Smartphone-Based Screening for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Trend?

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. People living in vulnerable and poor places such as slums, rural areas and remote locations have difficulty in accessing medical care and diagnostic tests. In addition, given the COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing an increase in the use of telemedicine and non-invasive tools for monitoring vital signs. These questions motivate us to write this point of view and to describe some of the main innovations used for non-invasive screening of heart diseases. Smartphones are widely used by the population and are perfect tools for screening cardiovascular diseases. They are equipped with camera, flashlight, microphone, processor, and internet connection, which allow optical, electrical, and acoustic analysis of cardiovascular phenomena. Thus, when using signal processing and artificial intelligence approaches, smartphones may have predictive power for cardiovascular diseases. Here we present different smartphone approaches to analyze signals obtained from various methods including photoplethysmography, phonocardiograph, and electrocardiography to estimate heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart murmurs and electrical conduction. Our objective is to present innovations in non-invasive diagnostics using the smartphone and to reflect on these trending approaches. These could help to improve health access and the screening of cardiovascular diseases for millions of people, particularly those living in needy areas.

Patient Perceptions of Drive-through Medical Treatment Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The cumulative burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the United States' healthcare system is substantial. To help mitigate this burden, novel solutions including telehealth and dedicated screening facilities have been used. However, there is limited data on the efficacy of such models and none assessing patient comfort levels with these changes in healthcare delivery. The aim of our study was to evaluate patients' perceptions of a drive-through medical treatment system in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Patients presenting to a drive-through COVID-19 medical treatment facility were surveyed about their experience following their visit. An anonymous questionnaire consisting of five questions, using a five-point Likert scale was distributed via electronic tablet. RESULTS: We obtained 827 responses over two months. Three quarters of respondents believed care received was similar to that in a traditional emergency department (ED). Overall positive impression of the drive-through was 86.6%, and 95% believed that it was more convenient. CONCLUSION: Overall, the drive-through medical system was perceived as more convenient than the ED and was viewed as a positive experience. While representing a dramatic change in the delivery model of medical care, if such systems can provide comparable levels of care, they may be a viable option for sustained and surge healthcare delivery.

Central Triage of Acute Stroke Patients Across a Distributive Stroke Network Is Safe and Reduces Transfer Denials.

Background and Purpose: Mechanical thrombectomy has dramatically increased patient volumes transferred to comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs), resulting in transfer denials for patients who need higher level of care only available at a CSC. We hypothesized that a distributive stroke network (DSN), triaging low severity acute stroke patients to a primary stroke center (PSC) upon initial telestroke consultation, would safely reduce transfer denials, thereby providing additional volume to treat severe strokes at a CSC. Methods: In 2017, a DSN was implemented, in which mild stroke patients were centrally triaged, via telestroke consultation, to a PSC based upon a simple clinical severity algorithm, while higher acuity/severity strokes were triaged to the CSC. In an observational cohort study, data on acute ischemic stroke patients presenting to regional community hospitals were collected pre- versus post-DSN implementation. Safety outcomes and rate of CSC transfer denials were compared pre-DSN versus post-DSN. Results: The pre-DSN cohort (n=150), triaged to the CSC, had a similar rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and discharge location compared with the post-DSN cohort (n=150), triaged to the PSC. Time to stroke unit admission was faster post-DSN (2 hours 40 minutes) versus pre-DSN (3 hours 29 minutes; P<0.001). Transfer denials were reduced post-DSN (3.8%) versus pre-DSN (1.8%; P=0.02), despite an increase in telestroke consultation volume over the same period (median, 3 calls per day pre-DSN versus 5 calls per day post-DSN; P=0.001). No patients who were triaged to the PSC required subsequent transfer to the CSC. Conclusions: A DSN, triaging mild ischemic stroke patients from community hospitals to a PSC, safely reduced transfer denials to the CSC, allowing greater capacity at the CSC to treat higher acuity stroke patients.

Clinical Outcome After Endovascular Thrombectomy in 3 Triage Concepts: A Prospective, Observational Study (NEUROSQUAD).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: NEUROSQUAD (Stroke Treatment: Quality and Efficacy in Different Referral Systems) is a prospective, observational, bicenter study comparing 3 triage pathways in endovascular stroke treatment: mothership, drip and ship (DS), and transferring a neurointerventionalist to a remote hospital for thrombectomy (drive the doctor [DD]). METHODS: Patients with anterior circulation stroke and premorbid modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-3 who underwent thrombectomy within 24 hours after stroke onset were included. Primary outcome measure was good clinical outcome defined as 90-day mRS score 0-2 or clinical recovery to the status before stroke onset (ie, equal premorbid mRS and 90-day mRS). Secondary outcome measures were successful reperfusion, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at discharge, and mRS shift. RESULTS: In total, 360 patients were included in this study, of whom 111 patients (30.8%) were in the mothership group, 204 patients (56.7%) were in the DS group, and 45 patients (12.5%) were in the DD group. Good clinical outcome was achieved similarly in all three groups (mothership, 45.9%; DS, 43.1%; DD, 40.0%; P=0.778). Likewise, frequency of successful reperfusion was similar in all three groups (mothership, 86.5%; DS, 85.3%; DD, 82.2%; P=0.714). There was no significant difference among the groups regarding the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at discharge (P=0.115) and mRS shift (P=0.342). In the multivariate analysis, triage concept was not an independent predictor of good outcome (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.89 [CI, 0.64-1.23]; P=0.479). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that clinical outcome after thrombectomy is similar in mothership, DS, and DD. Hence, DD can be a valuable triage option in acute stroke treatment.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgery delays and survival in breast, lung and colon cancers: Implication for surgical triage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Thousands of cancer surgeries were delayed during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines if surgical delays impact survival for breast, lung and colon cancers. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched. Articles evaluating the relationship between delays in surgery and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) or cancer-specific survival (CSS) were included. RESULTS: Of the 14,422 articles screened, 25 were included in the review and 18 (totaling 2,533,355 patients) were pooled for meta-analyses. Delaying surgery for 12 weeks may decrease OS in breast (HR 1.46, 95%CI 1.28-1.65), lung (HR 1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06) and colon (HR 1.24, 95%CI 1.12-1.38) cancers. When breast cancers were analyzed by stage, OS was decreased in stages I (HR 1.27, 95%CI 1.16-1.40) and II (HR 1.13, 95%CI 1.02-1.24) but not in stage III (HR 1.20, 95%CI 0.94-1.53). CONCLUSION: Delaying breast, lung and colon cancer surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic may decrease survival.

Role of Computed Tomography Perfusion in Identification of Acute Lacunar Stroke Syndromes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Lacunar syndromes correlate with a lacunar stroke on imaging in 50% to 60% of cases. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is becoming the preferred imaging modality for acute stroke triage. We aimed to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for noncontrast computed tomography and CTP in lacunar syndromes, and for cortical, subcortical, and posterior fossa regions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of confirmed ischemic stroke patients who underwent acute CTP and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging between 2010 and 2018 was performed. Brain noncontrast computed tomography and CTP were assessed independently by 2 stroke neurologists. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to estimate sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for the detection of strokes in patients with lacunar syndromes using different CTP maps. RESULTS: We found 106 clinical lacunar syndromes, but on diffusion-weighted imaging, these consisted of 59 lacunar, 33 cortical, and 14 posterior fossa strokes. The discrimination of ischemia identification was very poor using noncontrast computed tomography in all 3 regions, but good for cortical (AUC, 0.82) and poor for subcortical and posterior regions (AUCs, 0.55 and 0.66) using automated core-penumbra maps. The addition of delay time and mean transient time maps substantially increased subcortical (AUC, 0.80) and slightly posterior stroke detection (AUC, 0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of mean transient time and delay time maps in combination with core-penumbra maps improves detection of subcortical and posterior strokes.

Stroke transfers for thrombectomy in the era of extended time.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Dawn and Extend Intra-Arterial (IA) acute stroke intervention trials have proven the benefit of thrombectomy in a select group of patients up to 24 h since their last known well time (LKWT) or time of symptom onset. Following the issuance of new treatment guidelines for large vessel occlusion strokes, we reviewed the paradigm shift effect on transfers for possible thrombectomy in a rural state. HYPOTHESIS: Extended time window for thrombectomy increases the need for better identification of potential transfers for thrombectomy in rural states with few hospitals capable of 24/7 interventional thrombectomy. METHODS: We analyzed all transfers to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) from January to December 2018 which were specifically transferred for possible further intervention. This time period was selected in accordance with the change in American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for extended time windows in mechanical thrombectomy (MT) care. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients were transferred for possible thrombectomy and advanced imaging. Thirty-four % patients underwent diagnostic angiogram with 33% patients having successful MT. Of the excluded patients 19% had large core infarcts by the time they arrived at hub hospital, 1.5% had hemorrhagic conversion, 32% had stroke without treatable occlusion not amenable for thrombectomy or cortical strokes on follow-up imaging, and 13.5% did not have stroke or LVO on follow-up imaging. CONCLUSION: Since the AHA's change in time window guidelines for mechanical thrombectomies, there has been an increased effort in identifying good candidates with computerized tomography angiography (CTA). To avoid undue burden on stroke systems of care, CTA identification of these patients at the spoke hospitals is key along with timely transport to appropriate thrombectomy capable sites. Given the rural nature of this state along with limited resources, selection of patients is a practical issue, especially for avoiding futile transfers, which might be true for large areas of the USA.

Use of Telemedicine to Improve Interfacility Communication and Aid in Triage of Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: Over the past several years there has been a dramatic increase in the implementation of telemedicine technology to aid in the delivery of care across community, inpatient, and emergency settings. This technology has proved valuable for acute life-threatening clinical scenarios. We aimed to pilot a novel neurosurgical telemedicine program within an academic tertiary care center to assist in consultation of patients with high-grade intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (ICH score 4, 5). METHODS: A quality improvement conceptual framework was developed. Subsequently, a process map and improvement interventions were created. Patients in community hospitals with high-grade ICH or pre-existing Do Not Resuscitate/Do Not Intubate orders with an admitting diagnosis of ICH triggered a TeleNeurosurgery consultation. Patients who met the inclusion criteria, with consent of their decision makers, were enrolled in the study. Post-encounter physician surveys were used to evaluate overall satisfaction with the implementation. RESULTS: This 18-month pilot study proved feasible, with an enrollment of 63.6% (n = 14 of 22) of patients who met criteria. All patients who were enrolled in the study and participated in TeleNeurosurgery consultation remained at the presenting facility for end-of-life care and palliative medicine consultation. Both community emergency physicians and subspecialists who performed the consultations reported satisfaction with the TeleNeurosurgery consultation process and a perceived benefit both to patients, families, and emergency medicine physicians. CONCLUSIONS: The program proved feasible and several areas in need of improvement within the health system were identified. Emergency physicians reported comfort with the process, program effectiveness, and improved access to care by implementation of this program.

Global change of surgical and oncological clinical practice in urology during early COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic captures healthcare resources worldwide, data on the impact of prioritization strategies in urology during pandemic are absent. We aimed to quantitatively assess the global change in surgical and oncological clinical practice in the early COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, we designed a 12-item online survey on the global effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical practice in urology. Demographic survey data, change of clinical practice, current performance of procedures, and current commencement of treatment for 5 conditions in medical urological oncology were evaluated. RESULTS: 235 urologists from 44 countries responded. Out of them, 93% indicated a change of clinical practice due to COVID-19. In a 4-tiered surgery down-escalation scheme, 44% reported to make first cancellations, 23% secondary cancellations, 20% last cancellations and 13% emergency cases only. Oncological surgeries had low cancellation rates (%): transurethral resection of bladder tumor (27%), radical cystectomy (21-24%), nephroureterectomy (21%), radical nephrectomy (18%), and radical orchiectomy (8%). (Neo)adjuvant/palliative treatment is currently not started by more than half of the urologists. COVID-19 high-risk-countries had higher total cancellation rates for non-oncological procedures (78% vs. 68%, p = 0.01) and were performing oncological treatment for metastatic diseases at a lower rate (35% vs. 48%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected clinical practice of 93% of urologists worldwide. The impact of implementing surgical prioritization protocols with moderate cancellation rates for oncological surgeries and delay or reduction in (neo)adjuvant/palliative treatment will have to be evaluated after the pandemic.

Triage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was previously unknown, and we are learning about it day by day, but pandemic-associated ethical dilemmas have been studied and discussed for years. Triage means not only ranking in terms of importance (prioritisation) but also allocation of limited medical resources. Survival, post epidemic-quality of life, and consumption of medical resources required to achieve the set goal are crucial for making triage decisions. The pandemic triage decisions should be based on a protocol, considering the need for medical measures and therapy benefits. The first step is to consider the exclusion criteria and the risk of death. The next step is sequential clinical assessment, repeatable at defined intervals. It seems that the preferable solution is to triage all the patients and give priority to those who would benefit more. A prerequisite for allocating insufficient medical resources is public trust in the criteria for allocation.

Preliminary Assessment of a Telehealth Approach to Evaluating, Treating, and Discharging Low-Acuity Patients With Suspected COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine is uniquely positioned to address challenges posed to emergency departments (EDs) by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. By reducing in-person contact, it should decrease provider risk of infection and preserve personal protective equipment (PPE). OBJECTIVES: To describe and assess the early results of a novel telehealth workflow in which remote providers collaborate with in-person nursing to evaluate and discharge well-appearing, low-risk ED patients with suspected COVID-19 infection. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was completed 3 weeks after implementation. Metrics include the number of patients evaluated, number of patients discharged without in-person contact, telehealth wait time and duration, collection of testing, ED length of stay (ED-LOS), 72-h return, number of in-person health care provider contacts, and associated PPE use. RESULTS: Among 302 patients evaluated by telehealth, 153 patients were evaluated and discharged by a telehealth provider with reductions in ED-LOS, PPE use, and close contact with health care personnel. These patients had a 62.5% shorter ED-LOS compared with other Emergency Severity Index level 4 patients seen over the same time period. Telehealth use for these 153 patients saved 413 sets of PPE. We observed a 3.9% 72-h revisit rate. One patient discharged after telehealth evaluation was hospitalized on a return visit 9 days later. CONCLUSION: Telehealth can be safely and efficiently used to evaluate, treat, test, and discharge ED patients suspected to have COVID-19. This workflow reduces infection risks to health care providers, PPE use, and ED-LOS. Additionally, it allows quarantined but otherwise well clinicians to continue working.

National Trends in Emergency Department Care Processes for Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States, 2005 to 2015.

Background Despite investments to improve quality of emergency care for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), few studies have described national, real-world trends in AMI care in the emergency department (ED). We aimed to describe trends in the epidemiology and quality of AMI care in US EDs over a recent 11-year period, from 2005 to 2015. Methods and Results We conducted an observational study of ED visits for AMI using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative probability sample of US EDs. AMI visits were classified as ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI. Outcomes included annual incidence of AMI, median ED length of stay, ED disposition type, and ED administration of evidence-based medications. Annual ED visits for AMI decreased from 1 493 145 in 2005 to 581 924 in 2015. Estimated yearly incidence of ED visits for STEMI decreased from 1 402 768 to 315 813. The proportion of STEMI sent for immediate, same-hospital catheterization increased from 12% to 37%. Among patients with STEMI sent directly for catheterization, median ED length of stay decreased from 62 to 37 minutes. ED administration of antithrombotic and nonaspirin antiplatelet agents rose for STEMI (23%-31% and 10%-27%, respectively). Conclusions National, real-world trends in the epidemiology of AMI in the ED parallel those of clinical registries, with decreases in AMI incidence and STEMI proportion. ED care processes for STEMI mirror evolving guidelines that favor high-intensity antiplatelet therapy, early invasive strategies, and regionalization of care.

Implementation of Drive-Through Testing for COVID-19 Using an External Emergency Department Triage.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems in many regions of the country were being overwhelmed by large numbers of patients needing care. In this paper, we discuss use of an external emergency department (ED) site by a hospital system based in Charlotte, North Carolina to address concerns of a local surge similar to those seen around the country. OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate how expansion of ED facilities can increase efficiency of care for patients while also improving safety for clinicians, staff, and non-infected patients. METHODS: We describe development and implementation of our external ED drive-through testing sites during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected data from three external ED sites in the Atrium Health system between March 15th and April 15th, 2020. Patients were included if they were seen at one of the sites and tested for COVID-19. There were no exclusion criteria. We analyzed the data to identify any differences in patient demographics between sites. RESULTS: We saw 580 patients across the three sites, 302 of whom met criteria for COVID-19 testing. The majority of patients tested were Caucasian females. The majority who tested positive, however, were males. Thirteen patients were redirected into the hospital ED for further medical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: External expansion of the ED is an important strategy that can allow hospitals to accommodate potentially infectious patients while maintaining appropriate isolation and rapid throughput. Proper implementation of the right system to meet hospital-specific needs can prove effective for the healthcare system.

Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on an academic vascular practice and a multidisciplinary limb preservation program.

With the aggressive resource conservation necessary to face the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, vascular surgeons have faced unique challenges in managing the health of their high-risk patients. An early analysis of patient outcomes after pandemic-related practice changes suggested that patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia have been presenting with more severe foot infections and are more likely to require major limb amputation compared with 6 months previously. As our society and health care system adapt to the new changes required in the post-coronavirus disease 2019 era, it is critical that we pay special attention to the most vulnerable subsets of patients with vascular disease, particularly those with chronic limb threatening ischemia and limited access to care.

The COVID-19 epidemic and reorganisation of triage, an observational study.

Recent studies have suggested different organisational strategies, modifying Emergency Departments (EDs) during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, real data on the practical application of these strategies are not yet available. The objective of this study is to evaluate the inclusion of pre-triage during the COVID-19 outbreak. In March 2020, the structure of the ED at Merano General Hospital (Italy) was modified, with the introduction of a pre-triage protocol to divide patients according to the risk of infection. The performance of pre-triage was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value (NPV). From 4th to 31st March, 2,279 patients were successively evaluated at the pre-triage stage. Of these, 257 were discharged directly from pre-triage by triage out or home quarantine and none has subsequently been hospitalised. Of the 2022 patients admitted to ED, 182 were allocated to an infected area and 1840 to a clean area. The proportion of patients who tested COVID-19 positive was 5% and, of these, 91.1% were allocated to the infected area. The pre-triage protocol demonstrated sensitivity of 91.1%, specificity of 95.3% and NPV of 99.5%. In addition, none of the healthcare workers was infected during the study period. Pre-triage can be a useful tool that, if standardised and associated with a change in the structure of the ED, can limit the spread of infection within the ED, optimise ED resources and protect healthcare workers.

Not just little adults: preparing a children's emergency department for COVID-19.

COVID-19 presented unique challenges in preparing our stand-alone children's emergency department for the pandemic and has demonstrated well the paediatric adage, 'children aren't little adults'.