Dose-response relationship between toothpaste soluble fluoride absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and saliva fluoride secretion

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate if there is a dose-response relationship between toothpaste chemically soluble fluoride absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and fluoride secreted by saliva, giving support to the use of saliva as surrogate for plasma fluoride. Methods: A 4-phase single blind study was conducted, in which 10 participants were subjected in each phase to one of the assigned treatment groups: group I: fresh sample of a Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpaste with 1,334 µg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF) and groups II­IV: aged samples of this toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,128, 808, and 687 µg F/g, respectively. In all phases, the participants ingested an amount of toothpaste equivalent to 70.0 µg F/Kg body weight, as total fluoride (TF). Saliva and blood samples were collected before (baseline) and up to 180 min after toothpaste ingestion as indicator of fluoride bioavailability. F concentration in saliva and blood plasma was determined with a fluoride ion-specific electrode. The areas under the curve (AUC) of F concentration versus time (AUC = ng F/mL × min) and the peaks of fluoride concentration (Cmax) in saliva and plasma were calculated. Results: A significant correlation between mg of TSF ingested and the AUC (r=0.47; p<0.01), and Cmax (r=0.59; p<0.01) in saliva was found; for TF, the correlation was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, the correlations between plasma and saliva fluoride concentrations were statistically significant for AUC (r=0.55; p<0.01) as for Cmax (r=0.68; p<0.01). Conclusion: The findings support that saliva can be used as a systemic biomarker of bioavailable fluoride present in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpaste

Eficacia frente al sangrado gingival de una pasta dental con o-cymen-5-ol / Effectiveness of a toothpaste with o-cymen-5-ol against gingival bleeding

INTRODUCCIÓN: La gingivitis, si no se trata, puede provocar una periodontitis irreversible. Uno de los compuestos destinados a combatirla es el o-cymen-5-ol. OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue demostrar la respuesta clínica de un dentífrico con o-cymen-5-ol al 0,1% más zinc, aplicado durante 7 días consecutivos al menos 2 veces/día, en pacientes con un índice de sangrado del surco gingival ≥ 25%. Como objetivo secundario se evaluó la tolerancia del producto. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado, para evaluar la eficacia de una pasta dental o-cymen-5-ol frente a un dentífrico con triclosán al 0,3% más zinc. Tras la visita basal, los datos se evaluaron a las 38 h., 48 h., 4 días y 7 días. Se emplearon modelos lineales de efectos mixtos, que fueron ajustados a los datos del ensayo para evaluar la respuesta del producto a lo largo del tiempo Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 49 pacientes. El porcentaje medio de sangrado basal en ambos grupos fue homogéneo. Respecto al inicio del tratamiento, ambos grupos experimentaron una reducción significativa del índice de sangrado a las 38 horas. Esta reducción continuó ampliándose significativamente hasta un 67,5% y un 71,8%, respectivamente, a los 7 días del inicio del tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES: La pasta dental con o-cy-men-5-ol al 0,1% más zinc mejora el índice de sangrado gingival de forma significativa, ya a las 38 horas de aplicación, en individuos con un índice basal ≥25%, de forma similar a una pasta dental con triclosán al 0,3% más zinc

INTRODUCTION: Gingivitis, if not treated, can cause irreversible periodontitis. One of the compounds used to fight it is o-cymen-5-ol. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the clinical response of a toothpaste with o-cymen-5-ol at 0.1% plus zinc, applied during 7 consecutive days at least twice a day, in patients with a bleeding rate of the gingival sulcus ≥ 25%. As a secondary objective, the tolerance of the product is evaluated. METHODS: A prospective, randomised, double blind and controlled study, to evaluate the effectiveness of a toothpaste with o-cymen-5-ol compared to a toothpaste with triclosan at 0.3% plus zinc. After the baseline visit, the data were evaluated at 38 h, 48 h, 4 days and 7 days. Linear models of mixed effects were used, which were adjusted to the trial data in order to evaluate the response of the product in a study over time. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients were included. The average baseline percentage in both groups was homogeneous. With respect to the start of the treatment, both groups experienced a significant reduction in the bleeding rate at 38 h. This continuous reduction increased significantly up to 67.5% and 71.8%, respectively, at 7 days from the start of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Toothpaste with o-cymen-5-ol at 0.1% plus zinc improves the gingival bleeding rate significantly, with just 38 hours of application, in individuals with a baseline rate ≥ 25%, similarly to toothpaste with triclosan at 0.3% plus zinc

Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru.

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (µg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect.

Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (μg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect.

Fluoride Uptake Profiles of Selected European Toothpastes into Hard Tissues and Plaque.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the fluoridating potential of selected European toothpastes using a combination of enamel, dentin, and plaque in vitromodels. METHODS: Four in vitromodels were included: 1) Enamel Fluoride (F) Uptake (EFU); 2) Dentin F Uptake (DFU); 3) Enamel Solubility Reduction (ESR); and 4) Plaque F Uptake (PFU). A core set of marketed products was included in all studies, plus a standard toothpaste (1100 ppm F as NaF/silica) and placebo control (the PFU study did not include a placebo control). Test dentifrices: [A] Fluocaril® Bi-Fluoré 250 (1500 ppm F as NaF+1000 ppm F as SMFP); [B] LacerAnticaries (2500 ppm F as SMFP); [C] Elmex® Caries Professional™ (1450 ppm F as SMFP+1.5% arginine); [D] Colgate® Triple Action (1450 ppm F as SMFP); [E] Placebo (0 ppm F); and [F] standard toothpaste (1100 ppm as NaF/silica). In all studies (EFU, DFU, ESR, and PFU), assessments were compared for each pair using the Tukey-Kramer HSD test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: In all studies of fluoride uptake, the Fluocaril dentifrice [A] provided the greatest numerical benefit, regardless of the substrate. Statistical groupings were EFU: A > F = B = C = D > E; DFU: A > F = B = C = D = E; PFU: A = B > F = C = D). In demineralization prevention, the Fluocaril dentifrice [A] also provided the greatest benefit (ESR: A = F = C = B = D > E). In all studies that included a placebo control, all of the F-containing dentifrices performed better than the placebo control. CONCLUSIONS: While these results demonstrate that all of the marketed products tested provide effective anticaries benefits, the Fluocaril Bi-Fluoré 250 dentifrice consistently delivered unsurpassed performance. It delivered the highest level of F to plaque, provided greater measures of efficacy in both remineralization and inhibition of demineralization, and delivered substantial improvement in fluoridation of dentin, suggesting the potential for delivering both coronal and root caries benefits.

Comparison of residual salivary fluoride retention using amine fluoride toothpastes in caries-free and caries-prone children.

AIM: This was to compare the salivary fluoride levels following tooth brushing with amine fluoride toothpastes containing three different concentrations of F (250 ppm F, 500 ppm F and 1250 ppm F) and to evaluate the effect of rinsing with water on the oral fluoride levels up to 90 min. METHODS: A double blind randomised six-arm crossover study was conducted with 32 child participants. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their caries experience with caries-free group (n = 17, mean age = 72.9 months) and caries-prone group (n = 15, mean age = 69.6 months, mean dmfs = 12.3). Each participant brushed their teeth with a smear of dentifrice containing (250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1250 ppm F toothpastes) for 60 s. After spitting out the dentifrice/saliva slurry, participants either rinsed with water or did not rinse at all. Samples of whole mixed unstimulated saliva were collected at 0 (baseline), 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 mins post-brushing/rinsing. RESULTS: After completing the study on residual fluoride concentration it was found that caries was not a significant variable (p = 0.567) while every other variable was (all p values <0.001). Time, toothpaste F concentration and rinse had significant effects (p < 0.001). In general, higher residual salivary F concentrations were found with increased F concentration in toothpastes and when no rinsing was performed after brushing. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the current recommendation of using toothpastes with >1000 ppm F concentration in children with an increased caries risk in addition to spitting excess toothpaste with no rinsing following brushing.

Laboratory and human studies to estimate anticaries efficacy of fluoride toothpastes.

Much more than mechanical biofilm removal, toothbrushing with fluoride toothpastes is an effective way of increasing the availability of fluoride in the oral cavity to reduce demineralization and enhance remineralization of enamel and dentine. These effects of fluoride toothpastes have been estimated by a wide range of laboratory and human studies, which have helped to develop anticaries effective formulations and understand their mechanism of action. These studies have focused on the availability of fluoride in the toothpaste formulations, its bioavailability in saliva and remnants of disturbed biofilm, its reaction with the dental substrate to form loosely bound reservoirs as well as the ultimate reduction of mineral loss and increase in mineral and fluoride content of caries lesions. The specifics of these modes of action and their application in in vitro, in situ and in vivo preclinical tests is presented and discussed.

Pharmacokinetics in the oral cavity: fluoride and other active ingredients.

Modern commercial toothpastes contain therapeutic ingredients to combat various oral conditions, for example, caries, gingivitis, calculus and tooth stain. The efficient delivery and retention of such ingredients in the mouth is essential for good performance. The aim of this chapter is to review the literature on the oral pharmacokinetics of, primarily, fluoride but also other active ingredients, mainly anti-plaque agents. Elevated levels of fluoride have been found in saliva, plaque and the oral soft tissues after use of fluoridated toothpaste, which persist at potentially active concentrations for hours. Both experiment and mathematical modelling suggest that the soft tissues are the main oral reservoir for fluoride. Qualitatively similar observations have been made for anti-plaque agents such as triclosan and metal cations, though their oral substantivity is generally greater. Scope for improved retention and subsequent efficacy exists.

Acción antibacteriana de pastas de hidróxido de calcio frente a Enterococcus faecalis / Antibacterial effciacy by calcium hydroxide pastes on Enterococcus faecalis

Objetivo. Se evaluó in vitro la actividad antibacteriana de pastas de Ca (OH)2 frente a Enterococcus faecalis. Material y método. Las pasta usadas fueron: 1-Ca(OH)2 con solución salina, 2-Ca(OH)2 con clorhexidina (CHX) 0,2% y 3-Ca (OH)2 con propilenglicol. Se trabajó con 6 tubs experimentales y un tubo control de crecimiento bacteriano y se realizó una curva de muerte, evaluándolas a diferentes tiempos 0,1,2 y 5 horas y 1, 7 y 14 días. Los datos se analizaron con ANOVA. Resultados y conclusiones. Ca (OH)2 con CHX 0,2% produjo inhibición total de Enterococcus faecalis a la hora de permanencia en contacto con el microorganismo, manteniéndose este efecto durante los 14 días. La pasta de Ca (OH)2 con propilenglico inhibió al microorganismo durante la 1º hora, sin evidenciarse diferencias con la pasta 2 (p>0,05), manteniéndose este efecto durante 5 horas, luego hubo recrecimiento bacteriano. La pasta de Ca(OH=2 con solución salina inhibió al Enterococcus faecalis a partir del día 1 hasta el día 14 (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of calcium hydroxide pastes on Enterococcus faecalis. Material and methods. The pastes evaluated were: 1-calcium hydroxide with saline solution, 2-calcium hydroxide with chlorhexidine (CHX) 0,2% and 3-calcium hydroxide with propileneglicol. Six experimental tubes and one control tube were prepared and incubated for 0, 1, 2, 5 hours, 1, 7 and 14 days. The curves death were made. The data was analyzed with ANOVA test. Results and Conclusions. Ca (OH)2 with CHX 0,2% paste inhibited Enterococcus faecalis at 1 hour and maintained this effect over 14 days. Ca(OH)2, with propileneglicol had inhibitory effect at 1 hour, showing no significant difference with paste 2 (p>0,05). Paste 3 maintained inhibitory action for 5 hours, then microorganism grow again. Ca(OH)2 with saline solution paste inhibit Enterococcus faecalis after 1 day of contact. This effect continue to 14th day. Ca(OH)2 with CHX 0,2% and Ca(OH)2 with propileneglicol pastes were effective in 1 hour time (p<0,05). Only the pastes 1 and 2 maintained inhibitory action for 14 days (AU)

Retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc on reconstructed human gingival tissue from a toothpaste formulation.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc on reconstructed human gingival tissue delivered by topical applications of toothpaste formulated with 0.1%w/w o-cymen-5-ol and 0.6%w/w zinc chloride (ZnCl2). METHODS: EpiGingival tissues were treated topically for 2 minutes with either solutions or toothpaste slurries containing o-cymen-5-ol and ZnCl2. Tissues were rinsed with water between application and the effects of repeat dosing for up to 6 occasions were investigated. Tissues were blot dried, extracted and o-cymen-5-ol and zinc were measured by HPLC and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc delivered from solutions to EpiGingival tissues showed a dose response to the concentration and to the number of applications. Significantly higher concentrations of zinc were delivered to EpiGingival tissues by toothpaste compared to equivalent doses delivered from solution. Equivalent doses of o-cymen-5-ol were delivered from toothpaste and solution. No cytotoxic effects on the EpiGingival tissues, measured by MTT viability, were detected following application of test toothpaste compared to a water control. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstructed human gingival tissue proved to be an effective model for the assessment of active retention from topically applied formulations. The test toothpaste was effective in delivering o-cymen-5-ol and zinc to oral soft tissue in vitro.

Acute and substantive action of antimicrobial toothpastes and mouthrinses on oral biofilm in vitro.

The aim of this study was to compare acute action by killing or disrupting oral biofilms through the use of antimicrobial toothpastes and mouthrinses in vitro and to investigate substantive action by absorption of antimicrobials in a biofilm. Biofilms from freshly collected human saliva were grown in 96-well microtitre plates. After removal of saliva, the wells of the microtitre plates were washed with sterile water (control), or exposed to a dilution series of mouthrinses (Corsodyl, Listerine, Meridol, Crest Pro Health) or to toothpaste slurries (Prodent Coolmint, Colgate Total, Zendium Classic, Crest Pro Health, Oral B Pro Expert, Crest Cavity Protection). Acute action was concluded from reduced continued (16 h) growth of treated biofilms with respect to the control. Substantive action was studied by exposing dead biofilms to mouthrinses or to toothpaste slurry. Substantive action through the absorption and subsequent release of antimicrobials from biofilm was concluded from reduced growth on top of the treated biofilms. All formulations showed acute action at the highest concentrations studied. Further dilution yielded loss of efficacy, or even stimulation of biofilm growth. Antimicrobial absorption in and the release of effective concentrations of antimicrobials from dead biofilms, was demonstrated for three selected antimicrobial products, indicating that antimicrobials remain bio-available for substantive action on new biofilms.

Available fluoride in toothpastes used by Brazilian children.

Toothpastes should have a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F) to control caries and also the active F agent must be chemically free (soluble) in the formulation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of soluble F in dentifrices used by 206 Brazilian children. The concentrations of total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and fluoride ion were determined. From these analyses, the concentrations of F as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) and % of insoluble F were calculated. F was analyzed with an ion specific electrode in duplicates. The majority of dentifrices used (96%) contained F and in 84% of them, TF concentration was according to that declared by the manufacturers. In the F-toothpastes, 78% showed TSF concentration ≥ 1000 ppm, varying from 422.3 to 1432.3 ppm F (mean ± SD of 1017.6 ± 239.4). These findings suggest that most dentifrices used by Brazilian children present available fluoride concentration for caries control.

Comparison of in vitro fluoride uptake from whitening toothpastes and a conventional toothpaste in demineralised enamel.

Studies on the compatibility of abrasives and fluoride compounds deal exclusively with fluoride uptake and remineralization after storing the enamel specimens in a toothpaste-saliva mixture. The influence of brushing on the fluoride uptake when highly abrasive toothpastes are used has hardly been investigated so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate fluoride uptake in initially demineralised dental enamel after storage in, or brushing with, whitening toothpaste slurries, compared to a conventional toothpaste. For this purpose two widely available whitening toothpastes with ionically bound fluoride (sodium fluoride NaF), two with covalently-bound fluoride toothpastes (sodium monofluorophosphate, NaMFP) and a conventional amine fluoride toothpaste (AmF) were compared. The fluoride uptake after use of the AmF toothpaste was shown to be statistically significantly higher than that after application of the NaF toothpastes, which in turn was statistically significantly higher than the uptake resulting from NaMFP application. The fluoride uptake was slightly higher when the enamel samples were brushed with NaF toothpaste, rather than just stored in the respective toothpaste slurry. Brushing with highly abrasive toothpastes did not negatively influence fluoride uptake in demineralised dental enamel. The ionic form of the fluoride in toothpastes appears to be critical for increased fluoride uptake. The acidic components of the AmF toothpaste improved fluoride uptake compared to alkaline NaF toothpastes.

Available fluoride in toothpastes used by Brazilian children

Toothpastes should have a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F) to control caries and also the active F agent must be chemically free (soluble) in the formulation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of soluble F in dentifrices used by 206 Brazilian children. The concentrations of total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and fluoride ion were determined. From these analyses, the concentrations of F as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) and percent of insoluble F were calculated. F was analyzed with an ion specific electrode in duplicates. The majority of dentifrices used (96 percent) contained F and in 84 percent of them, TF concentration was according to that declared by the manufacturers. In the F-toothpastes, 78 percent showed TSF concentration ≥1000 ppm, varying from 422.3 to 1432.3 ppm F (mean ± SD of 1017.6 ± 239.4). These findings suggest that most dentifrices used by Brazilian children present available fluoride concentration for caries control.

O requerimento mínimo para que um creme dental tenha potencial anticárie é ele ter fluoreto (F) na concentração de 1000 ppm, o qual porém deve estar solúvel na formulação. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a concentração de F solúvel em dentifrícios usados por 206 crianças brasileiras. Foram determinadas as concentrações de flúor total (FT), o qual representa a soma das concentrações de flúor solúvel (iônico e ionizável) mais o insolúvel (ligado ao abrasivo); de flúor solúvel total (FST), representando o iônico mais o ionizável na forma de monofluorfosfato de sódio (MFP) e de flúor solúvel na forma iônica (FI). A partir destas análises foram calculadas as concentrações de MFP e a por cento de F insolúvel (Fins). As análises foram feitas em duplicatas com eletrodo específico. A maioria dos dentifrícios usados (96 por cento) continham fluoreto e em 84 por cento desses a concentração de FT encontrada estava de acordo com a declarada na embalagem. Em 78 por cento dos cremes dentais fluoretados, a concentração de FST encontrada foi igual ou superior a 1000 ppm, variando de 422,3 a 1432,3 ppm F (média ± DP de 1017,6 ± 239,4). Os dados mostram que a maioria dos cremes dentais usados pela amostra de crianças brasileiras possui concentração de F potencialmente ativo para controlar cárie.

Evaluation of some biological aspects of the presence of abrasive silica and thickening silica in basic formulations of dentifrices / Evaluación de algunos aspectos biológicos de la presencia de sílice abrasivo y sílice espesante en formulaciones básicas de dentífricos

The aim of this study was to evaluate some biological characteristics and toxicity of basic formulations of dentifrices containing such substances, and to compare them with two existing products in market which also contains silic in their formulations. In this way, it was evaluated some biological parameters: weight of the animals, oral toxicity, hematological parameters, urinary analysis, and histological evaluation. The thrombocytes were also statistically at normal levels. The glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (TGP) showed normal aspect in 5 of the tested groups, as in control. Meanwhile, the oxalacetic transaminase (AST) in one group had a small increase in the control group. Regarding urine, in exception the rats of one group, the rats of the 4 other experimental groups showed leukocytosis urinary statistically higher than the control group. The histological evaluation of the animals showed that specimens from liver, stomach, kidney and submandibular gland presented normal aspects for these organs, without significant characteristics related to inflammatory infiltrates in any of the 6 samples tested in their respective groups.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar algunas características biológicas y de toxicidad provenientes de las formulaciones básicas de dentífricos que contienen sílice en su composición y compararlos con dos dentífricos disponibles comercialmente que también presentan sílice. El análisis hematológico no mostró diferencias entre los grupos evaluados. Los niveles de trombocitos presentados por los grupos fueron también normales. La transaminasa gluámico pirúbica se mostró un aspecto normal en 5 de los grupos estudiados, así como en el grupo control. La transaminasa glutámico oxaloacética en uno de los grupos tuvo un pequeño incremento. En relación a la orina, 4 grupos presentaron leucocitosis urinaria significativamente mayor que el grupo de control. La evaluación histológica del hígado, estómago, riñones y glándulas submandibulares se presentó con aspecto normal, sin presencia de infiltrado inflamatorio.

Determinación de la substantividad de un dentífrico con flúor de aminas y xilitoly de un dentífrico con flúor de sodio / No disponible

Los agentes químicos utilizados para el control y eliminación de la placa bacteriana deben reunir unas características específicas para ser utilizados como medio de prevención de la caries y la enfermedad periodontal. Todas estas características son de gran interés, sin embargo, debemos destacar tres condiciones sine qua non a la horade seleccionar el agente químico a utilizar: la toxicidad, la potencia y la substantividad. Un factor determinante en la acción antiplaca de un agente químico parece estar relacionado con la capacidad de ser retenido en la cavidad oral durante largos períodos de tiempo, es la propiedad conocida con el nombre de substantividad. En el presente trabajo se realiza un estudio comparativo para determinar el contenido de flúor en saliva después del cepillado dental con un dentífrico que contiene flúor de aminas y con un dentífrico que contiene flúor de sodio; comparando la substantividad de cada uno de ellos en el medio oral (AU)

The chemical agents used for the control and elimination of the bacterial plaque must have especial and determinant characteristics to be used by a prevention method of caries and periodontal disease. All of these characteristics are very interesting; however, we must insist on three essential conditions in the time of choose the chemist agent for use: the toxicity, the potency and the substantivity. A determinant factor in the antiplaque action of our chemical agent seem to be related with the capacity for are retained in the oral cavityduring long periods of time; is the property known as substantivity. In the present study it is been compared three different dentifrices in order to determine the quantity of fluorine in saliva after a tooth brushing with amina fluorine dentifrice and with sodium fluorine dentifrice; comparing the substantively of each in the oral medium (AU)

Estudio de la eficacia y persistencia del efecto desensibilizante de una pasta dentrífica con nitrato potásico al 5% / No disponible

Se ha realizado un estudio clínico para evaluar la eficacia (..) (AU)

A clinical study was performed with the objective (..) (AU)

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects in gingival crevicular fluid from re-dosing during brushing.

The IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest combines a rechargeable sonic power toothbrush and a novel liquid toothpaste into one integrated system, providing the opportunity to re-dose with toothpaste during the brushing cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate cleaning effects from in-mouth re-dosing with toothpaste during the brushing cycle vs conventional bolus dosing. This was a randomized, examiner-blind, six-period, crossover clinical study. Eighteen adult subjects used an experimental integrated system employing either a re-dosing regimen (2 doses at the start of brushing with 1 additional in-mouth dose during the last 30 seconds of brushing [2+1]) or a conventional regimen (2 doses at the start of brushing only [2+0]). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled at the final brushing quadrant from a preselected site in the gingival sulcus using filter strips at baseline and at 4, 15, and 120 minutes postbrushing. Mean change from baseline in the concentrations of total facultative anaerobes (TFAs) and gram-negative anaerobes (GNAs) in the GCF at 120 minutes posttreatment were modeled separately using general linear mixed models. Area under the curve of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) in GCF over 2 hours postbrushing was calculated and modeled using an analysis of variance model. All hypotheses were tested 2-sided at the 5% significance level. Relative to the conventional regimen, the re-dosing (2+1) regimen produced a significantly greater reduction in log10 (TFA colony-forming units [CFU]/microL GCF) after brushing, 0.99+/-0.12 vs 0.65+/-0.12 (mean change +/- standard error), and a significantly greater reduction in log10 (GNA CFU/microL GCF) after brushing, 0.75 +/-0.14 vs 0.45 +/- 0.14. The re-dosing regimen led to significantly more SDS in GCF relative to the conventional regimen over the 2-hour time period. Re-dosing of liquid toothpaste during the brushing cycle with the IntelliClean System leads to a significantly increased cleaning effect, as defined by a reduced bacterial count in GCF, and significantly higher levels of surfactant in the GCF up to 2 hours after the brushing event.

Enamel fluoride retention after application of fluoride-containing rubber cups.

PURPOSE: To compare the fluoride retention in bovine enamel after using fluoride-containing rubber cups or a conventional rubber cup in combination with a fluoride-containing polishing paste. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From each of 20 bovine incisors, 5 enamel slabs with a diameter of 3 mm were sectioned and assigned to 5 groups (A,B,C,D,E). Group A was left untreated and served as the negative control. Group B was polished with a rubber cup combined with a fluoride-containing prophylaxis paste for 10 s (Hawe Cleanic). Groups C and D were treated in the same manner by using a fluoride-containing rubber cup with 2,262 ppm or 9,048 ppm fluoride as NaF. Group E enamel was brushed for 10 s with a toothbrush and a slurry of distilled water and fluoride gel with 12,500 ppm fluoride as NaF and AmF (Elmex Gelee) and served as the positive control. Th e specimens were analyzed using the method of Caslavska et al. After determining the KOH soluble fluoride on the enamel surface, the content of structurally bound fluoride was analyzed in three consecutive layers of 30 microm. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for statistical analysis (P< 0.05). RESULTS: For the KOH-soluble fluoride, Groups B and D accumulated more KOH-soluble fluoride than the negative control and less than the positive control. With respect to the structurally bound fluoride, the accumulation in Group D was higher when compared to all other groups. It was concluded that a rubber cup with 9,048 ppm fluoride may be an effective alternative to the use of a fluoride-containing prophylaxis paste.

Protection of dentin by triclosan toothpaste in a bacterial demineralisation model.

The effect of the addition 0.3% triclosan to a non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste was tested in an in vitro demineralisation model. This model comprised bovine dentin specimens overlaid with acidogenic Streptococcus mutans suspensions in agarose at two different concentrations of cells. Before the experiments, subsurface lesions were made in the dentin specimens in a methylcellulose gel system. In a first set of experiments, the toothpastes were diluted in the S. mutans suspensions at w/v dilutions of 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000, respectively. After 22 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, the suspensions were removed and assessed for calcium, lactate and pH. In this set of experiments, an additive protective effect of triclosan to the non-fluoride toothpaste was found at the lowest concentration of S. mutans cells and when the toothpaste was relatively undiluted (1:100 w/v). No additive effect was observed to the fluoride toothpaste. In the second set of experiments, the specimens were immersed daily for 3 min in 30% (w/v) slurries of the toothpastes before the 22-h incubations with the S. mutans suspensions. At the lowest concentration of S. mutans cells, triclosan had an additional protective effect to the non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste. It is concluded that triclosan may contribute to the protection of dentin under a mild acid attack both when it is present in dental plaque and when it has been adsorbed to the dentin.