Decannulation protocol in pediatric patients: case series study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the phases of a decannulation protocol and the results from its application in hospitalized children. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study. Data were collected from medical records of decannulated patients followed up in a pediatric hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais between 2011 and 2021. RESULTS: Among the children followed up in the service (n=526), 23% (n=120) were successfully decannulated. Children aged between 2 months and 16 years, with a mean age of 4 years, 69% of whom were male, were evaluated. About 75% of the patients have tracheostomy due to upper airway obstruction and 60% of these due to acquired subglottic stenosis. At the beginning of the decannulation protocol, 5.5% of the patients had moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia, while 80.4% had normal swallowing. Correction in the upper airway pre-decannulation was performed in 39.5% of the patients, dilation in 63.8%, and endoscopic correction was performed in 55.3%. After performing the decannulation, none of the patients had complications. CONCLUSIONS: The described decannulation protocol is safe, since no complications such as death and need for recannulation happened.

Tracheostomy care for adults and the elderly in the home environment: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To map out scientific knowledge regarding tracheostomy care for adults and the elderly carried out by individuals, famies or caregivers in home environments. METHOD: Scoping review, conducted in February 2023, according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The guiding question was: what and how should adult/elderly tracheostomy care be carried out by the individual/family/caregiver in the home environment? Studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were considered. The databases consulted were: Lilacs; Medline, via PubMed; Cinahl; Cochrane Library; PEDro; Embase; Scopus and Web of Science. RESULTS: 2158 articles were identified, of which 81 were read in full and 14 included in the review. The main types of care identified included psychobiological needs: airway suction, changing the tracheostomy attachment, cleaning the endocannula and sanitizing the peristomal skin. As for psychosocial needs, incentives for communication and autonomy were identified. There were no recommendations for care related to psychospiritual needs. CONCLUSION: The findings prioritize biological care, few studies have detailed how to carry out such care at home.

Nursing care protocol for critical users with tracheostomy under mechanical ventilation.

OBJECTIVES: to develop and assess a nursing care protocol for critically ill users with tracheostomy under mechanical ventilation. METHODS: a methodological study, developed through two phases, guided by the 5W2H management tool: I) target audience characterization and II) technology development. RESULTS: thirty-four nursing professionals participated in this study, who presented educational demands in relation to care for critical users with tracheostomy, with an emphasis on standardizing care through a protocol and carrying out continuing education. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the creation and validity of new technologies aimed at this purpose enhanced the participation of nursing professionals and their empowerment in the health institution's microsectoral actions and in macrosectoral actions, highlighting the need for public policies that guarantee the conduct of a line of care for users with tracheostomy.

Successful and Rapid Reduction in Neurosedative and Analgesic Medications in Complex Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia After Tracheostomy Placement: Experience with 24-hour Propofol Infusions.

Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia may require high doses of neurosedative medications to ensure pain control and stability following tracheostomy placement. Subsequent weaning of these medications safely and rapidly is a challenge. We describe a 24-hour propofol infusion to reduce neurosedative medications in 3 high-risk infants following tracheostomy placement.

Descripción de las intervenciones broncoscópicas en estenosis traqueales posterior a infección por COVID-19 / Description of Bronchoscopic Interventions in Post-COVID Tracheal Stenosis

Introducción: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 puede presentar síndrome de distrés res-piratorio agudo con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica prolongada y retraso en la realización de traqueostomía. Esto trae como consecuencia un incremento en casos de estenosis traqueal y la necesidad de métodos menos invasivos para su abordaje. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, desde marzo 2020 hasta diciem-bre 2021 en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, en adultos con estenosis traqueal postintubación asociado SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó análisis univariado entre los grupos con infección o no por SARS-CoV-2 como control, y reintervención, grado de estenosis, uso de inyección intramucosa con dexametasona intratraqueal o múltiples estenosis como desenlaces de importancia. Se usó test exacto de Fisher, t Student y Man-Whitney según la naturaleza de variables. Se consideró p estadísticamente significativo menor a 0.05.Resultados: Se identificaron 26 pacientes, 20 tenían COVID-19 y 6 no. Se encontraron diferencias en edad (p=0,002), epilepsia (p=0,007) y estenosis múltiple (p= 0,04). En 85% de los casos se utilizó láser blue más dilatación con balón pulmonar, en 35% inyección intramucosa con dexametasona intratraqueal y reintervención en 35%, sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. Conclusiones: Se observó un incremento tres veces mayor de pacientes con estenosis múltiple en el grupo de infección por COVID-19, así mismo se encontró que el método más utilizado en este grupo para la recanalización fue el uso de láser blue más dilatación con balón pulmonar y la innovación en el uso de inyección intramucosa.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome with a prolonged need for mechanical ventilation and delayed tracheostomy, resulting in an increase in cases of tracheal stenosis and the necessity for less invasive approaches.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to December 2021 at the Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, focusing on adults with post-intubation tracheal stenosis associated with SARS-CoV-2. Univariate analysis was performed between groups with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection as a control, considering reintervention, degree of stenosis, use of intratracheal steroids, or multiple stenoses as important outcomes. Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whit-ney test were employed based on the nature of variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 26 patients were included, with 20 having COVID-19 and 6 without. Significant differences were found in age (p=0.002), epilepsy (p=0.007), and multiple stenosis (p=0.04). In 85% of cases, laser blue plus balloon pulmonary dilation was used, intratracheal dexamethasone in 35%, and reintervention in 35%, with no significant differences between groups.Conclusions: A threefold increase in subglottic stenosis was observed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with more instances of multiple stenosis and predominantly the use of laser blue plus balloon pulmonary dilation as a successful recanalization technique. There was a higher use of intratracheal dexamethasone in this group compared to oth-er pathologies causing tracheal stenosis.

First management of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 akin to the vital head and neck region and thyroid gland bed: trust, but be careful whom (you trust)?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A total of 48 patients who underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, with 24 COVID-19 patients (Group C) and 24 non-COVID-19 patients (Group N), were included in the study. Patients' demographic features including age and gender, time to intubation, duration of intubation, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation scores, comorbidities, duration of opening tracheostomy, complications, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care units, and mortality were recorded and compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding age and gender (p=0.558 and p=0.110, respectively). Time to intubation was significantly more prolonged, and intubation follow-up duration was significantly shorter in Group C compared to Group N (p=0.034 and p=0.002, respectively). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score was statistically significantly higher in Group N compared with Group C (p=0.012). The most common comorbidity was hypertension in 29 (60.4%) patients, followed by cerebrovascular disease in 19 (39.6%) patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding mortality (p=0.212). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy can be performed safely in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. However, COVID-19 patients may have a longer time to intubation and shorter intubation follow-up duration than non-COVID-19 patients. The study also found a higher incidence of complications in COVID-19 patients undergoing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. These results emphasize the importance of careful patient selection, meticulous technique, and close postoperative monitoring in patients undergoing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, particularly in those with COVID-19.

Progresión en el paciente con traqueostomía. Desde la ventilación mecánica hasta la decanulación / From mechanical ventilation to decannulation

The patient with tracheostomy could has a functional progression as soon as possible if the clinical stability allow the intervention in the critical ill patient. It is important to remove the mechanical ventilation quickly and safety. Every day is needed to make evaluation and interventions for progress thinking in a tracheostomy protocol decannulation.

El paciente con traqueostomía puede ser progresado de manera funcional desde el primer día que se realice dicho procedimiento siempre y cuando la estabilidad del paciente lo permita. Es necesario realizar evaluaciones e intervenciones con el objetivo de desvincular de la ventilación mecánica lo antes posible y poder comenzar con el protocolo de decanulación de manera personalizada y segura para evitar el fracaso de la misma.

Traqueostomía en prematuros con displasia broncopulmonar grave / Tracheostomy in premature infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Los recién nacidos con displasia broncopulmonar dependientes de ventilación mecánica a las 36 semanas, corresponden en general a prematuros menores de 27 semanas con morbilidad grave: enterocolitis, infecciones, retinopatía, retraso en el crecimiento y secuelas del neurodesarrollo. Si la extubación no es posible entre las 40 y 50 semanas, se indica una traqueostomía, normalmente acompañada de una gastrostomía. La decisión depende del apoyo ventilatorio, de la morbilidad asociada (neurológica, hipertensión pulmonar, lesiones de la vía aérea) y del grado de desnutrición. La traqueostomía optimiza el manejo ventilatorio, disminuye la necesidad de sedación, facilita la movilidad, la neurorrehabilitación y el alta al hogar en ventilación domiciliaria. La edad óptima de ejecución no está estandarizada, pero hay evidencia que muestra beneficios en el neurodesarrollo si se realiza antes de los 120 días de vida. La mayoría de los prematuros traqueostomizados son manejados en domicilio y a los 5 años ya se encuentran decanulados.

Newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) dependent on mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks, generally correspond to newborns younger than 27 weeks with severe morbidity: enterocolitis, infections, retinopathy, growth retardation and neurodevelopmental sequelae. If extubation is not possible at 40-50 weeks post menstrual age, a tracheostomy is indicated, usually accompanied by a gastrostomy. The decision depends on ventilatory support, associated morbidity (neurological, pulmonary hypertension, airway lesions) and the degree of malnutrition. Tracheostomy optimizes ventilatory management, reduces the need for sedation, facilitates mobility, neurorehabilitation, and discharge on home ventilation. The optimal age for tracheostomy is not standardized, but there is evidence showing neurodevelopmental benefits if it is performed before 120 days. Most tracheostomized newborns are managed at home and at 5 years of age they are already decannulated.

Process-oriented metrics to provide feedback and assess the performance of students who are learning surgical procedures: The percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy case.

PURPOSE: Assessing competency in surgical procedures is key for instructors to distinguish whether a resident is qualified to perform them on patients. Currently, assessment techniques do not always focus on providing feedback about the order in which the activities need to be performed. In this research, using a Process Mining approach, process-oriented metrics are proposed to assess the training of residents in a Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (PDT) simulator, identifying the critical points in the execution of the surgical process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A reference process model of the procedure was defined, and video recordings of student training sessions in the PDT simulator were collected and tagged to generate event logs. Three process-oriented metrics were proposed to assess the performance of the residents in training. RESULTS: Although the students were proficient in classic metrics, they did not reach the optimum in process-oriented metrics. Only in 25% of the stages the optimum was achieved in the last session. In these stages, the four more challenging activities were also identified, which account for 32% of the process-oriented metrics errors. CONCLUSIONS: Process-oriented metrics offer a new perspective on surgical procedures performance, providing a more granular perspective, which enables a more specific and actionable feedback for both students and instructors.

Traqueostomías en pacientes con SARS COV-2 Protocolo de seguridad del equipo de cabeza y cuello / TRACHEOSTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH SARS CoV-2 HEAD AND NECK EQUIPMENT SAFETY PROTOCOL

Introducción: El virus SARS-CoV-2, se presentó en la ciudad de Wuhan, una provincia de Hubei en China, a finales del mes de diciembre de 2019, como un brote de neumonía viral consecuencia de un nuevo tipo de coronavirus B, el cual fue denominado COVID-19; posteriormente, de manera oficial, se declarará al virus como SARS-Cov-2. Los cirujanos de cabeza y cuello realizan traqueostomías en pacientes con COVID-19, lo que supone mayor exposición de aerosolización para estos especialistas. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad describir la técnica quirúrgica de la traqueostomía abierta con la adecuada protección del equipo de cirugía de cabeza y cuello en los pacientes con SAR-CoV-2-. Métodos: Este estudio se realizó en el Centro Médico Docente la Trinidad, a cargo del servicio de cabeza y cuello. El equipo multidisciplinario estuvo conformado por cirujanos de cabeza y cuello, intensivistas y enfermeros especialistas del área. La traqueostomía fue abierta y fue realizada en los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos con resultado positivo de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, en el periodo entre agosto de 2020 a agosto de 2021, previa discusión con el equipo multidisciplinario y con el consentimiento de los familiares del paciente, idealmente, entre el día 15 y 21. Resultados: Se realizaron 14 traqueotomías abiertas, la primera traqueostomía se llevó a cabo el 01/08/2020 y la ultima el 28/08/2021. Todas fueron realizadas en la unidad de terapia intensiva. El personal médico fue el mínimo posible y consto de: Cirujano de cabeza y cuello, primer y segundo ayudante, instrumentista, intensivista, residente de terapia intensiva y enfermera de terapia intensiva. En todos los casos se llevó a cabo la adecuada higiene de manos y colocación del equipo de protección personal. Conclusiones: Mantener a los pacientes relajados durante el procedimiento, desinflar el manguito del tubo endotraqueal y cerrar el circuito previo a la incisión y rápidamente luego de la incisión en tráquea, insertar el traqueostomo y conectar el sistema de circuito cerrado, parece ser una técnica que preserva la seguridad del equipo quirúrgico

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared in the city of Wuhan, a province of Hubei in China, at the end of December 2019, as an outbreak of viral pneumonia because of a new type of coronavirus B, the was called COVID-19; later, officially, the virus will be declared as SARS-Cov-2. Head and neck surgeons perform tracheostomies in patients with CIVD-19, which results in increased aerolization exposure. The present work aims to describe the surgical technique of open tracheostomy with adequate protection of the head and neck surgery team in patients with SAR-CoV-2. Methods: This study was carried out at the La Trinidad Teaching Medical Center, in charge of the head and neck service. The multidisciplinary team was made up of head and neck surgeons, intensivists, and specialist nurses in the area. The technique was open tracheostomy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the period between August 2020 to August 2021, after discussion with the multidisciplinary team and with the consent of the patient's relatives, ideally between the 15th and 21st. Results: 14 open tracheostomies were performed, the first tracheostomy was performed on 01 / 08/2020 and the last one on 08/28/2021. All tracheostomies were performed in the intensive care unit. The medical staff was the minimum possible and consisted of: Head and neck surgeon, first and second assistant, scrub nurse, intensivist, intensive care resident and intensive care nurse. In all cases, proper hand hygiene and placement of personal protective equipment was carried out. Conclusions: Keeping patients relaxed during the procedure, deflating the endotracheal tube cuff, and closing the circuit prior to the incision and quickly after the incision in the trachea and inserting the tracheostoma, connecting the closed-circuit system, seems to be a technique that preserves the safety of the surgical team

Safe ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in eight steps and necessary precautions in COVID-19 patients.

Percutaneous tracheostomy has been considered the standard method today, the bronchoscopy-guided technique being the most frequently performed. A safe alternative is ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, which can be carried out by the surgeon, avoiding the logistical difficulties of having a specialist in bronchoscopy. Studies prove that the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided technique are similar when compared to the bronchoscopy-guided one. Thus, it is of paramount importance that surgeons have ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy as a viable and beneficial alternative to the open procedure. In this article, we describe eight main steps in performing ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, highlighting essential technical points that can reduce the risk of complications from the procedure. Furthermore, we detail some precautions that one must observe to reduce the risk of aerosolization and contamination of the team when percutaneous tracheostomy is indicated in patients with COVID-19.

Tratamiento definitivo en traumatismo avulsivo de la región cérvico-facial: presentación de caso clínico / Definitive treatment in avulsive trauma of the cervico-facial region: clinical case report

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones autoinfligidas por armas de fuego con cañón largo en la zona cérvico-facial no siempre logran consumar el suicidio y pueden ocasionar una herida avulsiva de esta región anatómica. Objetivo: Socializar los beneficios del tratamiento multidisciplinario inmediato en la atención al paciente con traumatismo facial complejo. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad con intento autolítico por arma de fuego, con pérdida importante de tejido a nivel mandibular y compromiso de la vía aérea. Resultados: Las distintas etapas de accionar quirúrgico se lograron en las primeras cuatro horas desde que sucedió el incidente. El paciente no presentó complicaciones posoperatorias ni necesidad de una nueva operación. Discusión: En la actualidad existe la tendencia a realizar tratamiento definitivo en un solo tiempo quirúrgico inicial. Conclusión: La intervención inmediata y protocolizada de las especialidades cirugía general, maxilofacial y cirugía plástica-reconstructiva en pacientes con heridas avulsivas de la región cérvico facial pueden lograr un tratamiento definitivo en un único tiempo quirúrgico y con resultados favorables.

Introduction: Self-inflicted injuries by long-barreled firearms in the cervico-facial area do not always succeed in consummating suicide and may result in an avulsive injury of this anatomical region. Aim: Socializing the benefits of the immediate multidisciplinary treatment in the medical care of patients with complex facial trauma. Clinical case: A 60-year-old male patient with an autolytic attempt by firearm, with loss of tissue at the mandibular level, as well as airway compromise. Results: The different stages of the surgical action were achieved during the first four hours since the incident occurred. The patient was discharged without the need for a new surgical procedure. Discussion: Currently there is e tendency to perform definitive treatment in a single initial surgical procedure. Conclusión: The immediate and protocolized intervention of specialties such as General Surgery, Maxillofacial and Plastic-Reconstructive Surgery in patients with avulsive wounds of the cervical-facial region can achieve a definitive treatment in a single surgical time and with favorable results.

Complications of tracheostomy in children: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Tracheostomy is a procedure that can be associated with several well-described complications in the literature, which can be divided into transoperative, early postoperative and late postoperative. When performed in children, these risks are more common than in adults. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of complications, including deaths, in tracheostomized pediatric patients. METHODS: A search was carried out for articles in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and PubMed databases. Cohort studies and series reports were selected, in addition to systematic reviews, published between January 1978 and June 2020, with patients up to 18 years old, and written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. RESULTS: 1560 articles were found, of which 49 were included in this review. The average complication rate was 40%, which showed an association with age, birth weight, prematurity, comorbidities, and emergency procedures. The most common complications were cutaneous lesions and granulomas. Mortality related to the procedure reached up to 6% in children and was mainly related to cannula obstruction or accidental decannulation. CONCLUSION: Pediatric tracheostomy is associated with several complications. The tracheostomy-related mortality rate is low, but the overall mortality of tracheostomized patients is not negligible.

Tracheostomy practices in children on mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current practices of tracheostomy in children regarding the ideal timing of tracheostomy placement, complications, indications, mortality, and success in decannulation. SOURCE OF DATA: The authors searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and complemented by manual search. The guidelines of PRISMA and MOOSE were applied. The quality of the included studies was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Information extracted included patients' characteristics, outcomes, time to tracheostomy, and associated complications. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were computed using the Mantel-Haenszel method. SYNTHESIS OF DATA: Sixty-six articles were included in the qualitative analysis, and 8 were included in the meta-analysis about timing for tracheostomy placement. The risk ratio for "death in hospital outcome" did not show any benefit from performing a tracheostomy before or after 14 days of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.49). The early tracheostomy before 14 days had a great impact on the days of mechanical ventilation (-26 days in mean difference, p < 0.00001). The authors also found a great reduction in hospital length of stay (-31.4 days, p < 0.008). For the days in PICU, the mean reduction was of 14.7 days (p < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis suggests that tracheostomy performed in the first 14 days of ventilation can reduce the time spent on the ventilator, and the length of stay in the hospital, with no effect on mortality. The decision to perform a tracheostomy early or late may be more dependent on the baseline disease than on the time spent on ventilation .

Percutaneous tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients: a new apneic approach.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy is an aerosol-generating procedure carrying a documented infectious risk during respiratory virus pandemics. For this reason, during the COVID-19 outbreak, surgical tracheostomy was preferred to the percutaneous one, despite the technique related complications increased risk. METHODS: We describe a new sequence for percutaneous dilation tracheostomy procedure that could be considered safe both for patients and healthcare personnel. A fiberscope was connected to a video unit to allow bronchoscopy. Guidewire positioning was performed as usual. While the established standard procedure continues with the creation of the stoma without any change in mechanical ventilation, we retracted the bronchoscope until immediately after the access valve in the mount tube, allowing normal ventilation. After 3 minutes of ventilation with 100% oxygen, mechanical ventilation was stopped without disconnecting the circuit. During apnea, the stoma was created by dilating the trachea and the tracheostomy cannula was inserted. Ventilation was then resumed. We evaluated the safeness of the procedure by recording any severe desaturation and by performing serological tests to all personnel. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (38%) of 96 underwent tracheostomy; 22 (23%) percutaneous dilation tracheostomies with the new approach were performed without any desaturation. All personnel (150 operators) were evaluated for serological testing: 9 (6%) had positive serology but none of them had participated in tracheostomy procedures. CONCLUSION: This newly described percutaneous dilation tracheostomy technique was not related to severe desaturation events and we did not observe any positive serological test in health workers who performed the tracheostomies.

Safe ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in eight steps and necessary precautions in COVID-19 patients / Traqueostomia percutânea segura guiada por ultrassonografia em oito passos e cuidados necessários em pacientes com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Percutaneous tracheostomy has been considered the standard method today, the bronchoscopy-guided technique being the most frequently performed. A safe alternative is ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, which can be carried out by the surgeon, avoiding the logistical difficulties of having a specialist in bronchoscopy. Studies prove that the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided technique are similar when compared to the bronchoscopy-guided one. Thus, it is of paramount importance that surgeons have ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy as a viable and beneficial alternative to the open procedure. In this article, we describe eight main steps in performing ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, highlighting essential technical points that can reduce the risk of complications from the procedure. Furthermore, we detail some precautions that one must observe to reduce the risk of aerosolization and contamination of the team when percutaneous tracheostomy is indicated in patients with COVID-19.

RESUMO A traqueostomia percutânea tem sido considerada o método padrão atualmente, sendo a técnica guiada por broncoscopia a mais realizada. Uma alternativa segura é a traqueostomia percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia, que pode ser feita pelo próprio cirurgião, evitando-se as dificuldades logísticas de disponibilidade de um especialista em broncoscopia. Estudos comprovam que a eficácia e a segurança da técnica guiada por ultrassonografia, comparada à guiada por broncoscopia, são semelhantes. Assim, é de suma importância que os cirurgiões tenham a traqueostomia percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia como alternativa viável e benéfica em relação ao procedimento aberto. Neste artigo, descrevemos oito passos principais da realização da traqueostomia percutânea ecoguiada, destacando pontos técnicos essenciais que podem reduzir o risco de complicações do procedimento. Ainda, detalhamos alguns cuidados que devem ser observados, com o intuito de reduzir o risco de aerolização e contaminação da equipe, quando a traqueostomia percutânea é indicada no paciente com COVID-19.

Tuberculosis en cabeza y cuello. Experiencia en la Patagonia chilena y revisión de la literatura / Tuberculosis in head and neck. Experience in Chilean Patagonia and literature review

La tuberculosis (TBC) es una de las patologías infecciosas que más muertes ha producido a nivel mundial, sobrepasando al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En Chile a pesar de la baja incidencia de la patología, aun no es posible llegar a su erradicación. La TBC es una enfermedad que habitualmente compromete el pulmón, sin embargo, en ocasiones compromete otros sitios del organismo, siendo la ubicación en cabeza y cuello una de las más importantes. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas y el curso de estas puede ser larvado, simulando otras patologías de mayor frecuencia en el ámbito otorrinolaringológico y transformando su diagnóstico en un desafío mayor. En este artículo se presentan tres casos clínicos diagnosticados y manejados en nuestra en región, además de una revisión de la literatura disponible en relación a la presentación clínica, orientación diagnóstica y tratamiento de la patología.

Tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases which has produced more deaths around the world, even more than human immunodeficiency virus. In Chile, despite of the low incidence, there is still not possible to eradicate it. Tuberculosis is a disease which commonly compromises lungs, however, in some occasions involves another site of the organism, been the location in head and neck one of the most important. The clinical features are diverse and the natural history of those can be masked, for this reason it can simulate another more frequent disease in otolaryngology field, making the diagnosis a real challenge. In this article, we present three clinical cases diagnosed and treated in our region, besides, a review of the available literature related with the clinical presentation, diagnosis orientation and treatment of this pathology.

Protocolo para realizar la traqueostomía en pacientes con COVID-19 / A Protocol for Performing Tracheostomy in Patients with COVID-19

Introducción: Los cirujanos pueden desempeñar un papel valioso en la realización de traqueostomía para apoyar a los equipos de cuidados críticos durante la pandemia global de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Diseñar un protocolo para realizar la traqueostomía en pacientes con la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo durante el periodo de marzo a diciembre del año 2020 en el Hospital "Comandante Manuel Fajardo Rivero", de Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Se emplearon como métodos teóricos: el análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo; y como empíricos: análisis documental, grupo nominal y el criterio de especialistas para la valoración del producto diseñado. Resultados: El protocolo fue estructurado en: título, propósito, normas organizativas institucionales, indicaciones, procedimiento de actuación y evaluación. Según el criterio de los especialistas consultados el protocolo diseñado, es pertinente, factible y válido. Conclusiones: Para el diseño del protocolo fue fundamental aplicar y adaptar cuidadosamente la mejor evidencia existente sobre la realización de la traqueostomía. Su estructura permite brindar la mejor atención al paciente con la COVID-19 al tiempo que protege al equipo quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: Surgeons can play a valuable role in performing tracheostomy, as a support for critical care teams during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To design a protocol for performing the tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out, during the period from March to December 2020, at Comandante Manuel Fajardo Rivero Hospital, in Santa Clara City, Villa Clara Province. The following theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive; as well as empirical ones: documentary analysis, nominal group and criteria of specialists for the evaluation of the designed product. Results: The protocol was structured into title, purpose, institutional organizational norms, indications, procedure of action and evaluation. According to the criteria of the specialists consulted, the designed protocol is pertinent, feasible and valid. Conclusions: For the design of the protocol, it was essential to apply and adapt, carefully, the best existing evidence on tracheostomy performance. Its structure allows to provide the best care to the patient with COVID-19 while protecting the surgical team(AU)

Lesiones laringotraqueales por ahorcamiento fallido / Laryngotracheal lesions by near-hanging

Introducción: La lesión por ahorcamiento se inscribe dentro del traumatismo cerrado de la tráquea cervical. Objetivo: Presentar seis enfermos tratados por secuelas de un intento fallido de ahorcamiento y revisión la literatura sobre los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de seis pacientes tratados entre 1989 y 2011 en el Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras". Todos fueron remitidos de diferentes hospitales, con una traqueostomía para el control de la vía respiratoria. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, edad, diagnóstico definitivo, técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas, evolución posoperatoria, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: Todos los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, con edad entre 16 y 66 años (mediana 28,5). Cuatro tenían menos de 30 años, uno 38 y el último 66. El diagnóstico se hizo mediante traqueoscopia flexible y tomografía axial computarizada. La lesión se localizó en subglotis (2) y tráquea (4). Dos pacientes fueron operados antes de la remisión: resección traqueal (1) y laringotraqueal (1). El tratamiento definitivo, en nuestro centro, consistió en resección traqueal (4) y subglótica (2). No se presentaron complicaciones ni fallecidos. Durante el seguimiento postoperatorio (7 a 26 meses), cinco lesionados tuvieron resultados excelentes y uno satisfactorio, asociado con voz débil. Conclusiones: El traumatismo traqueal por ahorcamiento fallido es muy raro. El tratamiento oportuno y adecuado puede reducir las complicaciones y la mortalidad. Un equipo quirúrgico con experiencia puede lograr resultados satisfactorios en un grupo importante de lesionados. La traqueostomía, con anestesia local, es el método de elección para controlar la VR en pacientes con traumatismo cervical(AU)

Introduction: The hanging injury is considered a closed trauma of the cervical trachea. Objective: To present the cases of six patients treated for sequelae after failed hanging attempt, and to review the literature about diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out of six consecutive patients treated between 1989 and 2011 at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. All were referred from different hospitals, with a tracheostomy for controlling the airway. The variables studied were sex, age, definitive diagnosis, surgical techniques used, postoperative evolution, complications and mortality. Results: All patients were male, aged between 16 and 66 years (median: 28.5). Four were less than 30 years old; one, 38; and the last, 66. The diagnosis was made by flexible tracheoscopy and computerized axial tomography. The injury was located in the subglottis (2) and the trachea (4). Two patients were operated on before referral, through tracheal (1) and laryngotracheal (1) resection. Definitive treatment in our center consisted of tracheal (4) and subglottic (2) resection. There were no complications or deaths. During the postoperative follow-up (7-26 months), five injured patients had excellent outcomes and one had satisfactory outcomes, associated with a weak voice. Conclusions: Tracheal trauma after failed hanging is very rare. Timely and appropriate managment can reduce complications and mortality. An experienced surgical team can achieve satisfactory outcomes in a large group of injured people. Tracheostomy, under local anesthesia, is the method of choice for controlling the airways in patients with cervical trauma(AU)

Caracterización de estenosis traqueal por intubación prolongada en pacientes adultos / Characterization of tracheal stenosis by prolonged Intubation in adult patients

La estenosis traqueal es la disminución del calibre de la luz laríngea y traqueal como resultado de la maduración de tejido cicatrizal por lesión isquémica que el balón del tubo endotraqueal produce sobre las mucosas de la pared laringo traqueal cuando es insuflada por encima de la presión capilar (20-30 mm Hg) por un periodo incluso corto. La Asociación Americana de Cuidados Respiratorios recomienda que se utilice intubación para aquellos pacientes que ameriten ventilación mecánica por 7-10 días o menos y traqueostomía para aquellos pacientes que necesitan ventilación por más tiempo. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estenosis traqueal por intubación prolongada. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de estenosis traqueal por intubación mayor de 7 días en el Hospital General San Juan de Dios durante enero 2016 a diciembre 2019. Se evaluaron los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnóstico y terapéuticos en los registros clínicos de los servicios de cirugía torácica, otorrinolaringología y neumología. Resultados: Se evaluaron 52 pacientes adultos con intubación traqueal prolongada que desarrollaron estenosis traqueal. La mayoría son hombres jóvenes con mediana de intubación de dos semanas, la indicación de intubación más frecuente fue por trauma craneoencefálico severo. La forma de diagnóstico más frecuente fue clínico seguido por radiografía y tomografía teniendo en su mayoría estenosis tipo I y II. La mayoría de los pacientes con estenosis traqueal son tratados de manera quirúrgica, comúnmente con traqueostomía, dos semanas después del primer día de intubación. La única variable asociada al tipo de tratamiento fue que se le realizara al paciente una traqueotomía, la cual fue la forma de tratamiento quirúrgico de la mayoría de los pacientes para la corrección de la estrechez traqueal (p=0.01). Conclusiones: el tiempo de intubación endotraqueal es determinante para el desarrollo de la estenosis traqueal. En este estudio se documentaron 52 pacientes que recibieron intubación traqueal prolongada y desarrollaron estenosis traqueal tras una mediana de intubación de dos semanas, lo cual deberá hacernos reflexionar sobre las prácticas y guías para implementar la realización de traqueostomías tempranas en pacientes ventilados después de 7 días (AU)

Tracheal stenosis is the decrease in the caliber of the laryngeal and tracheal lumen as a result of the maturation of scar tissue due to ischemic injury that the balloon of the endotracheal tube produces on the mucosa of the laryngo-tracheal wall when it is insufflated above capillary pressure (20-30 mm Hg) for an even short period. The American Association for Respiratory Care recommends that intubation be used for those patients who require mechanical ventilation for 7-10 days or less and tracheostomy for those patients who require ventilation for longer. Objective: To characterize tracheal stenosis due to prolonged intubation. Methodology: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out that included adult patients with a diagnosis of tracheal stenosis due to intubation greater than 7 days at the San Juan de Dios General Hospital from january 2016 to december 2019. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data were evaluated in the clinical records of the thoracic surgery, otorhinolaryngology and pulmonology services. Results: 52 adult patients with prolonged tracheal intubation who developed tracheal stenosis were evaluated. Most are young men with a median intubation of two weeks, the most frequent indication for intubation was for severe head trauma. The most frequent form of diagnosis was clinical followed by radiography and tomography, mostly type I and II stenosis. Most patients with tracheal stenosis are treated surgically, commonly with a tracheostomy, two weeks after the first day of intubation. The only variable associated with the type of treatment was that the patient underwent a tracheostomy, which was the form of surgical treatment for most patients to correct the tracheal narrowing (p = 0.01). Conclusions: endotracheal intubation time is decisive for the development of tracheal stenosis. In this study, 52 patients who received prolonged tracheal intubation and developed tracheal stenosis after a median intubation of two weeks were documented, which should make us reflect on the practices and guidelines for implementing early tracheostomies in patients ventilated after 7 days