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1.
Rio de Janeiro; VideoSaúde; 2012. 27m:21s.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-756818

ABSTRACT

Animação que conta a aventura da turma do escovinha na escola, numa aula sobre saúde bucal. A estória se desenvolve quando, em casa, uma bactéria bucal - o streptococus mutans, invade o computador de um dos meninos e contamina sua rede de amigos. Todos se unem num jogo virtual, para combater e exterminar o mutans. As crianças vão aprender quando foi inventado a escova de dentes e o creme dental e o que acontece quando não cuidamos dos dentes...


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Caries/pathology , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Dental Caries/therapy , Toothbrushing/standards , Oral Health/education , Streptococcus mutans/pathogenicity , Dental Caries/complications , Toothpastes/therapeutic use , Dental Devices, Home Care/standards , Dental Devices, Home Care
2.
Rev. saúde pública ; Rev. saúde pública;43(3): 463-471, maio-jun. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-513011

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO:Avaliar mudanças em conhecimentos, atitudes e acesso/utilização de serviços odontológicos decorrentes de um programa de promoção da saúde bucal com agentes comunitários de saúde. MÉTODOS:Um projeto de capacitação combinando ensino-aprendizagem, apoio e supervisão, foi desenvolvido entre os meses de julho de 2003 a agosto de 2004. As mudanças foram avaliadas por meio de entrevistas estruturadas em que participaram 36 agentes comunitários de saúde e uma amostra de 91 mulheres e mães, representativa de donas de casa com 25 a 39 anos de idade, alfabetizadas e residentes em domicílios de três a seis cômodos no município de Rio Grande da Serra (SP). Foram colhidos dados sobre conhecimentos de saúde-doença bucal, práticas e capacidades auto-referidas em relação ao auto-exame, higiene bucal, número de residentes e de escovas dentais individuais e coletivas em cada domicílio e acesso e uso de serviços odontológicos. Por meio do teste t de Student pareado, foram comparadas as médias dos valores obtidos antes e depois do programa para cada um dos grupos estudados. As respostas foram analisadas adotando-se um nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para questões relativas ao conhecimento de saúde bucal entre os agentes e entre as mulheres antes e depois da capacitação (p<0,05). Desequilíbrio entre o número de escovas e de indivíduos em cada família diminuiu. A freqüência da escovação e do uso do fio dental se elevou depois da atuação dos agentes. Os valores de auto-avaliação da higiene bucal aumentaram. Modificação nas práticas e capacidades auto-referidas mostrou significativa elevação da auto-confiança. O acesso ao serviço foi mais fácil (p<0,000) e seu uso mais regular (p<0,000) entre mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: Houve mudanças positivas na percepção em relação a aspectos de saúde bucal, na auto-confiança e no acesso e uso de serviços odontológicos. Tais mudanças podem ser ...


OBJECTIVE: To assess changes of knowledge and attitudes and health service access and utilization after the implementation of a community health worker program for oral health promotion. METHODS: A capacity building project including learning, support, and supervision activities was developed between July 2003 and August 2004. A study to assess changes was conducted including 36 community health workers and a representative sample of homemaker literate women and mothers aged 25 to 39 years living in 3- to 6-room dwelling in the city of Rio Grande da Serra, Southeastern Brazil. Data on oral health knowledge, self-reported practices, and personal skills regarding self-examination, oral hygiene, number of people living in the same household, number of individual and collective toothbrushes, and dental service access and utilization were collected using structured interviews. Mean scores measured pre- and post-intervention program were compared for each group studied using Student's t-test. A 5% significance level was set for the analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention program were seen regarding oral health knowledge among both health workers and women (p<0.05). The number of shared toothbrushes per family decreased. Frequency of toothbrushing and flossing increased. Self-assessment of oral hygiene efficacy increased. Changes in practices and personal skills improved self-efficacy. Women had more access to services (p<0.000) and used them more regularly (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS: There were seen significant changes of perception regarding oral health, self-efficacy, and health service access and utilization. These changes may show that community health workers play a key role in oral health promotion.


OBJETIVO: Evaluar cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y acceso/utilización de servicios odontológicos productos de un programa de promoción de la salud bucal con agentes comunitarios de salud. MÉTODOS: Un proyecto de capacitación combinando enseñanza-aprendizaje, apoyo y supervisión, fue desarrollado entre los meses de julio de 2003 a agosto de 2004. Los cambios fueron evaluados por medio de entrevistas estructuradas en las que participaron 36 agentes comunitarios de salud y una muestra representativa de 91 mujeres y madres amas de casa con 25 a 39 años de edad, alfabetizadas y residentes en domicilios de tres a seis cuartos en el municipio de Río Grande da Serra (Sudeste de Brasil). Se escogieron datos sobre conocimientos de salud-enfermedad bucal, prácticas y capacidades auto-referidas con relación al auto-examen, higiene bucal, número de residentes y de cepillos dentales individuales y colectivos en cada domicilio y acceso y uso de servicios odontológicos. Por medio de la prueba t de Student pareado, se compararon los promedios de los valores obtenidos antes y después del programa para cada uno de los grupos estudiados. Las respuestas fueron analizadas adoptándose un nivel de significancia de 5%. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para cuestiones relacionadas con el conocimiento de salud bucal entre los agentes y entre las mujeres antes y después de la capacitación (p<0,05). Desequilibrio entre el número de cepillos y de individuos en cada familia disminuyó. La frecuencia de cepillado y del uso del hilo dental se elevó después de la actuación de los agentes. Los valores de auto-evaluación de la higiene bucal aumentaron. Modificación en las prácticas y capacidades auto-referidas mostró significativa elevación de la auto-confianza. El acceso al servicio fue más fácil (p<0,000) y su uso más regular (p<0,000) entre las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo cambios positivos en la percepción en relación...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Community Health Workers/education , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion/standards , Mothers , Oral Health , Dental Facilities , Health Services Accessibility/standards , Mothers/education , Mothers/psychology , Oral Hygiene/standards , Program Evaluation , Self-Assessment , Toothbrushing/standards
3.
Rev Saude Publica ; 43(3): 463-71, 2009 Jun.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19330198

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes of knowledge and attitudes and health service access and utilization after the implementation of a community health worker program for oral health promotion. METHODS: A capacity building project including learning, support, and supervision activities was developed between July 2003 and August 2004. A study to assess changes was conducted including 36 community health workers and a representative sample of homemaker literate women and mothers aged 25 to 39 years living in 3- to 6-room dwelling in the city of Rio Grande da Serra, Southeastern Brazil. Data on oral health knowledge, self-reported practices, and personal skills regarding self-examination, oral hygiene, number of people living in the same household, number of individual and collective toothbrushes, and dental service access and utilization were collected using structured interviews. Mean scores measured pre- and post-intervention program were compared for each group studied using Student's t-test. A 5% significance level was set for the analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention program were seen regarding oral health knowledge among both health workers and women (p<0.05). The number of shared toothbrushes per family decreased. Frequency of toothbrushing and flossing increased. Self-assessment of oral hygiene efficacy increased. Changes in practices and personal skills improved self-efficacy. Women had more access to services (p<0.000) and used them more regularly (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS: There were seen significant changes of perception regarding oral health, self-efficacy, and health service access and utilization. These changes may show that community health workers play a key role in oral health promotion.


Subject(s)
Community Health Workers/education , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion/standards , Mothers , Oral Health , Adult , Dental Facilities/statistics & numerical data , Female , Health Services Accessibility/standards , Humans , Mothers/education , Mothers/psychology , Oral Hygiene/standards , Program Evaluation , Self-Assessment , Toothbrushing/standards
4.
Gerodontology ; 26(1): 53-7, 2009 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18510564

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Elderly people who are institutionalised receive qualified care. Among the services supplied, oral health care has not always been a priority. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of oral health care provided to the elderly residents in long-term care facilities (LTC) in Porto Alegre/RS city. METHODS: Twelve private and small-size LTCs (less than 20 residents) participated in this study. All supervisors and 36 carers were interviewed. The data obtained were organised according to the offer of oral health under the following categories: responsibility for oral care, oral care routines, difficulties carrying out oral care routines. RESULTS: The procedures used most often in order of frequency were tooth brushing, prostheses cleaning, use of mouthwashes, soaking of prostheses and cleaning of the tongue. Among the difficulties mentioned were the high cost of dental assistance, the lack of co-operation both by family members and by the elderly themselves, the oral and general health status of the elderly and the limited time available for carers to carry out the tasks. Oral care is conducted empirically, and the responsibility is left to the carers. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the statements given reveals that oral care does not follow any kind of protocol or standardisation. The persistence of this situation could lead to unsatisfactory oral health care in private and small LTC facilities.


Subject(s)
Homes for the Aged/standards , Institutionalization/standards , Long-Term Care/standards , Oral Hygiene/standards , Private Sector/standards , Aged , Attitude to Health , Brazil , Caregivers , Dental Prosthesis , Denture Cleansers/therapeutic use , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Status , Homes for the Aged/economics , Humans , Institutionalization/economics , Long-Term Care/economics , Mouthwashes/therapeutic use , Oral Health , Oral Hygiene/economics , Patient Compliance , Private Sector/economics , Professional-Family Relations , Professional-Patient Relations , Time Factors , Tongue/pathology , Toothbrushing/standards , Workforce
5.
Braz Oral Res ; 21(3): 234-40, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17710289

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the fluoride intake from dentifrices with different fluoride concentrations ([F]) by children aged 24-36 months, as well as the influence of the dentifrice flavor in the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. Thirty-three children were randomly divided into 3 groups, according to the [F] in the dentifrices: G-A (523 microgF/g), G-B (1,062 microgF/g) and G-C (1,373 microgF/g). Dentifrices A and B are marketed for children, while dentifrice C is a regular product. The amount of F ingested was indirectly obtained, subtracting the amount expelled and the amount left on the toothbrush from the amount initially loaded onto the brush. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey's test and linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). Children ingested around 60% of the dentifrice loaded onto the brush, but no significant differences were seen among the groups (p > 0.05). Mean daily fluoride intake from dentifrice for G-A, G-B and G-C was 0.022(a) feminine, 0.032(a) feminine and 0.061(b) mg F/kg body weight, respectively (p < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) between the amount of dentifrice used and the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. The results indicate the need for instructing children's parents and care givers to use a small amount of dentifrice (< 0.3 g) to avoid excessive ingestion of fluoride. The use of low-[F] dentifrices by children younger than 6 years also seems to be a good alternative to minimize fluoride intake. Dentifrice flavor did not influence the percentage of fluoride intake.


Subject(s)
Cariostatic Agents/administration & dosage , Dentifrices/chemistry , Fluorides/administration & dosage , Fluorosis, Dental/etiology , Cariostatic Agents/analysis , Child, Preschool , Dentifrices/administration & dosage , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Flavoring Agents/administration & dosage , Fluorides/adverse effects , Fluorides/analysis , Humans , Male , Toothbrushing/standards , Toothpastes/administration & dosage , Toothpastes/chemistry
6.
Braz. oral res ; 21(3): 234-240, 2007. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-458596

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the fluoride intake from dentifrices with different fluoride concentrations ([F]) by children aged 24-36 months, as well as the influence of the dentifrice flavor in the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. Thirty-three children were randomly divided into 3 groups, according to the [F] in the dentifrices: G-A (523 μgF/g), G-B (1,062 μgF/g) and G-C (1,373 μgF/g). Dentifrices A and B are marketed for children, while dentifrice C is a regular product. The amount of F ingested was indirectly obtained, subtracting the amount expelled and the amount left on the toothbrush from the amount initially loaded onto the brush. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey's test and linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). Children ingested around 60 percent of the dentifrice loaded onto the brush, but no significant differences were seen among the groups (p > 0.05). Mean daily fluoride intake from dentifrice for G-A, G-B and G-C was 0.022ª, 0.032ª and 0.061b mg F/kg body weight, respectively (p < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) between the amount of dentifrice used and the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing. The results indicate the need for instructing children's parents and care givers to use a small amount of dentifrice (< 0.3 g) to avoid excessive ingestion of fluoride. The use of low-[F] dentifrices by children younger than 6 years also seems to be a good alternative to minimize fluoride intake. Dentifrice flavor did not influence the percentage of fluoride intake.


Avaliou-se a ingestão de flúor após uso de dentifrícios contendo diferentes concentrações de flúor ([F]) por crianças entre 24-36 meses de idade, além da influência do sabor do dentifrício na quantidade de flúor ingerida durante a escovação. Dividiram-se 33 crianças aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, de acordo com a [F] nos dentifrícios: G-A (523 μgF/g), G-B (1.062 μgF/g) e G-C (1.373 μgF/g). Os dentifrícios A e B são infantis, e o C, convencional. A quantidade de flúor ingerida foi indiretamente obtida subtraindo-se a quantidade de flúor expelida e a quantidade que restou na escova daquela inicialmente carregada na escova. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA, teste de Tukey e análise de regressão linear (p < 0,05). Aproximadamente 60 por cento do dentifrício carregado na escova foi ingerido pelas crianças, embora sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p > 0,05). A ingestão média diária de flúor para G-A, G-B e G-C foi 0,022ª, 0,032ª e 0,061b mg F/kg de peso corporal, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Houve uma forte correlação positiva (r = 0,86, p < 0,0001) entre a quantidade de dentifrício utilizada e a quantidade de flúor ingerida durante a escovação. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de se instruir pais e cuidadores de crianças a utilizarem uma quantidade pequena de dentifrício (< 0,3 g) para se evitar ingestão excessiva de flúor. O uso de dentifrícios com [F] reduzida por crianças menores de 6 anos também se constitui numa boa alternativa para se minimizar a ingestão de flúor. O sabor do dentifrício não influenciou na porcentagem de ingestão deste íon.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Cariostatic Agents/administration & dosage , Dentifrices/chemistry , Fluorides/administration & dosage , Fluorosis, Dental/etiology , Cariostatic Agents/analysis , Dentifrices/administration & dosage , Epidemiologic Methods , Flavoring Agents/administration & dosage , Fluorides/adverse effects , Fluorides/analysis , Toothbrushing/standards , Toothpastes/administration & dosage , Toothpastes/chemistry
7.
s.l; Pró-Nativos; 2007. 21m:30s.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-695499

ABSTRACT

Filmado e editado pelos próprios índios Ikpeng com a participação de professores, alunos e membros da comunidade, objetiva ensinar, de forma dinâmica e ilustrativa a importância dos cuidados com a saúde bucal. Fala ainda sobre as principais causas das doenças bucais e as formas de auto cuidado adotadas atualmente pela cultura Ikpeng. Falado em língua nativa e legendado em português.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Mouth Diseases/ethnology , Mouth Diseases/prevention & control , Toothbrushing/methods , Toothbrushing/standards , Oral Hygiene , Indians, South American/education , Indians, South American/ethnology , Oral Health , Tooth Extraction , Dental Devices, Home Care/standards , Health Education, Dental
8.
Braz. oral res ; 18(4): 296-300, Oct.-Dec. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-398747

ABSTRACT

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de escovas dentais manual e elétrica no controle de placa em pacientes periodontais após instruções apropriadas. Trinta e seis pacientes periodontais (média de idade de 49 anos, 21 mulheres e 15 homens) foram incluídos e completaram o estudo (100% de adesão). Um delineamento de ensaio clínico randomizado controlado cego e cruzado foi adotado, com pacientes usando durante 2 períodos de 14 dias cada escovas manuais e/ou elétricas. Quatro subgrupos de 9 indivíduos foram estudados: A1 - utilizou escova manual em ambos os períodos experimentais; A2 - utilizou a escova manual durante o primeiro, e a escova elétrica, no segundo período; B1 - usou escova elétrica em ambos os períodos; B2 - iniciou com escova elétrica e utilizou escova manual no segundo período. A escovação foi realizada durante 14 dias e, nos dias 14 e 28, essa foi realizada na clínica, e o tempo de escovação foi cronometrado sem que os pacientes soubessem. O Indice de Placa (Silness, Lõe, 1964) foi utilizado. Comparações intragrupo foram realizadas por teste t pareado e intergrupo por teste t para amostras independentes, com um nível alfa de 0,05. Os resultados não identificaram diferenças entre as escovas testadas em relação à placa ou ao tempo utilizado. Entretanto, reinstrução foi detectada como um fator importante, uma vez que, para todos os grupos, o segundo período, após reinstrução, demonstrou menores escores de placa. Conclui-se que aconselhamento profissional e instrução e reinstrução parecem mais importantes para se obter um bom controle de placa do que a escolha da escova em pacientes com doença periodontal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Dental Devices, Home Care/standards , Dental Plaque/prevention & control , Toothbrushing/instrumentation , Dental Plaque Index , Single-Blind Method , Statistics, Nonparametric , Toothbrushing/standards
9.
Braz Oral Res ; 18(4): 296-300, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16089259

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of manual and electric toothbrushes in plaque control in periodontal patients after proper instructions. Thirty six periodontal patients (mean age of 49 years, 21 females and 15 males) were included and completed the study (100% compliance). A single-blinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over clinical design was adopted, with the patients using during 2 periods of 14 days each the manual and/or electric toothbrush. Four subgroups of 9 individuals were studied: A1--used manual toothbrush in both experimental periods; A2--used the manual toothbrush during the first period and the electrical toothbrush during the second period; B1--used electrical toothbrush during both periods; B2--used the electrical toothbrush in the first period and the manual one in the second period. Brushing was performed during 14 days and at day 14 and 28 it was performed in the clinic, and timing of brushing was recorded without patients being aware. The Plaque Index (Silness, Löe, 1964) was used. Intra-group comparisons were performed by paired t-test and inter-group comparisons by independent sample t-test, with an alpha level of 0.05. The results showed no difference between the tested brushes neither for plaque nor for timing. However, re-instruction was detected as an important factor, since for all groups the second period, after reinstruction, showed lower plaque scores. It is concluded that professional advice and instruction and re-instruction seem more important in order to obtain good plaque control than the choice of toothbrush in subjects with periodontal disease.


Subject(s)
Dental Devices, Home Care/standards , Dental Plaque/prevention & control , Toothbrushing/instrumentation , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Dental Plaque Index , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Statistics, Nonparametric , Toothbrushing/standards
10.
Pesqui Odontol Bras ; 17(1): 17-23, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12908054

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a low cost toothbrush ("monoblock") to that of a conventional toothbrush with and without addition of dentifrice with respect to the removal of dental plaque. Thirty-two 4- to 6-year-old children took part in this study: they were evaluated under four experimental conditions defined by the combinations of the values of two factors, toothbrush (conventional or monoblock) and use of dentifrice (with or without). The effectiveness of the treatments was defined in terms of the reduction of a bacterial plaque index evaluated before and after toothbrushing. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two types of toothbrushes with respect to the reduction of the bacterial plaque index. Similarly, there were no statistical evidences that the use of dentifrice improves the mechanical control of dental plaque. These results are important from a public health point of view, specially in developing countries, where the dissemination of educational and preventive techniques of low cost are fundamental.


Subject(s)
Dental Plaque/prevention & control , Dentifrices/therapeutic use , Toothbrushing , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Dental Health Services/supply & distribution , Dental Plaque Index , Humans , Toothbrushing/standards
11.
Rev. ABO nac ; 2(3): 158-60, 163-4, jun.-jul. 1994. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: lil-155736

ABSTRACT

Cerca de 40 produtos odontológicos circulam no mercado com o Selo de Qualidade ABO. Para as empresas, o selo significa melhor qualificaçäo para a competitividade no mercado. Para o consumidor, maior segurança


Subject(s)
Oral Hygiene , Oral Hygiene/instrumentation , Quality Control , Global Health , Toothbrushing/standards
12.
Rev. ABO nac ; 2: 44-8, jan. 1994. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: lil-155570

ABSTRACT

Os autores estudaram as características, o comportamento em laboratório e o tempo para alteraçäo de cor em uma escova dental contendo, em seu cabo, agente termossensível. A alteraçäo de cor ocorre de forma acentuada. Esse tempo é superior a média de tempo de escovaçäo encontrada na literatura, podendo ser fator favorável a muitos, mas näo a todos os pacientes. Porém, o aspecto motivacional relacionado ao produto parece ser de extrema relevância e merece estudos mais aprofundados


Subject(s)
Color/standards , Toothbrushing/standards , Time Factors
13.
Sucre; s.n; corr.rev; 19sept.1991. 80 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Spanish | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1335631

ABSTRACT

Como era de suponer, se registró un alto porcentaje de placa bacteriana antes del cepillado contrastado por una deficiencia higiéne bucal. Si analizamos el registro de control de placa después del cepillado vemos, claramente, que los valores medios bajan considerablemente; hecho que debemos tomar en cuenta. Se ha demostrado, evidentemente que el cepillado es un medio eficaz de controlar la placa bacteriana, hecho consecuente la caries dental. Lamentablemente, apenas una cuarta parte de los niños suelen cepillarse frente a las tres cuartas partes que no la hacen ni esporádicamente, habiendo la necesidad de crear un programa de control de placa adaptado a las necesidades del niño


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Child , Toothbrushing , Toothbrushing/classification , Toothbrushing/statistics & numerical data , Toothbrushing/instrumentation , Toothbrushing/methods , Toothbrushing/standards
14.
Rev. odontol. UNESP ; 18(1/2): 217-23, 1989. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-872156

ABSTRACT

Este estudo demonstra a importância da motivação em escovação dentária na prevenção de cárie e doença periodontal. Realizado com 30 crianças, na faixa etária de 7 a 10 anos, que foram divididas em 3 grupos (A, B e C). As crianças do grupo A receberam escova dental, as do grupo B receberam escova dental e orientação de escovação. No grupo C, as crianças receberam as escovas, a orientação em escovação e um reforço na orientação. O grupo C apresentou maior redução do índice de placa com relação aos outros grupos, o que demonstrou neste caso a eficiência da motivação e reforço de motivação na escovação dentária


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Dental Plaque Index , Toothbrushing/standards , Motivation
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