación específica mueve las prácticas a un escenario de paralegalidad. En este contexto, las paternidades planificadas por parejas de varones a través de GS se llevan adelante mediante acciones que vehiculizan demandas de derechos de acceso y políticas activas del Estado. Para estas parejas el argumento es que la GS representa la única opción para tener un/a hijo/a con vínculo genético con al menos uno de los dos padres y poder reconocer ambos vínculos filiatorios. El presente trabajo es el resultado de un trabajo de campo en proceso con padres de Buenos Aires que están llevando adelante esta práctica en Argentina. A partir de entrevistas en profundidad intentamos reconstruir las experiencias personales y analizar los sentidos que construyen las narrativas respecto de sus parentalidades, las conexiones biológicas en la creación o definición de los lazos familiares y analizamos la importancia de la genética en la construcción y mantenimiento de vínculos filiatorios.
Subject(s)
Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Surrogate Mothers , Argentina , Surrogate Mothers/legislation & jurisprudence , Surrogate Mothers/psychology , Humans , Male , Female , Parenting/psychology , Parents/psychology , Interviews as Topic , Decision Making , Choice Behavior , Family Relations/psychology , AdultABSTRACT
Surrogacy operates in a regulatory void in Argentina. Despite attempts to legislate this practice, Argentine law contains no univocal rules governing the legality and enforceability of surrogacy agreements. Unsurprisingly, this has not stopped intended parents from pursuing surrogacy; quite the contrary, it has steered them into the courts, thrusting the issue into the realm of judicial policy. Through a comprehensive review and qualitative study of 32 court rulings, I address the judicial scenario regarding surrogacy in Argentina. I describe the profile of litigants who are bringing altruistic gestational surrogacy claims, the legal arguments used by courts, and the types of orders issued. I explain how the judiciary, through judicial review of the current legal framework and the application of international human rights law, including the principle of the best interests of the child, is playing a key role in ensuring access to this form of third-party assisted reproductive technology. Finally, I make the case for regulation by critically assessing these rulings to highlight the intricacies, challenges, and complexities that come with the judicial regulation of surrogacy.
Subject(s)
Human Rights , Surrogate Mothers , Female , Pregnancy , Child , Humans , Argentina , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Law EnforcementABSTRACT
In 2022, the global commercial surrogacy industry was valued at approximately US$14 billion. This paper explores the issue of surrogacy to reveal how international human rights standards and labor laws treat reproduction as work, building on previous scholarship analyzing similar framing at the grassroots level in Mexico. I argue that the failure to recognize surrogacy as labor is rooted in three lacunae: (1) contemporary policies and practices around surrogacy globally pay little attention to the well-being and rights fulfillment of surrogates themselves, particularly the economic rights of surrogates; (2) the stigma of surrogacy as sexualized care work results in neglect of the labor rights of surrogates in mainstream economic rights discourses; and (3) relevant international rights law has not yet addressed the economic rights of surrogates, nor has it effectively articulated the interdependent relationship between economic rights and reproductive rights. Lastly, I discuss where reproductive rights and economic rights overlap in existing human rights conventions and standards and what possibilities these offer for articulating the interdependence of reproductive and economic rights and for advancing the labor rights of surrogates.
Subject(s)
Labor, Obstetric , Surrogate Mothers , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Reproduction , Reproductive Rights , MexicoABSTRACT
La gestación solidaria es una técnica de reproducción humana asistida, destinada a parejas de distinto o igual sexo y a personas solas con alguna causa de infertilidad que les impide concebir el embarazo de manera natural. Al respecto, en el Código de las Familias en Cuba se esclarece que este proceder solo debe realizarse por motivos altruistas y de solidaridad humana, ajenos a cualquier tipo de honorarios. Teniendo en cuenta las consideraciones anteriores, se analizó el tema desde diferentes puntos de vista, con el objetivo de socializar esta práctica como una oportunidad de reproducción para las familias cubanas.
Solidarity gestation is an assisted human reproductive technique intended for different or same sex couples and to single people with some infertility problems which prevent them from conceiving in a natural way. In this respect, the Cuba's Family Code clarifies that this procedure should only be carried out due to altruistic reasons and human solidarity, without any fees. Taking into account the above considerations, the topic was analyzed from different points of view, aimed at socializing this practice as a reproduction opportunity for Cuban families.
Subject(s)
Surrogate Mothers , Reproductive Techniques , Pregnancy , CubaABSTRACT
This article examines the construction of parenthood, drawing on Brazilian cisgender, heterosexual, and homosexual couples' experiences in using assisted reproduction technologies (ART), particularly the surrogacy. For that purpose, we interviewed: 1) a lesbian woman who had her daughter through her partner's pregnancy, using ART with anonymous donor semen; 2) a gay man who, together with his partner, used a surrogacy service under contract via a specialised offshore agency; 3) a woman who was a surrogate, in Brazil, for her sister-in-law and brother who lived abroad and, from abroad, sent an embryo fertilised for surrogacy; 4) a woman who resorted to her sister-in-law in order to be a mother by surrogacy, with ovules from the woman herself fertilised with semen from her husband; and 5) the sister-in-law mentioned in 4), who acted as surrogate for her brother and his wife. These interviews made it possible to think about the discursive construction of the legitimacy of such parenthoods, as it is produced by access to, and manipulation and circulation of, reproductive technologies and persons. This biomedical management of bodies sets up a material and discursive circuit that, in turn, produces a complex web of personal, normative, legal, professional and market relationships, particularly with a view to construction of a parenthood anchored in a notion of biologically-constituted origin. In this respect, biological, affective and social bonds merge to produce a precise placement of who is the father and/or who is the mother, as well as who are the important others and how they are linked to the child in a broader web of parenthood.
Subject(s)
Sexual and Gender Minorities , Surrogate Mothers , Male , Pregnancy , Female , Child , Humans , Brazil , Reproduction , Reproductive Techniques, AssistedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. METHODS: This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. RESULTS: A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. CONCLUSION: Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.
OBJETIVO: A gestação de substituição é o processo no qual uma mulher engravida e entrega um bebê a outra pessoa ou casal, conhecidos como pais pretendidos. Quando as gestantes são pagas, isto é conhecido como gestação de substituição comercial. O objetivo do presente trabalho é rever os aspectos legais, éticos, sociais e culturais da gestação de substituição comercial, bem como o panorama atual em todo o mundo. MéTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada no século XXI sobre a gestação de substituição comercial. RESULTADOS: Um total de 248 artigos foi incluído nesta revisão. A demanda por tratamentos com gestação de substituição por mulheres sem útero ou com distúrbios uterinos importantes, homens solteiros e casais masculinos está aumentando constantemente em todo o mundo. Este tratamento reprodutivo tem dilemas éticos importantes. Além disso, a legislação é amplamente adiada em todo o mundo e está em constante mudança. Portanto, os pacientes procuram cada vez mais por tratamentos no exterior, o que pode levar a importantes problemas legais entre países com leis diferentes. A gestação de substituição comercial é praticada em vários países, na maioria dos quais não há legislação específica. Alguns países tomaram medidas restritivas contra esta técnica por causa de relatos de exploração destas mulheres. CONCLUSãO: A gestação de substituição comercial é uma prática comum, apesar de importantes dilemas éticos e legais. Como consequência de diversas legislações nacionais, os pacientes frequentemente recorrem a programas de gestação de substituição comercial internacionais. Atualmente, não existe um contexto jurídico internacional padrão e esta prática permanece em grande parte não regulamentada.
Subject(s)
Surrogate Mothers , Uterus , Pregnancy , Humans , Female , MaleABSTRACT
Se analizan dos series que, con diferencia de quince años, abordan el tema de la maternidad subrogada: Shameless y Little fires everywhere, con el foco en las cuestiones bioéticas y sociales involucradas en ellas. A partir de los relatos de apego entre la gestante y la persona nacida o por nacer, se pone a prueba el concepto de "metafísica del embarazo", tal como lo trabaja Suki Finn, ofreciendo un escenario novedoso para un tema complejo y controvertido
Two series are analyzed that, with a difference of fifteen years, address the issue of surrogate motherhood: Shameless and Little fires everywhere, with a focus on the bioethical and social issues involved in them. From the stories of attachment between the pregnant woman and the person born or unborn, the concept of "metaphysics of pregnancy" is examined, as Suki Finn works, offering a novel scenario for a complex and controversial issue
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Surrogate Mothers/psychology , Insemination , Video-Audio Media , Metaphysics/historyABSTRACT
En el presente trabajo nos proponemos visibilizar el padecimiento psíquico de las mujeres que atraviesan un cáncer ginecológico y que, además, deben hacer frente a la imposibilidad de gestar como consecuencia de la enfermedad. Y también reflexionar sobre el trabajo del psicólogo en este ámbito. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo nos valdremos del episodio cinco de la segunda temporada de la serie televisiva estadounidense "New Amsterdam" (S2, E 5), estrenada en el año 2018 en Netflix, la plataforma de streaming estadounidense
In this paper we intend to make visible the psychological suffering of women who go through a gynecological cancer and who, in addition, must face the impossibility of gestating as a result of the disease. And also reflect on the work of the psychologist in this area. To meet our goal, we will use episode five of the second season of the American television series "New Amsterdam" (S2, E 5), premiered in 2018 on Netflix, the American streaming platform
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Uterine Neoplasms , General Surgery , Surrogate Mothers , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Drug Therapy , Psycho-OncologyABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo relatar a experiência de indução da lactação em nuligestas realizada por enfermeira consultora em aleitamento. Método relato de experiência. O processo de indução láctea foi realizado com três mulheres por motivo de gestação em útero de substituição e relacionamento homoafetivo. Resultados todas perceberam o aumento de tamanho e a sensibilidade nas mamas, bem como apresentaram secreção láctea. No entanto, a continuidade da amamentação foi diferenciada entre elas. A primeira não recebeu apoio de profissionais de saúde no contexto de pós-parto hospitalar, nem em casa, e não deu continuidade à amamentação. A segunda recebeu apoio da equipe do hospital e da parceira, amamentando por três meses. A terceira, com o apoio da parceira, amamentou por dois meses, mas interrompeu por sentir-se inibida por familiares. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a técnica de indução é capaz de desencadear a produção láctea. Já o processo de amamentação só se estabeleceu mediante a associação com a rede de apoio, o acolhimento, o incentivo da equipe de saúde e o olhar integral à mulher e sua família. Dessa forma, o cuidado de Enfermagem na indução láctea não deve focar apenas no manejo da indução, mas transcender o aspecto técnico, o que se mostra como fundamental para a proteção, o estabelecimento e a continuidade da amamentação.
Resumen Objetivo reportar la experiencia de inducir la lactancia en nuligestas realizada por una consultora de enfermería en lactancia materna. Método relato de experiencia. El proceso de inducción de la leche se realizó con tres mujeres por embarazo en útero de reemplazo y relación homoafectiva. Resultados todas notaron el aumento de tamaño y la sensibilidad en las mamas, además de presentar secreción de leche. Sin embargo, la continuidad de la lactancia materna se diferencia entre ellos. La primera no recibió apoyo de los profesionales de la salud en el contexto posparto hospitalario, ni en el domicilio, y no continuó con la lactancia. La segunda recibió apoyo del personal del hospital y su pareja, amamantando durante tres meses. La tercera, con el apoyo de su pareja, amamantó durante dos meses, pero la interrumpió porque se sentía inhibida por familiares. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la técnica de inducción es capaz de desencadenar la producción de leche. El proceso de lactancia materna, en cambio, solo se estableció a través de la asociación con la red de apoyo, la acogida, el estímulo del equipo de salud y la mirada integral a la mujer y su familia. Así, el cuidado de Enfermería en la inducción de la leche no debe enfocarse solo en el manejo de la inducción, sino trascender el aspecto técnico, que se muestra fundamental para la protección, el establecimiento y la continuidad de la lactancia materna.
Abstract Objective to report the experience of lactation induction in women who never got pregnant by a lactation consultant nurse. Method experience report. The process of lactation induction was performed with three women due to surrogate pregnancy and homosexual relationships. Results all noticed an increase in the size and sensitivity of the breasts, as well as milk secretion. However, the continuity of breastfeeding was different between them. The first did not receive support from health professionals in the postpartum hospital setting, nor at home, and did not continue breastfeeding. The second received support from the hospital staff and her partner, breastfeeding for three months. The third, with the support of her partner, breastfed for two months, but stopped because she felt inhibited by family members. Conclusion and implications for practice the induction technique is capable of triggering milk production. However, the breastfeeding process was only established through the association with the support network, the reception, the encouragement of the health team, and the comprehensive view of the woman and her family. Thus, nursing care in lactation induction should not focus only on the management of induction, but transcend the technical aspect, which is essential for the protection, establishment, and continuity of breastfeeding.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Feeding/methods , Lactation , Social Support , Weaning , Women's Rights , Breast/injuries , Lactation/drug effects , Surrogate Mothers , Consultants , Domperidone/therapeutic use , User Embracement , Galactogogues/therapeutic use , Research Report , Breast Milk Expression , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Nurse MidwivesABSTRACT
Objetivo: conhecer a vivência da família ampliada quando um de seus membros/casal decide pela gravidez de substituição após diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer ginecológico. Método: estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa. Participou uma família ampliada de sete pessoas domiciliadas em dois municípios. Os dados foram produzidos pela narrativa de vivências, obtidos por entrevista aberta e submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: a primeira categoria refere-se à união da família para apoiar a familiar que enfrentava um diagnóstico de câncer ginecológico. A segunda discorre sobre sentimentos que representaram o amálgama familiar diante do adoecimento e da decisão pela gravidez de substituição, vitais ao amparo da gestante substituta e mãe biológica. Conclusões: a gravidez de substituição possibilitou que a família ressignificasse o adoecimento e o sentido de família, mobilizada pela solidariedade, altruísmo, empatia e fé.(AU)
Objective: to share experiences of an extended family when one of its members/couple decides for surrogate pregnancy after gynecological cancer's diagnosis and treatment. Method: it is a case study with a qualitative approach. An extended family composed of seven people, residing in two municipalities, participated in the study. Data were produced by the narrative of experiences, obtained by open interviews and submitted to thematic analysis. Results: the first analytical category refers to the union of the family to provide support who faced the diagnosis. The second one is about the feelings that represented the family amalgam face to sickness and the decision for surrogate pregnancy, both vital for the support to the surrogate and the biological mother. Conclusions: the surrogate pregnancy made it possible for the family to resinify the sickness and the sense of the family itself, and had been mobilized by solidarity, altruism, empathy and faith.(AU)
Objetivo: conocer la vivencia de la familia ampliada cuando uno de sus miembros/pareja se decide por gestación de sustitución después del diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer ginecológico. Método: estudio de caso cualitativo. Participó una familia de siete personas domiciliadas en dos municipios. Los datos fueron producidos por la narrativa de vivencias, obtenidas por entrevistas abiertas y sometidos a análisis temático. Resultados: la primera categoría se refiere a la unión familiar para apoyar quien enfrenta diagnóstico de cáncer ginecológico. A segunda discurre sobre sentimientos que representan la amalgama familiar delante el proceso de enfermedad y la decisión por el embarazo de sustitución, vitales para el amparo a la embarazada y madre biológica. Conclusiones: el embarazo de reemplazo permitió a la familia replantear la enfermedad y el sentido de familia, movilizados por la solidaridad, el altruismo, la empatía y la fe.
Subject(s)
Family , Surrogate Mothers , Nursing , Family Nursing , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Childbirth practices shed light on cultural values, ideologies of gender and motherhood, and social inequalities. Transnational, commercial surrogacy presents a useful lens through which to view the social dynamics that shape childbirth experiences. Surrogacy challenges dominant views on the naturalness and inevitability of maternal-fetal bonds because it involves the separation of gestation from motherhood. What ideologies inform childbirth practices in the consumer-driven context of surrogacy in which the woman giving birth is neither the consumer nor the "mother"? Based on multi-sited ethnographic research between 2014 and 2017 and in-depth interviews with 120 participants in the Mexican surrogacy industry, I argue that doctors draw on normative ideologies of kinship, gender, and maternal-child bonding to justify and normalize the use of Caesarean sections among surrogates. The ideology espoused by these doctors reinforces the notion that maternal-fetal bonding is natural and inevitable, constructs women as irrational and driven by hormones, and presumes that bonding between surrogate mothers and the children they gestate is detrimental to the surrogacy process. Furthermore, the proffered justifications for the Caesarean sections reproduces stereotypes about poor Mexican women as risky patients, contributes to the "disposability" of their labor, and reinforces a hierarchy in which the perceived interests of intended parents and children are elevated above those of surrogate mothers. This article contributes to social science studies of medicine by demonstrating how classist and racist stereotypes, and folk notions of kinship, gender, and maternal-child bonding are biologized in medical practice.
Subject(s)
Cesarean Section , Surrogate Mothers , Child , Female , Humans , Parturition , PregnancyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Advances in science and technology coupled with globalization are changing access to and utilization of reproductive health services. This includes the transnational phenomenon of families who use surrogate mothers to reproduce, with forms of altruistic and commercial surrogacy becoming more commonplace. Simultaneously, changes in law, regulation, and policy are necessary to protect surrogates, intended parents, and resulting children. These developments have been slow to adapt to challenges inherent to surrogacy arrangements, most specifically in low-and middle-income countries, including in South American countries. METHODS: We conducted an interdisciplinary non-systematic literature review and legal analysis of existing and pending policy, laws, and regulations related to commercial surrogacy arrangements in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The review focused on articles that discussed topics of domestic and international law, policy, regulation, and governance related to commercial surrogacy. We queried PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar for Spanish and English-language articles limited to those published between 2000 and 2016. RESULTS: Our literature and legal review found a wide variance in how different countries address the issue, including two (Brazil and Uruguay) that have issued guidance attempting to clarify the legality of commercial surrogacy, others who have introduced surrogacy-specific legislation, and a final group with no specific legal mechanisms in place. Our extracted legal case studies also indicate that courts have a hard time interpreting existing law and its applicability to surrogacy. The influence of Catholicism also played a role in the adoption of surrogacy and other advanced reproductive technology (ART)-related legislation. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in global infertility rates, the emergence of new family structures, and advancement of ART are factors that will influence future development of legal frameworks addressing surrogacy in South America. Despite a growing transnational market for commercial surrogacy in many of the countries examined, the current patchwork of policy does little to clarify what forms of surrogacy are legally permissible, nor do they adequately protect surrogates, intended parents, or the children themselves. This points to an urgent need for regional legal and policy harmonization specifically designed to align with public health and human rights principles.
Subject(s)
Medical Tourism/legislation & jurisprudence , Surrogate Mothers/legislation & jurisprudence , Women's Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Pregnancy , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence , South AmericaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the different positions of the subject attributed to the family in the substitution gestation process. Method: documentary-type qualitative research, based on Cultural Studies, in the post-structuralism field, based on Michel Foucault's discourse and statement tools. For such, there were analyzed discourses published in the Brazilian written media, between September and December in the year 2016, on subjects who experienced the substitution gestation. Results: The speeches point out that the biological parents should monitor and control gestation. They emphasize that the cares with the baby, especially maternal breastfeeding, must be accompanied by the father and realized by the biological mother. Another point is that such technology makes it possible to experience the position of culturally constituted father and mother for the subjects who wish to have children. The discourses reinforce distinct roles for biological father and mother and surrogate mothers, presented as happy with this family formation. The statements divide, distribute and order the roles of motherhood between the two mothers in order in order to naturalize the substitution gestation. To this end, they reinforce the discourses on maternal breastfeeding and emphasize the medicalization of the female body in the substitution gestation. Conclusion: the substitution gestation was recognized as a distinct conception form, but reinforce that it does not entail another maternity form. The media are concerned with demonstrating the rituals that assist in the constitution of maternal and paternal subjects, in order to teach ways of living this gestation. Therefore, experiencing the substitution gestation is one of the possibilities for constituting a family.
RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las diferentes posiciones de sujetos atribuidas a la familia en el proceso de gestación por sustitución. Método: estudio cualitativo, tipo documental, con base en los Estudios Culturales, en la vertiente posestructuralista, fundamentada en las herramientas de discurso y anunciado por Michel Foucault. Para ello, se analizaron discursos publicados en los medios de comunicación escritos de Brasil, entre septiembre y diciembre de 2016, respecto a sujetos que vivenciaron la gestación por sustitución. Resultados: los discursos señalan que los padres biológicos deben acompañar y controlar la gestación. Además, se resalta que los cuidados con el bebé, en especial la lactancia materna, deben ser asistidos por el padre y realizados por la madre biológica. Otra cuestión es que tal tecnología permite vivenciar la posición del padre y de la madre, constituidos culturalmente a los sujetos que desean tener hijos. Los discursos refuerzan diferentes roles para el padre y la madre biológicos y las madres por sustitución, presentados como felices con esta formación familiar. Los enunciados dividen, distribuyen y orden los roles de la maternidad entre ambas madres, con el objetivo de naturalizar la gestación por sustitución. Por lo tanto, se refuerzan los discursos sobre la lactancia materna y se enfatiza la medicalización del cuerpo femenino en la gestación por sustitución. Conclusión: la gestación por sustitución fue reconocida como una forma distinta de concebir, pero hacen hincapié en que no conduce a otra forma distinta de la maternidad. Los medios de comunicación se ocupan en demonstrar los rituales que auxilian en la constitución de sujetos maternos y paternos, para enseñar los modos de vivir de esta gestación. Por ende, vivenciar la gestación por sustitución es una de las posibilidades de constituirse una familia.
RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as diferentes posições de sujeito atribuídas à família no processo de gestação de substituição. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo documental com base nos Estudos Culturais, na vertente pós-estruturalista, fundamentada nas ferramentas de discurso e enunciado de Michel Foucault. Para tanto, foram analisados discursos publicados na mídia escrita brasileira, entre setembro e dezembro no ano de 2016, sobre sujeitos que vivenciaram a gestação de substituição. Resultados: os discursos apontam que os pais biológicos devem acompanhar e controlar a gestação. Destacam que os cuidados com o bebê, especialmente o aleitamento materno, devem ser acompanhados pelo pai e realizados pela mãe biológica. Outro apontamento, é que tal tecnologia possibilita vivenciar a posição de pai e mãe constituídos culturalmente aos sujeitos que desejam ter filhos. Os discursos reforçam papéis distintos para pai e mãe biológicos e mães substitutas, apresentados como felizes com essa formação familiar. Os enunciados dividem, distribuem e ordenam os papéis da maternidade entre as duas mães visando naturalizar a gestação de substituição. Para tanto, reforçam os discursos sobre aleitamento materno e enfatizam a medicalização do corpo feminino na gestação de substituição. Conclusão: os discursos reconhecem a gestação de substituição foi reconhecida como forma distinta de concepção, mas reforçam que não acarreta em outra forma distinta de maternidade. As mídias se ocupam em demonstrar os rituais que auxiliam na constituição de sujeitos maternos e paternos, para ensinar modos de viver essa gestação. Portanto, vivenciar a gestação de substituição é uma das possibilidades de constituir família.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Surrogate Mothers , Maternal-Child Nursing , Women's Health , Parenting , Family Relations , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimiento antes y después de una estrategia educativa en el reconocimiento de signos de alarma respiratorios por parte de madres comunitarias del programa Familia, Mujer e Infancia, del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, entre los meses de junio y julio del 2017. Materiales y Método: cuantitativa, cuasi experimental, con preprueba y posprueba. Estrategia educativa extracurricular, de tipo participativa, dirigida a madres comunitarias del programa Familia Mujer e Infancia en el reconocimiento de los signos de alarma respiratorios. Una Muestra de 33 madres comunitarias pertenecientes a la sede Norte. Se creó una base de datos, analizada en el formato SPSS versión 20, sometida a revisión, validación y consistencia de datos. Los instrumentos de medición, fueron validados en una prueba piloto que contaban con las mismas características de la población de estudio. Resultados: se encontró que existe una diferencia significativa después de aplicar la estrategia educativa, el nivel de conocimiento fue medido a través de un cuestionario que evalúa el nivel de conocimiento en signos de alarma respiratorios, encontrando una diferencia de media de 2,03 entre la preprueba y el posprueba, un intervalo de confianza del 95% (0,81- 3,92) y un valor de P 0,004. Conclusiones: los programas educativos en salud se convierten en la estrategia perfecta para minimizar complicaciones asociadas al desconocimiento de las buenas prácticas de cuidado en el individuo, especialmente cuando el cuidado se desarrolla en población de la primera infancia..(AU)
Objective: to identify the level of knowledge before and after an educational strategy in the recognition of respiratory alarm signs by community mothers of the Family, Women and Children program of the Colombian Family Welfare Institute, between June and July. 2017. Materials and Method: quantitative, quasi-experimental, with pretest and posttest. Extracurricular educational strategy, of a participatory type, aimed at community mothers of the FAMI program in the recognition of respiratory alarm signs. A sample of 33 community mothers belonging to the North headquarters. A database was created, analyzed in the SPSS version 20 format, subject to review, validation and data consistency. The measurement instruments were validated in a pilot test that had the same characteristics of the study population. Results: it was found that there is a significant difference after applying the educational strategy, the level of knowledge was measured through a questionnaire that evaluates the level of knowledge in respiratory alarm signs, finding an average difference of 2.03 between the pretest and the posttest, a confidence interval of 95% (0.81- 3.92) and a value of P 0.004. Conclusions: health education programs become the perfect strategy to minimize complications associated with ignorance of good care practices in the individual, especially when care is developed in the early childhood population..(AU)
Subject(s)
Female , Surrogate Mothers , EducationABSTRACT
Since 2006, surrogacy arrangements have been expressly forbidden within the Portuguese legal order, in any one of its forms, and in some situations, it has even been criminalised. However, since August 2016, surrogacy has been allowed under certain restrictive scenarios, providing it follows several prerequisites. In spite of this progress, the 2016 amendment to the law has not been immune to criticism. One of its most debatable aspects is the lack of the surrogate's right to regret, although it is doubtful that surrogacy contracts will be enforced against a surrogate's wishes. But the weakest point of the new law is its failure to address some of the nuclear issues of surrogacy contracts, leaving solutions either to general contract law or to the clauses stipulated by the parties. Furthermore, it is unclear which clauses are allowed and which are forbidden under the law. This study describes the content of the new Portuguese surrogacy law, exposes its main fragilities and suggests solutions for matters not covered by the law. The conclusion is that a law full of promise fails regarding the issues it is supposed to regulate.
Subject(s)
Contracts/legislation & jurisprudence , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence , Surrogate Mothers/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Government Regulation , Humans , Portugal , PregnancySubject(s)
Donor Conception/ethics , Human Rights , Social Justice , Surrogate Mothers , Altruism , Asia , Bioethics , Donor Conception/legislation & jurisprudence , Europe , Female , Humans , Mexico , Personal Autonomy , Politics , Pregnancy , Spain , United StatesABSTRACT
Resumen: avances biotecnológicos son abrumadores y la realidad social cambia con ellos. En efecto, la nueva ley en España sobre los matrimonios homosexuales ha propiciado que parejas de mujeres y de hombres que se casan puedan procrear no solo mediante la adopción, sino también por la fecundación in vitro. Así, la gestación por sustitución se está convirtiendo en la vía preferente para que parejas heterosexuales u homosexuales con problemas específicos, parejas de hombres y para el varón sin pareja puedan tener descendencia. Esta situación crea múltiples conflictos éticos y jurídicos difíciles de resolver: filiación del menor, mercantilización de la mujer, instrumentalización y compraventa de niños, etc. En este artículo se analizarán los aspectos bioéticos en conflicto, sin olvidar la regulación jurídica que existe al respecto.
Abstract: We find ourselves in a time of far reaching biotechnological breakthroughs and alongside with this, society is also experiencing changes. In this sense, new regulations regarding homosexual marriage have opened an scenario where same sex couples of men or women, may "procreate", not only by means of adoption - not permitted for homosexual couples in many countries - but also through in vitro fertilization. For this reason, surrogate pregnancy is becoming the option of choice enabling heterosexual couples with specific problems, male couples, and males without a female partner to have a child. Indeed, as surrogate pregnancy techniques proliferates, ethical conflicts arise: the possibility of men to have their own children, problems relating filiation, instrumentalization of women and babies, legal solutions given by different European countries. In this article, both bioethical and legal issues regarding surrogate pregnancy will be analyse looking for the best interest of the minors.
Resumo: Os avanços biotecnológicos são avassaladores e a realidade social se transforma com eles. Com efeito, a nova lei espanhola sobre o casamento homossexual tem propiciado que casais de mulheres e de homens que se casam possam procriar não só através da adoção, mas também por fertilização in vitro. Assim, a gestação por substituição está se tornando a alternativa preferida para que casais heterossexuais ou homossexuais com problemas específicos, casais de homens e homens solteiros possam ter filhos. Esta situação cria vários conflitos éticos e jurídicos que são difíceis de resolver: filiação da criança, mercantilização da mulher, instrumentalização e compra e venda de crianças, etc. Este artigo irá analisar os aspectos bioéticos, sem esquecer a regulação jurídica a este respeito.