Histochemical and immunohistochemical investigation of the number and localization of mast cells in the feline tongue.

This is the first study to describe the subtypes, number and distribution of mast cells (MC) in cat tongue by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Six male adult felines' tongue tissue samples consist of the study's material. Samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. MC number and distribution in the feline tongue were assessed using toluidine blue. Also, sections taken from blocks were stained in alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO) combined dyes to determine the MC subtypes. The Streptavidin biotin complex method using anti-chymase and anti-tryptase primary antibodies was used for immunohistochemistry. Metachromatic MCs were mainly observed in the lamina propria close to the multilayered keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The high number of MCs in this region may be because the dorsal surface of the tongue plays an essential role in the defence system of tongue tissue and, thus, of the body as a whole. Additionally, the number of MCs stained with AB (+) (1.7 ± 0.08) in the feline tongue was statistically higher than those with SO (+) (0.18 ± 0.02). This might be interpreted as an indication that MC heterogeneity may be due not only to their staining properties but also to their localization. It is also conceivable that the high histamine content may be a factor in this. Tryptase-positive MCs were found in the loose connective tissue around blood vessels, between the glands, as solitary cells, or in groups of several cells. Chymase-positive MCs were observed more individually rather than in groups. Moreover, chymase-positive MCs were detected to be located in the filiform papillae subepithelial and in the blood vessels' immediate vicinity. Animals often lick themselves to clean themselves and promote healing. For this reason, it is very important to protect the tongue, which is in direct contact with the external environment, against foreign agents. Considering both the functional and protective properties of the tongue, we concluded that MCs may play a role in oral cavity immunity and protective effect.

Morphological and morphometrical studies on the tongue of the juvenile cattle egret (Bulbucus ibis).

Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a cosmopolitan heron species, with least concern conservation status. There are limited literatures on the anatomy of this bird, especially in relation to its sensory organs, hence we here investigated the gross morphological and histomorphometric features of its tongue. The tongues of twelve healthy juvenile cattle egrets were examined in situ for morphological appearance and gross morphometric measurements were determined ex situ. Routine histology was conducted on the tongue tissue with parameters such as epithelial and lamina propia heights, lingual muscle and entoglossal cartilage heights evaluated. Grossly, the tongue was divided into three parts name; apex, body and the root. It was arrow shaped, conforming to the shape of the beak, with a laryngeal mound bounded caudally by the pharyngeal papillae at its root. A massive entoglossal cartilage formed the core of the cranial apex, ventral body portion, and caudal aspect of the root. Histologically, the lingual mucosa possessed keratinized squamous epithelium in all its divisions, with spinous conical papillae being characteristic of the cranial apical mucosa. The body lingual mucosa possessed foliate papillae on the dorsal aspects, while filiform papillae were prominent in the ventral portions. The lingual root uniquely possessed numerous glandular ducts in its lamina propia as well as localized adipocytes. Overall, the regression analysis data showed that the body weight can be conveniently predicted from tongue parameters. This study has thus provided additional knowledge on the anatomy of the birds and the generated data could prove useful in comparative regional anatomy.

Estudio morfológico, morfométrico e histoquímico de los epitelios de revestimiento y glandular de la lengua de la rana toro, rana catesbeiana / Morphological, morphometrical and histochemical study of the lining and glandular epithelia of the tongue of the tullfrog rana catesbeiana

La superficie dorsal de la lengua de la rana toro, Rana catesbeiana, presenta un epitelio simple cilíndrico, constituido por células caliciformes y raras células ciliadas. El dorso de la lengua posee numerosas papilas filiformes y algunas fungiformes. Las primeras poseen un epitelio simple cilíndrico, con células secretoras, mientras que las segundas poseen en la región apical, un disco sensorial con epitelio estratificado cilíndrico, con células basales, periféricas, glandulares y receptoras. A lo largo del dorso de la lengua existen numerosas glándulas tubulares, que penetran en profundidad, entremezclándose con las fibras musculares. El epitelio glandular es simple cilíndrico, con células secretoras y de sostén. Las primeras son las únicas en la base de la glándula y las segundas solo se encuentran en número escaso en el tercio superior. La superficie ventral de la lengua posee un epitelio estratificado, con células caliciformes y, entre éstas, células ciliadas. La morfometría de las glándulas mostró que son más cortas en la región anterior de la lengua (330 um) que en la región posterior (450 um). Las células secretoras de las glándulas linguales anteriores son menores (1457,7 um3) que en las posteriores (2645,9 um3). Lo mismo ocurre con los núcleos celulares: 130,0 um3 en las glándulas anteriores y 202,3 um3 en las posteriores. Las células secretoras de las glándulas linguales sintetizan producto rico en proteínas y mucopolisacáridos neutros, pudiendo caracterizarse como seromucoso. Las células caliciformes de las superficies dorsal y ventral secretan proteínas y mucopolisacáridos neutros, clasificándose como del tipo G1, mientras que las células de sostén de las glándulas superficiales de las papilas fungiformes secretan moco rico en mucopolisacáridos neutros, sulfomucinas y sialomucinas.

The dorsal surface of the tongue of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, has simple columnar epithelium with a few ciliated cells and goblet cells. The entire surface is covered with numerous filiform papillae and few fungiform. Filiform papillae have a simple columnar epithelium with secretory cells, while the fungiform have a sensory disc on their upper surface the lined by a stratified columnar epithelium with basal, peripheral, glandular and receptor cells. Over the dorsal lingual surface there are numerous winding tubular glands, which penetrate deeply into the muscle of the tongue, mingling with the fibers. The gland epithelium is cylindrical with secretory and supporting cells. The first are absolute on the basis of the gland and the latter are rare in the upper third. The ventral surface of the tongue is lined by a stratified epithelium, with the presence of goblet cells, with ciliated cells among them. Morphometrically, lingual glands varies in length, according to their location: shorter in the anterior region of the tongue (330 um) than in the posterior region (450 um). Secretory cells of the anterior lingual glands are smaller (1457.7 mm3) than the posterior ones (2645.9 um3). The same can be said of the cell nuclei, 130.0 um3 for the anterior glands and 202.3 um3 for the posterior ones. Secretory cells of the lingual glands contain substances rich in protein and neutral mucopolysaccharides, which characterize the seromucous type. Goblet cells of the dorsal and ventral surface epithelia secrete neutral mucopolysaccharides and proteins, and can be characterized as type G1 cells, and the supporting cells of the superficial glands of the fungiform papillae secrete a mucus rich in neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulfomucins and sialomucins.

Aspectos histológicos e ultraestruturais da língua em ratos desnutridos / Histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue in undernourished rats

Poucos estudos sobre os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica na mucosa oral são encontrados na literatura. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica na mucosa da língua de ratos adultos, envolvendo microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Um estudo experimental foi realizado em trinta ratos Wistar, 15 controles e 15 com desnutrição protéico-calórica. O último grupo recebeu ração em pequena quantidade, com menor conteúdo de caseína, durante 45 dias. Os ratos foram pesados a cada 3 dias, do primeiro (90 dias de vida) ao último dia (45 dias de dieta), quando foram sacrificados. Foi realizada eletroforese de proteínas plasmáticas e as línguas foram preparadas para microscopia óptica comum e eletrônica. Para análise estatística utilizou-se análise de variância e teste T de Student. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma significante diminuição no peso e nas proteínas plasmáticas dos ratos com desnutrição protéico-calórica em relação ao grupo controle. A análise histológica não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos, e os resultados, com respeito à contagem das papilas filiformes da mucosa lingual pela microscopia eletrônica, não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição protéico-calórica não causa alterações na mucosa da língua de ratos adultos.

There are few published studies on the effects of protein-caloric undernourishment on the oral mucosa. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to verify the histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue mucosa in protein-caloric undernourished adult rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical experimental study was done in thirty Wistar rats, 15 controls and 15 with protein-caloric undernourishment. The last group received ration in small amounts, with a reduced casein content, during 45 days. Rats were weighed every 3 days, from the first (90 days of life) to the last day of a 45-day dietary period, when they were sacrificed. Plasma was used for protein electrophoresis and their tongues were prepared for light and scanning electron microscopy. Analysus of variance and StudentÆs t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant decrease in weight and in plasma proteins was found in protein-caloric undernourished rats compared to the control group. Histological findings revealed no differences between the two groups and there were no statistically significant differences in the filiform papilla count under the scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: Protein-caloric undernourishment does not cause alterations in the tongue mucosa of adult rats.

Glándulas linguales de Blandin y Nuhn; estudio histoquímico de los glicoconjugados de las células serosas y mucosas / Blandin and Nuhn lingual glands; an histochemical study of serous and mucous sugars

Se emplearon las técnicas histoquímicas convencionales para mucinas (PAS, Alcian blue y Azul de toluidina) y la técnica de avidina-biotina para estudiar la unión de las lectinas PNA, UEA-1, RCA-1, ConA, DBA, SBA y WGA a los azúcares específicos en cortes histológicos de glándulas inguales anteriores de Blandin y Nuhn. Las células secretoras mucosas y serosas exhibieron diferentes grados de coloración dependiendo de la lectina y el tipo celular. Estos resultados proveen las bases para la comparación de posibles cambios en las enfermedades de las glándulas salivales menores (AU)

Effects of a 10 percent carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on rat oral epithelium proliferation

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of short course topical application of carbamide peroxide on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical expression in the oral tongue mucosa of rats. Twelve male Wistar rats were submitted to topical application of 10 percent carbamide peroxide on one side of the dorsal tongue once a week for three consecutive weeks. Only distilled water was applied on the control side. The animals were killed on days 0, 10, and 20 after the last application. The tongue was fixed in buffered formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Tissue blocks (3 æm) were subjected to the biotin-streptavidin amplified system for identification of PCNA. The percentage of epithelial-positive basal cells in each side of the tongue mucosa was calculated. The results demonstrated that topical application of 10 percent carbamide peroxide increases PCNA immunohistochemical expression on the basal layer of the oral mucosa epithelium of rats on day 0 after treatment. In conclusion, short-course use of carbamide peroxide induces transient epithelial cell proliferation of the oral mucosa of rats

Prevalencia de Cándida bucal en pacientes geriátricos / Presence of oral Candida in geriatric patients

Introducción: Con el propósito de determinar la presencia de Cándida albicans en pacientes geriátricos, se revisaron 150 pacientes de 60 a 104 años, en Irapuato, Gto. Material y métodos: previa citología exfoliativa bucal de carrillo y lengua, y tinción de Papanicolaou, se observaron las laminillas con microscopia óptico 10X, cuantificando las colonias de Cándida, observadas en 5 campos, definiendo los promedios por individuo y décadas de vida. Se utilizó la prueba "t" de Student. Resultados: se revisaron 104 pacientes femeninos y 46 masculinos. La edad promedio fue de 71.5 años. En el área de carrillo bucal los pacientes de 60-69 años presentaron un promedio de 1.9 +- 1.5; en área lingual 1.7 +- 1.4; en ambas regiones 1.8 +- 1.4. En la década de 70-79 años el promedio fue de 1.3 +- 1.4 en carrillo; 1.3 +-1.2 en lengua y 1.3 +- 1.2 en ambas regiones. En la edad de 80-104 años el promedio fue de 1.3 +- 1.5 en carrillo; 1.3 +- 1.4 en lengua y 1.2 +- 1.3 en ambas regiones. Conclusiones: resultaron estadísticamente significtivos los valores de 60-69 años contra 70-79 años y 80-104 años para las tres regiones. La presencia de colonias de Cándida en promedio fue disminuyendo conforme a la edad

Frotis lingual como auxiliar en el diagnóstico de pacientes diabéticos tipo II / Lingual frotis as an auxiliary for the diagnosis of type II diabetic patients

Con el propósito de evaluar la utilidad de la aplicación del frotis lingual para el diagnóstico de pacientes diabéticos tipo II no insulinodependientes, se revisaron 150 pacientes entre 40 y 60 años de edad, dividios en tres gupos: 1) pacientes con valores 120 mL/dL, II) valores 121-200 mL/dL, III) valores mayores de 200 mL/dL. A cada paciente se le efectuó la citología y venopunción el mismo día, obteniendo promedios celulares, índice de maduración de Frost, se determinó la cantidad de células basales, intermedias y superficiales, revisando 10 campos con un microscopio óptico y ocular 40x determinando el promedio de células para cada paciente y cada grupo. Indice eosinófilo observando células intermedias. Plegamiento, se determinó la cantidad de células con apariencia de recogimiento. Indice de aglutinación, células adheridas por sus bordes, se encontraron valores diferentes para cada instancia y grupo, pero no fueron estadísticamente significativas, los valores en conjunto de las células superficiales intermedias y profundas de cada grupo definieron la condición de glucosa de cada individuo

Scanning electron microscopy of the rat tongue mucosa with special attention to bacteria on epithelial cell membranes / Microscopia eletrônica de varredura da mucosa da língua de ratos com enfoque em bactérias em menbranas de células epiteliais

The authors examined the filiform and fungiform papillae surfaces of rat tongue by scanning electron microscopy showing the numerous groupings of bacteria on the epithelial cell membranes. The fungiform papillae were round in shape and presented few bacteria. The epithelial cell of filiform papillae revealed numerous streptococci. The grouping of the bacteria are attached on the epithelial cell membrane, demonstrating three-dimensional SEM images

Estudio cariométrico del epitelio lingual de fetos de ratas tratadas con albendazol durante la preñez / Kariometric study of the epithelium of the tongue in rat fetuses treated with albendazole during pregnancy

La administración de albendazol (5mg/kg/día) a ratas Wistar en el 9º, 10º y 11º día de preñez, causó retardo de crecimiento intrauterino de fetos y placentas y disminución de la longitud de los cordones umbilicales. El epitelio de la mucosa lingual reveló disminución de espesor, con células mayores y menos numerosas. La región dorsal posterior de la mucosa lingual de los fetos del grupo tratado, no presentó queratina. El epitelio de la región ventral de la mucosa lingual no presentó capas granulosa ni córnea. Los resultados obtenidos mediante métodos cariométricos permiten sugerir que el epitelio de la mucosa lingual de los fetos del grupo tratado con albendazol, presenta aspectos de inmadurez y retardo de la diferenciación celular.

Histoquimica de lectinas en la lengua del sapo Bufo marinus L / Lectin histochemical of the cane toad Bufo marinus L. tongue

Lectin histochemistry at light microscope level was used in the tongue of the cane toad Bufo marinus to determine the distribution of sugar residues in glycoconjugates (GCs) previously localized and characterized by conventional histochemical techniques. Five horseradish-peroxidase (HRP)labeled-lectins, namely Con A, PNA, SBA, UEA-1 and WGS were used. Additionally, neuraminidase (N) treated sections before the staining procedures were used in order to dilucidate the presence of terminal sialic acid (SA). Sugar residues in GCs of the taste organ (TO) associated mucous cells stained more intensely with WGA than with Con A and UEA-1. All the sensory cells reacted with Con A and WGA but one type of them were characteristically labeled by UEA-1. The glycocalix (gc) of the TOs resulted ensely stained with Con A and with WGA and UEA-1 before and after N treatment. The GCs in the mucous-supporting cells of dorsal mucosae filiform papillae and folds reacted intensely with WGA and weakly with Con A. The ciliated cells (cic) were intense and characteristically stained with UEA-1 and WGA and moderately with Con A. The gc reacted more intensely with WGA than with Con A. Dorsal mucosae glands secretory cells mucins were characteristically stained with PNA, SBA and WGA besides Con A, while glandular ciliated cells showed the same staining pattern as in the filiform papillae. In the ventral mucosa all epithelium cells resulted stained with WGA and Con A, while differentiated goblet cells only reacted as well with UEA-1 and PNA before and after neuraminidase treatment. Unexpectedly, cliated ventral ucosae cells did not react with UEA-1 but only with WGA and Con A. The results have shown that lectin histochemistry is an interesting tool to characterize similarities and differences in the lingual GCs sugar residues composition and distribution, particularly those located in epithelial cells

Scanning electron microscopic study of the epithelial cells and surface of interface epithelium-connective tisue of the palatine mucosa of nine-banded armadillo, dasypus novemcintus

Las características de las células epiteliales y de la superficie de interfase del tejido conectivo-epitelial de la mucosa palatina del armadillo (dasypus novemcintus), se estudiaron usando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La mucosa del paladar duro está cubierta por epitelio queratinizado escamoso estratificado, que tiene algunas células epiteliales poligonales en proceso de escamación. La mucosa palatina mostró proyecciones puntiagudas de alturas diferentes, con diámetros de 100-200 µm. La lámina propia revela abundante tejido conjuntivo papilar digitiforme, que contiene un entramado de fibras colágenas. Fueron observadas numerosas coberturas de forma circular o elíptica de los conductos salivales de glándula. La superficie de las células epiteliales presentó gran cantidad de micropliegues

Aspectos citoquímicos dos mucocitos de glândulas linguais de bufo ictericus, spix 1824 (amphibia, anura) / Cytochemical aspectos of the mucocytes of lingual glands of bufo ictericus, spix 1824 (Amphibia, anura)

Aplicando métodos citoquímicos para carboidratos nas glândulas "tubuloalveolares", localizadas na regiao posterior da lingua de Bufo ictericus, foi possível caracterizar como mucina neutra o produto de secreçao dos mucocitos destas glândulas.

Scanning electron microscopy study on the toad (Bufo marinus L) tongue dorsal mucosa

Empleando un método sencillo se hizo un estudio con el microscopio electrónico de barrido de la mucosa lingual dorsal del sapo, caracterizando las regiones distal, central y proximal. La región distal mostró dos tipos de proyecciones, las papilas fungiformes y filiformes; la región central presentó pliegues y papilas fungiformes acortadas, mientras que la superficie de la región proximal se presentó ciliada y con órganos gustaticos del tipo no-papilar. En las tres regiones señaladas se observaron diferencias en el aspecto superficial del disco gustativo pero siempre éste se encontró separado del epitelio adiacente mediante un surco. Las células mucosas de las papilas filiformes distales se caracterizaron por una cubierta formada por numerosas microvellosidades mientras que las células de los pliegues en la región central, mostraron células mucosas con microvellocidades o con expansiones granulares lo que sugiere que estas células se encuentran en diferentes fases de la actividad secretora. Los resultados confirman las observaciones realizadas previamente con microscopía de luz