Population study of orofacial injuries in adult family violence homicides in Victoria, Australia.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the prevalence and orofacial injury patterns associated with adult family violence (FV) homicides in Victoria, Australia. It follows a methods study for case selection of all FV homicides and injury measurement. Comprehensive analysis of orofacial injuries in FV homicides and their clinico-demographic context will inform future research on clinical FV indicators and sentinel injuries, and potentially lead to premorbid intervention in health services. METHODS: All closed cases of FV homicides aged ≥18 years, January 2006 to December 2018, were identified by screening Victorian fatal assaults, based on victim-offender relationship. Primary data such as post-mortem computed tomography scans and photographs were assessed. Socio-demographic, clinical, interpersonal and incident parameters were descriptively analysed and statistically compared across FV homicides with and without facial injuries using cluster analysis and nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Of 170 adult homicides screened for eligibility, 151 were included for final analysis. Over the 12-year period, 78.1% of all Victorian adult FV homicides had orofacial injuries. Significant cluster patterns of injury mechanism, victim-offender relationship and drug/alcohol impairment were identified in all homicides. Non-facial injuries were significantly higher in facial vs. non-facial injury homicides. Facial abrasion and incised wounds were the most common injury types. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first forensic-epidemiologic study evaluating the empirical evidence concerning orofacial injuries associated with population-wide adult Victorian FV homicides. The high level of orofacial injuries in this population during the study period may inform clinical practice and policy in FV intervention in Victoria and globally.

Methods in population study of orofacial injuries in Victorian family violence homicides.

This study standardized the methods used in the determination of orofacial injuries in Victorian family violence homicides and informed potential control selection for an analytic study. Dental service contacts with family violence victims may be intervention avenues due to the presence of abusive injuries in the orofacial region. All Victorian family homicides from January 2000-September 2018 were identified by determining the kinship/relationship and grouped by age. A 20% random sample of adult cases, aged 18-64 years was selected. The median number of orofacial injuries in categories of injury mechanisms/age/gender and the nature of abusive orofacial injuries was reported for the sample. Of 357 closed cases of family homicide, 261 were adults aged 18-64 years. Offender information and injury mechanism data was available for all closed cases, enabling case selection. Of a random sample of 50 adults, 8 cases were excluded. After 2006, CT scans and photos were present in 20 (91%) and 19 (86.4%) of 22 cases, respectively. The nature and median number of orofacial injuries showed correlation to the reported injury mechanism. Strengths and limitations of the used methods were assessed. Not all cases were compatible for assessment of orofacial injuries, thus serving as an additional criterion for exclusion in our methodology. Further detailed study of the whole population of adults should be limited to the period 2006-2018 where the data is more complete. The mechanism of injury may influence control selection for analytic studies. We present preliminary evidence of the frequent occurrence of orofacial injuries in family violence homicides.

Prevalence and severity of traumatic dental injuries among young amateur soccer players: A screening investigation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are prevalent among soccer players. In Kuwait, no studies of TDI among soccer players have been carried out. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, type and causes of soccer-related traumatic dental injuries among 7-18-year-old amateur soccer players. METHODS: All amateur soccer players who were registered in the 14 sports clubs in the country were invited to participate in this screening study. Players who were present in the club on the assigned examination day were included. The players were examined by two trained and calibrated paediatric dentists for signs of injury to the oral tissues. Injury diagnosis was made according to the Andreasen (2007) epidemiological dental injury classification. The history of any dental injury present at the time of examination was recorded. The timing and nature of any dental advice or treatment sought was also noted. RESULTS: Six hundred sixty-seven (48% inclusion rate) male players were included (mean age of 13.4 ± 2.6 years). In total, 213 injured teeth were observed among 169 (25%) players. The prevalence of soccer-related injuries was 11%, and a greater number of injuries were observed in older players. Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently injured teeth (91%), and enamel-only fractures represented 60% of all injured teeth. Slightly more TDIs were soccer-related (44%) compared to non-soccer-related injuries (39%), and a large number of TDIs (39%) occurred inside the sports clubs. The prevalence of reported soft-tissue injuries was 18%. The majority of the players (75%) did not receive dental care for their injuries. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of young Kuwaiti amateur soccer players suffered TDIs. In addition, a high percentage of traumatic injuries were not treated, and there was a lack of the use of protective mouthguards.

Activation of satellite glial cells in trigeminal ganglion following dental injury and inflammation.

Satellite glial cells (SGCs), a peripheral neuroglial cell, surround neurons and form a complete envelope around individual sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), which may be involved in modulating neurons in inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dental injury and inflammation on SGCs in the TG. Pulp exposure (PX) was performed on the first maxillary molar of 28 rats. The neurons innervating injured tooth in TG were labeled by the retrograde transport of fluoro-gold (FG). Specimens were collected at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after PX and stained immunohistochemically for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), a marker of SGCs activation, in the TG. We observed that GFAP-immunoreactivity (IR) SGCs enclosed FG-labeled neurons increased in a time-dependent manner after PX. The neurons surrounded by GFAP-IR SGCs were mainly small and medium in size. The GFAP-IR SGCs encircled neurons increased significantly in the maxillary nerve region of the TG at 7-28 days following PX. The results show that dental injury and inflammation induced SGCs activation in the TG. It indicates that activation of SGCs might be implicated in the peripheral mechanisms of pain following dental injury and inflammation.

Finite element investigation of human maxillary incisor under traumatic loading: Static vs dynamic analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Traumatic loading is the main form of injury sustained in dental injuries. In spite of the prevalence of dental trauma, little information is available on traumatic dental damage and the evaluation of tooth behavior under traumatic loading. Due to the short period of traumatic loading, at first sight, a dynamic analysis needs to be performed to investigate the dental trauma. However, it was hypothesized that dental traumatic loading could be regarded as quasi-static loading. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine this hypothesis. METHODS: Static and dynamic analyses of the human maxillary incisor were carried out under traumatic loading using a 3D finite element method. Also, modal analysis of the tooth model was performed in order to evaluate the assumption of the dental traumatic loading as a quasi-static one. RESULTS: It was revealed that the static analysis of dental trauma is preferred to the dynamic analysis when investigating dental trauma, mainly due to its lower computational cost. In fact, it was shown that including the inertia of the tooth structure does not influence the results of the dental trauma simulation. Furthermore, according to the modal analysis of the tooth structure, it was found that the mechanical properties and geometry of the periodontal ligament play significant roles in the classification of dental traumatic loading as a quasi-static one, in addition to the time duration of the applied load. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides important biomechanical insights into the classification of dental loading as quasi-static, transient or impact loading in future dental studies.

Unusually intruded primary upper incisor: potential threat after 7 years of asymptomatic course. Diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Misdiagnosis of traumatic injuries can lead to inadequate treatment and complications both in the short and in the long term. Diagnosis and treatment of a patient who underwent an unusual dental trauma to the primary teeth is described. CASE REPORT: A misdiagnosed deeply intruded primary upper central incisor caused massive bleeding after seven years of asymptomatic course. The adequate diagnosis and management of the intrusion and oronasal connection is described. Furthermore, the importance of a thorough dental examination is addressed in the discussion. CONCLUSION: The proper immediate diagnosis and knowledge regarding traumatised mixed dentition is important to reduce the extent of damage and late complications. That is why every child that undergoes head injury should be examined by a dental professional.

Pulpal response after acute dental injury in the permanent dentition: clinical implications-a review.

INTRODUCTION: Pulpal reactions after acute dental injury have been puzzling for many clinicians. The management of dental trauma and an understanding of clinical and treatment factors in outcomes arose from multivariate statistical analyses of archive material from Copenhagen. METHODS: The aim of this article was to review the works of this period with respect to pulpal reaction after acute mechanical trauma. These traumas include luxation, avulsion, root fracture, and crown fracture. A PubMed search identified other literature where multivariate analysis was used, and these results were compared with earlier pioneering studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This article will describe pulpal responses after the said acute injuries and outline the competition that takes place between ingrowth of a new neurovascular system into the traumatized tissue versus bacterial invasion. If there is an intact neurovascular supply to the pulp, then the same immunologic defenses that are found in the rest of the body can function and defend against infection. If this is disturbed in any way, alterations in the pulp (eg, pulp canal obliteration, resorption processes) or pulp death (pulp necrosis) will occur. Intermediary stations in pulpal response (ie, transient apical breakdown) mimicked the cardinal signs of pulp necrosis, which could be reversible and lead to pulpal healing. These processes will also be addressed with respect to a more conservative treatment approach. In young patients, it is of the utmost importance that pulp vitality be maintained to ensure continued root growth and development and an intact dentition.

A retrospective evaluation of traumatic dental injury in children who applied to the dental hospital, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze traumatic dental injuries in children visiting the dental hospital emergency department in Samsun of Turkey, in the period from 2007 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of age, gender, causes of dental trauma, injured teeth, type of dental injuries, the application period, the dental treatments, and traumatic dental injuries according to the seasons were obtained from the records at dental hospital. RESULTS: Of all 320 patients with traumatic dental injury, 205 were boys and 115 were girls with a boys/girls ratio 1.78:1. Traumatic dental injury was observed more frequently in the 7-12 age groups: 52.5% in girls and 67.8% in boys. Falls are the major cause of traumatic dental injury in the age group 6-12 (51.4%). Sport activities are a common cause of traumatic dental injury in the 7-12 age group (34.2%). Patients visited a dentist within approximately 2 h (57.1%). The upper anterior teeth were subjected to trauma more frequently than the lower anterior teeth. The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and the mandibular canins were the least affected teeth. In primary teeth, avulsion was the most common type of dental injury (23%); on the other hand, enamel fractures were the most common type of dental injury (30.6%) observed in permanent teeth. In the primary dentition, the most commonly performed treatments were dental examination and prescribing (70%). The most common treatment choices in permanent teeth were restoration and dental examination (49.7 and 15.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that the emergency intervention to traumatized teeth is important for good prognosis of teeth and oral tissues. Therefore, the parents should be informed about dental trauma in schools, and dental hospital physicians should be subjected to postgraduate training.

Regeneration of the periodontium for preservation of the damaged tooth.

The population of the world grows every year, and life expectancy tends to increase. Thus, long-term preservation of teeth in aged individuals is an urgent issue. The main causes of tooth loss are well known to be periodontitis, caries, fractures, and orthodontic conditions. Although implant placement is a widely accepted treatment for tooth loss, most patients desire to preserve their own teeth. Many clinicians and researchers are therefore challenged to treat and preserve teeth that are irreversibly affected by deep caries, periodontitis, fractures, and trauma. Tissue engineering techniques are beneficial in addressing this issue; stem cells, signal molecules, and scaffolds are the main elements of such techniques. In this review, we describe these three elements with respect to their validation for regeneration of the periodontium and focus particularly on the potency of diverse scaffolds. In addition, we provide a short overview of the ongoing studies of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl-borane resin including calcium chloride or hydroxyapatite for periodontium regeneration.

Radicular maturity level of primary teeth and its association with trauma sequelae.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the radicular maturity level of primary teeth on the sequelae of traumatic dental injury (TDI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective study that collected data from dental records and radiographs of patients with TDI in one or both maxillary primary central incisors was conducted. Sequelae such as crown discoloration, pulp canal obliteration (PCO) and inflammatory root resorption (IRR) were evaluated during a 12- to 18-month follow-up period after the trauma. RESULTS: Of the 132 patients included in the study, 103 (78%) had luxations and 29 (22%) had dental fractures. At the initial postinjury examination, 12 teeth (9.1%) were found to have immature roots, 107 (81.1%) had closed apexes and 13 (9.8%) had visible root resorption. Inflammatory root resorption occurred mostly in traumatized teeth that presented with physiological root resorption at the moment of trauma (P = 0.004). The frequency of PCO was higher in teeth with a closed apex at the moment of the injury (P = 0.026). There was also an association between the type of injury and the occurrence of crown discoloration (P = 0.008) as well as between the type of injury and the development of PCO (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of TDI sequelae can be determined by the type of injury as well as by the radicular maturity level of the primary teeth at the moment of injury.

Trauma to the primary dentition and its sequelae.

UNLABELLED: Trauma to the primary dentition is common. This injury may have an impact on the child and his/her parents. The examining dentist should take appropriate factors into consideration before providing the required treatment. This paper discusses the management of trauma to the primary teeth and describes the sequelae of injury to both the primary and secondary dentitions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In cases of trauma to the primary teeth, diagnosis and appropriate management is necessary to alleviate the pain and discomfort for the child and to decrease the risk of damage to the permanent successor. It is important to prevent inducing fear and dental anxiety in children during the management of this injury.

Forensic dentistry as a morphological exercise in the medico-legal investigation of death / La odontología forense como un ejercicio de morfología en la investigación medicolegal de la muerte

In forensics, the nature of collected evidence makes analysis in many disciplines complex. Each type of trace evidence requires a unique systematic approach, and even though these approaches are significantly based on the size and morphology of the evidence being examined. In 1999, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers adopted the Recommendation No. R (99)3 on the harmonization of medico-legal autopsies. This document promoted the adoption of internationally recognized and standardized protocols for forensic autopsies. Nevertheless, the interdisciplinary philosophy still needs integration of information from various investigative sources. An orientated and correct examination of the oral cavity requires specific knowledge of its anatomy and physiopathology, and of the procedures most adapted for its study, and thus the participation of a qualified odontologist is advisable. On the basis that there is not a current protocol that establishes the participation of the dentist during all medico-legal autopsies, we present a review based on that significant document, including reports and personal findings of oral injury patterns. Finally, a new paradigm on the participation of the forensic dentist in the medico-legal investigation of death is discussed.

En ciencias forenses, la naturaleza de la evidencia recolectada deviene en análisis específicos realizados por muchas disciplinas complejas. Cada tipo de rastro requiere una aproximación única y sistemática, significativamente basada en el tamaño y la morfología de esa potencial evidencia. En 1999, el Consejo Europeo de Ministros adoptó la Recomendación No. R (99)3 para la armonización metodológica de las autopsias medicolegales. Este documento, promovió la adopción de protocolos estandarizados para las autopsias forenses de reconocimiento internacional. Sin embargo, la filosofía interdisciplinaria aún necesita integración de la información desde varias fuentes de investigación. Un examen orientado y correcto de la cavidad oral necesita de conocimientos específicos tanto de su anatomía y fisiopatología, de los procedimientos mejor desarrollados para su estudio, y de la participación de un odontólogo calificado para realizar este análisis. Sobre la base de que no existe un protocolo vigente que establezca la participación del odontólogo en todas las autopsias medicolegales, se presenta una revisión sobre este importante documento, incluyendo reportes y observaciones personales de algunos patrones de lesiones orales. Se discute además un nuevo paradigma respecto de la participación del odontólogo forense en la investigación médicolegal de la muerte.

The effects of non carious cervical lesions - morphology, load type and restoration - on the biomechanical behavior of maxillary premolars: a finite element analysis / OS efeitos das lesões cervicais não cariosas ­ morfologia, tipo de carregamento e restauração - no comportamento biomecânico de pré-molares superiores: análise por elementos finitos

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of different types of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and their morphologies in premolars, restored (or not) with composite resin, on the application three occlusal loadings. The hypothesis was that differing NCCL morphologies, loading types and restoration with composite resin affect stress distribution patterns. A two-dimensional linear Finite Element Analyses (FEA) simulated a healthy tooth model (H) with dental structures including: dentin, pulp, enamel, periodontal ligament, cortical bone, and trabecular bone. Three NCCL morphological models were examined: Mixed (MI), Sauce (SA) and Wedged-shape (WS). All types of lesions were analyzed with and without restoration. The models were considered homogeneous and elastic. In each model three load types: 100N: vertical load (VL), buccal load (BL) and palatine load (PL) were applied. The Maximum Principal Stress values were analyzed. The quantitative analysis of stress (MPa) was identified at five points of the NCCLs according to the morphology of the lesion type: initial point, superior wall, center of lesion, inferior wall and final point. It was found that NCCLs restored with composite resin exhibited stress distribution patterns similar to the healthy tooth model, independent of morphology and load. The Palatine Load was responsible for providing the highest values of accumulated tensions on the NCCL. The highest values of tensile stress on NCCL areas were found in the models without composite resin restoration, which had received PL. It was concluded that the different NCCL morphologies had little effect on stress distribution patterns. The major factors that affected the biomechanical behavior of premolars presenting NCCL were load type and the presence of composite restoration.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a influência de diferentes morfologias de lesões cervicais não cariosas (LCNCs) em pré-molares superiores restaurados ou não com resina composta, aplicando três diferentes carregamentos oclusais. A hipótese é que a morfologia, o tipo de carregamento e a restauração influenciem no padrão de distribuição de tensão. Através do método de elementos finitos, foram simulados modelos bidimensionais, homogêneos, lineares e elásticos. O modelo do dente hígido (H) foi representado com as seguintes estruturas: dentina, polpa, esmalte, ligamento periodontal, osso cortical, osso trabeculado e posteriormente simulou-se três morfologias de LCNCs: Mista(MI), Arredondada (SA) e em forma de Cunha (WS). Todos os tipos de lesão foram analisados com a presença e ausência da restauração. Em cada modelo foram aplicados três diferentes tipos de carregamento, com 100 N cada: carregamento vertical (VL), carregamento vestibular (BL) e carregamento palatino (PL). A análise quantitativa das tensões foi realizada através do critério de Tensão Máxima Principal em cinco regiões de cada LCNC, nos seguintes pontos: ponto inicial, parede superior, centro da lesão, parede inferior e ponto final. Como resultado, as LCNCs restauradas com resina composta apresentaram distribuição de tensão semelhante a do modelo do dente hígido, independente da morfologia e do carregamento. O carregamento palatino foi responsável pelos maiores valores de acúmulo de tensão nas LCNCs. É possível conclui que Os diferentes tipos de morfologia das LCNCs apresentaram pequena influencia no padrão de distribuição de tensão. Os fatores de maior influência no comportamento biomecânico de pré-molares foram o tipo de carregamento e a presença da restauração.

Pulp polyp in traumatized primary teeth--a case-control study.

AIM: To assess clinical characteristics and other factors associated with the occurrence of pulp polyp in traumatized primary teeth as well to evaluate the impact of pulp polyp occurrence on clinical decision-making after traumatic injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was divided into three phases. First, occurrence and clinical characteristics of pulp polyp were assessed followed by a descriptive analysis and categorical tests of association. Secondly, a case-control design was used, and the occurrence of pulp polyp was set as the outcome. In third phase, the occurrence of pulp polyp after fracture with pulp exposure was investigated as a variable possibly associated with clinical decision-making (dental extraction/endodontic treatment). Logistic regression analyses were used, and odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (OR; 95% CI) were calculated in second and third phases. RESULTS: Occurrence of pulp polyp in traumatized primary teeth was of 2.3%. Hyperplastic tissue color and proliferation size were not associated with the time to seek treatment after injury (P > 0.05). Children up to 2 years of age had more chance of having pulp polyp in comparison with older children (3.15; 1.15-8.64). Teeth with crown-root fracture had more chance of dental extraction in the therapeutic approach than the teeth with only crown fracture (4.36; 1.10-17.32). Presence of pulp polyp was not associated with the treatment carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of pulp polyp in traumatized primary teeth is not frequent and is associated with the age when traumatic dental injury occurs but does not interfere directly with the therapeutic approach.

[Decoronation: treatment protocol for ankylotic root resorption as a consequence of dental trauma].

Severe dental traumatic injuries, such as the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket (Avulsion) or the displacement of a tooth within its socket (Intrusive Luxation), may result in extensive injury to the root surface. As a result, the root surface injury heals without cementum and there is fusion between the alveolar bone and the exposed dentin or anorganic exposed cementum, without any attachment apparatus between them. This phenomenon is known as "dento-alveolar ankylosis" and is accompanied by ankylotic resorption of the root. In a process that results subsequent to the ankylosis, the root surface resorbs, and this is part of the remodeling of the alveolar bone (ankylotic resorption). When the traumatic injury occurs at a young age, lateral and apical growth of the alveolar bone continues without continued physiological eruption of the tooth. As a result, the position of the ankylotic tooth does not change, and with time thetooth appears infra-occluded resulting in severe esthetic and functional consequences. Extraction of the ankylotic tooth is difficult and sometimes even impossible due to the rigid fusion between the bone and the tooth. In addition, attempted extraction of the ankylotic tooth may lead to fracture of the buccal plate and resorption of the alveolar bone. Retention of the ankylotic tooth may lead to damage in bone deposition in the verticaldimension, leading to difficulties in future prosthodonticrehabilitation, research-based information has been incorporated

Treatment of a perforating inflammatory external root resorption with mineral trioxide aggregate and histologic examination after extraction.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) requires damage or loss of the protective layer and an inflammatory process in the unprotected root surface. Infection of the pulp space can occur after a serious injury and stimulate an inflammatory response. When the inflammatory stimulus is long-standing, the destructive phase will continue until the stimulation is removed. METHODS: This article describes the use of cone-beam computed tomography scanning in the diagnosis and management of a perforating IERR in tooth #10 with a 17-month follow-up and histologic examination after extraction for orthodontic reasons. RESULTS: The histologic examination showed a cementum-like tissue interposed within the dentin defect. The cementum-like tissue was eosinophilic and irregular or poorly demarcated in some parts. Fibrous ligament tissue and no inflammatory response could be identified. CONCLUSIONS: Mineral trioxide aggregate was shown to be suitable for the treatment of perforating IERR, and this finding agrees with the results observed in different studies conducted with animals.

Coronal tissue loss in endodontically treated teeth.

AIM: To categorize the endodontically treated teeth according to the extent of coronal tissue loss in order to determine the appropriate restoration required. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A two year descriptive study was done at the Conservative Clinic of the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan. Successful endodontically treated teeth were assessed and categorized according to the extent of tissue loss based on standard criteria proposed by Smith and Schuman. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety endodontically treated teeth were assessed for success both clinically and radiographically. Eighty (27.6%) were anterior teeth, 78 (26.9%) were premolars while 132 (45.5%) were molars. Dental caries was found to be the most common (61.4%) indication for endodontic treatment and caused more coronal tissue damage (moderate and significant) when compared with other indications for endodontic treatment. Two hundred and twenty seven (78.3%) endodontically treated teeth had moderate coronal tissue loss, 41 (14.1%) had minimal damage while 22 (7.6%) had significant tissue damage. Dental caries was the most common indication for endodontic treatment of the posterior teeth while trauma was the most common indication for the anterior teeth. CONCLUSION: Majority of the endodontically treated teeth that were evaluated for tissue loss had moderate coronal tissue damage. It is therefore recommended that proper and prompt evaluation of the remaining coronal tooth tissue following successful endodontic treatment be carried out in order to determine the appropriate definitive restoration required that will be easy for the clinician and less expensive to the patients.

Histomorphometric analysis of inflammatory response and necrosis in re-implanted central incisor of rats treated with low-level laser therapy.

Low-level laser therapy is a tool employed in the management of post-operative inflammation process and in the enhancement of reparative process. The aim of the study was to perform histological evaluation of dental and periodontal ligament of rats central upper-left incisor teeth re-implanted and irradiated with low-level laser (InGaAl, 685 nm, 50 J/cm(2)) 15, 30, and 60 days after re-implantation. Seventy-two male rats had the central upper left incisor removed and kept for 15 min on dry gauze before replantation. Laser was irradiated over the root surface and empty alveolus prior replantation and over surrounding mucosa after the re-implantation. After histological procedures, all slices were analyzed regarding external resorption area and histological aspects. We observed an increase of root resorption (p < 0.05) in the control group compared to the laser group at 15, 30, and 60 days. These results showed that the laser groups developed less root resorption areas than the control group in all experimental periods. Additionally, histological analysis revealed less inflammatory cells and necrotic areas in laser groups.

Pulp and periodontal tissue repair - regeneration or tissue metaplasia after dental trauma. A review.

Healing subsequent to dental trauma is known to be very complex, a result explained by the variability of the types of dental trauma (six luxations, nine fracture types, and their combinations). On top of that, at least 16 different cellular systems get involved in more severe trauma types each of them with a different potential for healing with repair, i.e. (re-establishment of tissue continuity without functional restitution) and regeneration (where the injured or lost tissue is replaced with new tissue with identical tissue anatomy and function) and finally metaplasia (where a new type of tissue replaces the injured). In this study, a review is given of the impact of trauma to various dental tissues such as alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, Hertvigs epithelial root sheath, and the pulp.