The Effect of the Neuman Systems Model-Based Training and Follow-up on Self-Efficacy and Symptom Control in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy.

In this article, the authors aimed to determine the effect of the training and follow-up based on the Neuman systems model provided to patients undergoing chemotherapy on their self-efficacy and symptom control. The study was carried out with a randomized controlled experimental study model design. The sample consisted of 102 patients including 52 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group. The data were collected using the Patient Information Form, the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief (CBI-B), and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). A personal training program prepared according to the Neuman systems model was applied to the experimental group patients. In the intergroup comparison of the experimental and control group patients, there was an increase in the posttest CBI-B scores and a decrease in the ESAS scores in the experimental group compared to the control group, and the intergroup difference was statistically significant (p < .05). According to the results, to improve the self-efficacy and symptom control in patients undergoing chemotherapy, using this education and follow-up program is recommended.

Assessment of emotional distress in palliative care: Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised (ESAS-r) vs Distress Thermometer.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Distress Thermometer (DT) as a screening tool for emotional distress in oncological palliative care patients and to compare the DT with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised (ESAS-r) and the gold standard to determine the most appropriate assessment method in palliative psychological care. METHODS: Data were collected from psychological screening tests (ESAS-r and DT), and clinical interviews (gold standard) were conducted by a clinical psychologist specialist in palliative oncology from January 2021 to January 2022 in an oncology palliative care service. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 356 first-time patients with a diagnosis of advanced cancer in palliative care. The most frequently reported oncological diagnoses were gastrointestinal tract (49.3%) and breast (18.3%). Most patients were female (n = 206; 57.9%), 60.4% were married/with a partner, 55.4% had between 6 and 9 years of schooling, and a median age of 57 (range, 46-65) years. The cutoff of the DT was 5, with a sensitivity of 75.88% and specificity of 54.3%. Emotional problems (sadness and nervousness) had a greater area under the curve (AUC) when measured using the DT than the ESAS-r; however, only in the case of the comparative sadness and discouragement was the difference between the AUC marginally significant. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The use of the DT as a screening tool in oncological palliative care is more effective in the evaluation of psychological needs than the ESAS-r. The DT, in addition to evaluation by an expert psychologist, allows for a more comprehensive identification of signs and symptoms to yield an accurate mental health diagnosis based on the International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision and/or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition.

Síndrome clínico aislado: diagnóstico y riesgo de desarrollar esclerosis múltiple clínicamente definida / Clinically isolated syndrome: diagnosis and risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis

Introducción: La mayoría de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) debutan con un síndrome clínico aislado (SCA). Es importante diferenciar este SCA de otras patologías neurológicas agudas o subagudas y estimar el riesgo de desarrollar una esclerosis múltiple clínicamente definida (EMCD), pues un segundo ataque clínico en un corto período de tiempo se asocia con peor pronóstico a largo plazo. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de contrastar diferentes variables, tales como la resonancia magnética (RM) y distintos marcadores biofluídicos como las bandas oligoclonales IgG (BOC), bandas oligoclonales IgM (BOCM), bandas oligoclonales IgM lípido específicas (BOCM-LE), índice de cadenas ligeras libres Kappa (κ index) mediante la determinación de las cadenas ligeras libres kappa en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), neurofilamentos de cadenas ligeras en LCR (NfLL) y suero (NfLS) y la proteína chitinasa 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) en LCR (CHI3L1L) y suero (CHI3L1S), con el objetivo de mejorar la precisión diagnóstica y predecir los riesgos de un segundo ataque clínico tras un SCA. Conclusión: Unas BOC positivas junto con la identificación de lesiones por RM, reducirán el tiempo de diagnóstico y nos indicarán que la mayoría de los pacientes con SCA evolucionarán a EM. Un κ index > 10,6 y una concentración de NfLL > 1.150 ng/L, nos muestran que los SCA tienen más probabilidades de convertirse en EM durante el primer año (40/50%). El 90% de los pacientes con SCA y niveles de CHI3L1S > 33 ng/mL, y el 100% con presencia BOCM-LE se transforman en EM durante el primer año.(AU)

Introduction: In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) initially presents as clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Differentiating CIS from other acute or subacute neurological diseases and estimating the risk of progression to clinically definite MS is essential since presenting a second episode in a short time is associated with poorer long-term prognosis. Development: We conducted a literature review to evaluate the usefulness of different variables in improving diagnostic accuracy and predicting progression from CIS to MS, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and such biofluid markers as oligoclonal IgG and IgM bands, lipid-specific oligoclonal IgM bands in the CSF, CSF kappa free light-chain (KFLC) index, neurofilament light chain (NfL) in the CSF and serum, and chitinase 3–like protein 1 (CHI3L1) in the CSF and serum. Conclusions: Codetection of oligoclonal IgG bands and MRI lesions reduces diagnostic delays and suggests a high risk of CIS progression to MS. A KFLC index > 10.6 and CSF NfL concentrations > 1150 ng/L indicate that CIS is more likely to progress to MS within one year (40-50%); 90% of patients with CIS and serum CHI3L1 levels > 33 ng/mL and 100% of those with lipid-specific oligoclonal IgM bands present MS within one year of CIS onset.

Adaptation and Validation of the Hebrew Version of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) Scale.

BACKGROUND: Nasal obstruction is one of the most common complaints in the practice of rhinology. OBJECTIVES: To adapt the Nasal Obstruction Scale Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire to Hebrew (H-NOSE) and to assess its sensitivity and specificity. METHODS: Candidates for surgical intervention due to isolated nasal obstruction and healthy volunteers (controls) were included in the validation. The English NOSE questionnaire was translated into Hebrew and re-translated for translation validity. Patients completed the H-NOSE questionnaire before and after surgery for nasal obstruction. The same questionnaire was completed by the controls. Test-retest reliability was performed within 2 weeks. Psychometric properties (reliability, reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness) were assessed by a test-retest procedure, internal consistency, correlation to the Hebrew Sino-Nasal Outcome Tool 22 (He-SNOT-22), and response sensitivity. RESULTS: In total, 179 patients with nasal obstruction and 74 controls completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha score was 0.93 for internal consistency. The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (< 90%) and area under the curve was 0.97. We found no significant difference in test-retest reliability. The difference between the pre- and postoperative questionnaire scores was highly significant (13.9 ± 4.0 vs. 3.2 ± 4.1, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The H-NOSE questionnaire demonstrated reliable internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and reliability. The Hebrew version differentiated between patients and heathy controls and was easy to administer. This instrument is useful for Hebrew speaking patients who undergo surgery for nasal obstruction.

Study of correlation between Visual Prostate Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score in men with lower urinary tract symptoms with reference to Uroflowmetry parameters in Indian population.

PURPOSE: International prostate symptom score (IPSS) is a complex questionnaire method for objective assessment of Lower urinary tract symptoms. So, there is a need to develop a simple and easy scoring system that could be easily used for illiterates and older aged patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a prospective observational study with 202 participants, conducted at the department of urology of a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. The patients more than 50 years of age, attending urology OPD with Lower urinary tract symptoms were included in the study. Printed IPSS and VPSS questionnaires were given to the patient to answer. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent (82%) of the higher education group and 97% of the lower education group needed assistance to answer IPSS questionnaires while 18% of the higher education group and 44% of the lower education group needed assistance to answer VPSS questionnaires. Sixty-four (64%) of patients in our study belong to the high education level while 36% of patients belong to the low education group. The mean age was 60.1 years. The mean IPSS and VPSS were 19 and 11 respectively. The mean PSA was 1.5 ng/ml. The time taken to fill VPSS questionnaire was much less than IPSS questionnaires. All the patients felt that VPSS was easier. Statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) correlation was found between total IPSS and total VPSS, Q2 IPSS and Q1 VPSS, Q7 IPSS and Q2 VPSS, Q5 IPSS and Q3 VPSS, and IPSS Qol and VPSS Qol. A negative correlation was found between Q3 VPSS and Qmax, and Q5 IPSS and Qmax. CONCLUSIONS: VPSS can be used as an alternative tool to IPSS to assess LUTS, which uses pictograms instead of questionnaires, even in patients with limited education.

Validation of the Arabic Version of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System.

Quality cancer care is a team effort. In addition, patients' symptoms change over the course of treatment. As such, the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) is a simple tool designed to quickly monitor symptom change. Here, we present the results from a two-phase study aimed at validating the Arabic version of the ESAS (ESAS-A). Phase one involved the creation of two versions of the ESAS with both reverse and forward translations by bilingual, native Arabic speakers as well as evaluation by an expert panel. The reconciled version was then administered to 20 patients as a pilot from which to create the final version, which was then used with 244 patients. Phase two for the ESAS-involved an ESAS-based validation of 244 adults aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with advanced cancer; then, further validation was completed in conjunction with two other symptom survey tools, the EORTC-Pal 15 and the HADS. The ESAS-A items possessed good internal consistency with an average Cronbach's alpha of 0.84, ranging from 0.82 to 0.85. Moreover, the results of ESAS-A showed good agreement with those of EORTC QLQ- 15 PAL (r = 0.36 to 0.69) and HADS (r = 0.60 and 0.57) regarding anxiety and depression. We found the ESAS-A to be responsive to symptom change and a median time to completion of 3.73 min. The results of our study demonstrate that the ESAS-A is a reliable, valid, and feasible tool for the purposes of monitoring symptom change over the course of cancer treatment.

Dimensional Assessment of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Measure.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide initial validation of the Dimensional Assessment of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (DARB), a new parent-report measure designed to capture the full range of key restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) subdomains. METHOD: Parents of 1,892 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (mean [SD] age = 10.81 [4.14] years) recruited from the SPARK (Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge) research match completed the DARB, several existing RRB instruments, and measures of social and communication impairments and anxiety. A subsample of 450 parents completed the DARB after 2 weeks to evaluate the test-retest stability. RESULTS: Exploratory graph analysis conducted in the exploratory subsample identified 8 dimensions that were aligned with hypothesized RRB subdomains: repetitive sensory motor behaviors, insistence on sameness, restricted interests, unusual interests, sensory sensitivity, self-injurious behaviors, obsessions and compulsive behaviors, and repetitive language. The confirmatory application of the exploratory structural equation modeling conducted in the confirmatory subsample showed that the derived factor structure had a good fit to the data. Derived factors had excellent reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and very strong test-retest stability and showed a distinct pattern of associations with key demographic, cognitive and clinical correlates. CONCLUSION: The DARB will be useful in a variety of research and clinical contexts considering the prominence and clinical impact of RRB in autism spectrum disorder. Strong preliminary evidence indicates that the new scale is comprehensive and captures a wide range of distinct RRB subdomains not simultaneously captured by any of the existing instruments.

The impact of routine Edmonton symptom assessment system use on receiving palliative care services: results of a population-based retrospective-matched cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, Cancer Care Ontario began standardised symptom assessment as part of routine care using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS). AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ESAS on receipt of palliative care when compared with a matched group of unexposed patients. DESIGN: A retrospective-matched cohort study examined the impact of ESAS screening on initiation of palliative care services provided by physicians or homecare nurses. The study included adult patients diagnosed with cancer between 2007 and 2015. Exposure was defined as completing ≥1 ESAS during the study period. Using 4 hard and 14 propensity score-matched variables, patients with cancer exposed to ESAS were matched 1:1 to those who were not. Matched patients were followed from first ESAS until initiation of palliative care, death or end of study. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 204 688 matched patients with no prior palliative care consult. The pairs were well matched. The cumulative incidence of receiving palliative care within the first 5 years was higher among those exposed to ESAS compared with those who were not (27.9% (95% CI: 27.5% to 28.2%) versus 27.9% (95% CI: 27.5% to 28.2%)), when death is considered as a competing event. In the adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model, ESAS assessment was associated with a 6% increase in palliative care services (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.08). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that patients exposed to ESAS were more likely to receive palliative care services compared with patients who were not exposed. This observation provides real-world data of the impact of routine assessment with a patient-reported outcome.

Finalising the administration of co-SSPedi, a dyad approach to symptom screening for paediatric patients receiving cancer treatments.

OBJECTIVES: Symptom Screening in Pediatrics Tool (SSPedi) is a validated self-report symptom screening tool for patients with cancer 8-18 years of age. Co-SSPedi is a novel dyad approach in which both child and parent complete SSPedi together. The objective was to finalise the approach to co-SSPedi administration with instruction that is easy to understand, resulting in dyads completing co-SSPedi correctly. METHOD: We enrolled child and parent dyads, who understood English and where children (4-18 years) had cancer or were hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. We provided each dyad with instruction on how to complete co-SSPedi together. Mixed methods were used to determine how easy or hard the instruction was to understand. Two raters adjudicated if co-SSPedi was completed correctly. Dyads were enrolled in cohorts of 12 evenly divided by age (4-7, 8-10, 11-14 and 15-18 years). RESULTS: We enrolled 5 cohorts of 12 dyads, resulting in 60 dyads. Following verbal instruction provided in the first cohort, we identified the need for written instruction emphasising children should wait for parent response prior to entering scores. The instruction was iteratively refined based on qualitative feedback until the fifth cohort, where all 12 dyads found the instruction easy to understand and completed co-SSPedi correctly. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a standard approach to dyad symptom screening named co-SSPedi with instruction that is easy to understand, resulting in correct co-SSPedi completion. Future efforts should focus on co-SSPedi validation and understanding how co-SSPedi scores compare to self- or proxy-reported symptom reporting.

How Does Triage by an Electronic Symptom Checker Match with Triage by a Nurse?

Omaolo© electronic symptom checkers (ESCs) have been developed to make triage for primary health care patients in Finland. Based on the analysis of the patient's responses to a set of questions, the ESC classifies him/her as emergent, urgent, not urgent, or advices on self-care. In this study the user answered the questions posed by the electronic symptom checker, after which a nurse assessed the urgency of the same user's symptom. The triage nurse was not allowed to know the result of the electronic symptom assessment until he or she had assessed the patient's condition. The level of triage was compared between ESC and nurse in each individual case. Findings from 825 individual cases were analyzed. The mean "exactly matched" for all symptom estimates was 52.6%. The mean "exactly matched" or "overconservative but suitable" for all symptom assessments was 66.6%. Safe assessments of electronic symptom checkers accounted for 98.6% of all assessments. A case was defined as "safe" if the recommendation for action given by the symptom assessment was at most one level less urgent than the nurse's triage assessment of the same case. The findings show that electronic symptom assessments are safe compared to the assessment of an experienced nurse.

Correlation of self-efficacy and symptom control in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was planned to evaluate the self-efficacy and symptom control of cancer patients and to determine the factors affecting them. METHODS: The sample of the study consisted of 329 cancer patients who were treated in the Medical Oncology Clinic of a university hospital between April and June 2019 and accepted to participate in the study. Data were collected using the Patient Characteristics Information Form, Cancer Behavior Inventory-Short Version (CBI-SV), and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). Percentage, mean, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance were used in the analysis of the data. RESULTS: The mean CBI-SV score of the patients was 79.10 ± 17.55. It was determined that the highest mean score of ESAS of the patients was in the symptom of fatigue (3.53 ± 2.81). Some symptoms were statistically lower in patients with good income, who are working, and who are non-smokers. Also it was determined that the self-efficacy levels of the patients with good income and quitting smoking were higher (p < 0.05). At the same time, as the patients' self-efficacy scores increased, the severity of the symptoms they experienced decreased statistically (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was found that the patients' self-efficacy score was above the moderate level, the most intense symptom experienced by the patients was fatigue, and the severity of the symptoms decreased as the patients' self-efficacy level increased. In line with these results; the symptoms, self-efficacy perceptions, and affecting factors of cancer patients should be evaluated by nurses at regular intervals, and care and consultancy services should be provided.

Validation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale in Mexican Adults.

BACKGROUND: Nasal obstruction is a feeling of impaired airflow through the nose, caused by diverse factors with high prevalence. There are numerous methods to study it, being the most important subjective instrument the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation score, NOSE, with good structural validity and internal consistency. It has been translated and validated in several languages, including European Spanish, but hasn't been validated in Mexico. AIM: Adapt and validate the NOSE scale to the Spanish language for a Mexican adult population. METHODS: This study was conducted from May-August 2015. The scale was translated from English to Spanish and assessed by two experts to confirm its acceptability, being retranslated later. Adult subjects with native Mexican Spanish were recruited from the outpatient clinic, with chronic rhinopathy and without evidence of respiratory pathology. Both groups filled the scale, and anthropometric data were collected. A subgroup completed the instrument again after one month. STATA 15.1 was used for analysis. RESULTS: The sample were 261 subjects. Cronbach alpha was 0.89, intraclass correlation coefficient 0.84, agreement limits -9.62 to 16.29. There was a statistically significant difference in score between groups. The area under the ROC curve was 0.855, with 83% sensibility and 76% specificity for a 20 total score. Moderate to strong item-total association was found with Spearman. The response model showed moderate item discrimination. In the factorial analysis, one factor was found, with an Eigenvalue of 3.21. CONCLUSION: The adaptation of the NOSE scale is reliable and valid for its application in Mexican adult population.

Patient-specific affect-abdominal pain interactions in endometriosis: an experience sampling method (ESM) study.

OBJECTIVES: Cross-sectional studies show that endometriosis-related pain is associated with affect. Measuring these symptoms in real-time in a longitudinal perspective yields the ability to analyze the temporal relationship between variables. The aim was to evaluate the association between affect and abdominal pain, using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a real-time, randomly repeated assessment. METHODS: Thirty-four endometriosis patients and 31 healthy subjects completed up to 10 real-time self-assessments concerning abdominal pain and affective symptoms during seven consecutive days. RESULTS: Endometriosis patients experienced more abdominal pain and negative affective symptoms, and scored lower on positive affect compared to healthy controls. A significant association was found between abdominal pain and both positive and negative affect in endometriosis patients. For healthy controls, less strong or non-significant associations were found. When looking at abdominal pain as a predictor for affect and vice versa, we found that only in endometriosis patients, pain was subsequently accompanied by negative affect, and positive affect may alleviate pain in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms a concurrent and temporal relationship between affect and abdominal pain in endometriosis patients and supports the use of real-time symptom assessment to interpret potential influencers of abdominal complaints in patients with endometriosis.

Leveraging a Joint learning Model to Extract Mixture Symptom Mentions from Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Notes.

This paper addresses the mixture symptom mention problem which appears in the structuring of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We accomplished this by disassembling mixture symptom mentions with entity relation extraction. Over 2,200 clinical notes were annotated to construct the training set. Then, an end-to-end joint learning model was established to extract the entity relations. A joint model leveraging a multihead mechanism was proposed to deal with the problem of relation overlapping. A pretrained transformer encoder was adopted to capture context information. Compared with the entity extraction pipeline, the constructed joint learning model was superior in recall, precision, and F1 measures, at 0.822, 0.825, and 0.818, respectively, 14% higher than the baseline model. The joint learning model could automatically extract features without any extra natural language processing tools. This is efficient in the disassembling of mixture symptom mentions. Furthermore, this superior performance at identifying overlapping relations could benefit the reassembling of separated symptom entities downstream.

Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical features and therapeutic interventions in a single center retrospective case series.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a thromboinflammatory disease characterized by the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies and either thrombotic events or pregnancy morbidity. The objective of this study was to review a large institution's experience to better understand the characteristics of children with APS. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of pediatric APS at a tertiary referral center. The electronic medical record system was queried from 2000 through 2019, and 21 cases were included based on meeting the revised Sapporo Classification criteria by age 18 or younger. Comparisons between primary and secondary APS patients were made with two-tailed t-tests. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included with a median age at diagnosis of 16 years and median follow-up of 5.8 years. Secondary APS was slightly more common than primary APS (11 vs. 10 cases) and was primarily diagnosed in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus. Two thirds of patients (67%) also had "non-criteria" manifestations of APS including thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and livedo reticularis/racemosa. Almost half of patients (43%) had recurrent thrombosis, typically when patients were subtherapeutic or non-adherent with anticoagulation. Damage Index in Patients with Thrombotic APS (DIAPS) scores indicated a chronic burden of disease in both primary and secondary APS patients. CONCLUSION: This case series of pediatric APS provides important context regarding disease phenotypes displayed by children with APS. High prevalence of non-criteria clinical manifestations highlights the need to consider these characteristics when developing pediatric-specific classification criteria and when considering this relatively rare diagnosis in pediatric practice.

Clinical Evaluation of the Modified Faine Criteria in Patients Admitted with Suspected Leptospirosis to the Territorial Hospital, New Caledonia, 2018 to 2019.

Leptospirosis is endemic in New Caledonia. Clinical diagnosis is often difficult and its evolution can be fatal. Leptospirosis requires specific management before biological confirmation. Modified Faine criteria (Faine Score) have been suggested to diagnose leptospirosis on epidemiological (parts A and B) and biological (part C) criteria. The main objective of our study was to assess the relevance of the epidemiological-clinical modified Faine score, parts A and B (MF A + B), in patients with suspected leptospirosis in New Caledonia. A monocentric case-control study was conducted in suspect patients for whom a Leptospira polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was done within the first 7 days of signs onset at the tertiary hospital from January 2018 to January 2019. Cases and control subjects were matched 1:2 in the gender and age categories. Bivariate, and then multivariable, analyses studied the association between the MF A + B score and a positive Leptospira PCR test, adjusted on the variables retained. In all, 35 cases and 70 control subjects matched for age and gender were analyzed. Multivariable analysis by logistic regression found a significant association between an MF A + B score taken from the categories "possible leptospirosis" (score, 20-25) and "presumed leptospirosis" (score, > 26), and the case or control subject status (P < 0.0001). Model performance was high, with an area under the curve value of 99.27%, 93.55% sensitivity, and 96.36% specificity, which classified subjects correctly in 95.35% of cases. Our study suggests using the MF A + B score to identify possible cases of leptospirosis and initiate antibiotic therapy before biological confirmation in New Caledonia. This score should be evaluated in areas where more differential diagnoses exist and where PCR is not widely available.

Efficacy and Safety of Light Therapy as a Home Treatment for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Non-visual effects of the retina have been increasingly confirmed in developing Parkinson disease (PD). Light therapy (LT) has been proven to be an effective non-pharmacotherapy for improving the prognosis of PD, but the pathway of action is unclear, and there is a lack of a unified and standardized LT regimen. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various LT measures in improving motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with idiopathic PD via a meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, and PubMed were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of LT for PD. Cochrane's Risk of bias tool and the GRADE approach were used to assess evidence quality. A meta-analysis and subgroup analyses evaluated the differences in efficacy produced by the different LT protocols. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) verified the analyses outcome and quantified the statistical relevance of the data.[color=#0e101a] [/color] RESULTS Patients receiving LT had significantly better scores for motor function (MD=-4.68, 95% Cl -8.25 to -1.12, P=0.01) compared with the control group exposed to dim-red light. In addition, in terms of non-motor symptoms, depression (SMD=-0.27, 95% Cl -0.52 to -0.02, P=0.04) and sleep disturbance-related scores (MD=3.45, 95% Cl 0.12 to 6.78, P=0.04) similarly showed significant optimization after receiving LT. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis show strong evidence that LT has significant efficacy on motor and non-motor function in PD patients.

Two Symptoms to Triage Acute Concussions: Using Decision Tree Modeling to Predict Prolonged Recovery After a Concussion.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the 22 variables from the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool's 5th Edition Symptom Evaluation using a decision tree analysis to identify those most likely to predict prolonged recovery after a sport-related concussion. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. A total of 273 patients (52% men; mean age, 21 ± 7.6 yrs) initially assessed by either an emergency medicine or sport medicine physician within 14 days of concussion (mean, 6 ± 4 days) were included. The 22 symptoms from the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool's 5th Edition were included in a decision tree analysis performed using RStudio and the R package rpart. The decision tree was generated using a complexity parameter of 0.045, post hoc pruning was conducted with rpart, and the package carat was used to assess the final decision tree's accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Of the 22 variables, only 2 contributed toward the predictive splits: Feeling like "in a fog" and Sadness. The confusion matrix yielded a statistically significant accuracy of 0.7636 (P [accuracy > no information rate] = 0.00009678), sensitivity of 0.6429, specificity of 0.8889, positive predictive value of 0.8571, and negative predictive value of 0.7059. CONCLUSIONS: Decision tree analysis yielded a statistically significant decision tree model that can be used clinically to identify patients at initial presentation who are at a higher risk of having prolonged symptoms lasting 28 days or more postconcussion.