Lipid Characteristics of Camellia Seed Oil.

Camellia oleifera, C. japonica and C. sinensis are three representative crops of the genus Camellia. In this work, we systematically investigated the lipid characteristics of these seed oils collected from different regions. The results indicated significant differences in acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV) and relative density of the above-mentioned camellia seed oils (p < 0.05). The C. japonica seed oils showed the highest AV (1.7 mg/g), and the C. sinensis seed oils showed the highest PV (17.4 meq/kg). The C. japonica seed oils showed the lowest IV (79.9 g/100 g), SV (192.7 mg/g) and refractive index (1.4633) of all the oils, while the C. sinensis seed oils showed the lowest relative density (0.911 g/cm3). The major fatty acids in the camellia seed oils were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2); the oleic acid in C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. The oleic acid levels in the C. oleifera and C. japonica oils were higher than those in the C. sinensis seed oils, while the linoleic acid levels in the former were lower than those in the latter one. Differences also exist in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, although the most abundant TAG molecular species in the camellia seed oils was trioleoylglycerol (OOO). Seven sterol species, squalene and α-tocopherol were detected in the camellia seed oils, however, the contents of tocopherol and unsaponifiable molecules in the C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils were significantly lower than those in the C. sinensis seed oil. These results demonstrated that the varieties of Camellia affected the seed oil lipid characteristics.

Enhanced gastric therapeutic effects of Brucea javanica oil and its gastroretentive drug delivery system compared to commercial products in pharmacokinetics study.

BACKGROUND: Brucea javanica oil (BJO), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a variety of pharmacological activities and several BJO-related patent drugs have been widely used in China. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the gastric therapeutic effects of self-made BJO and its pharmaceutical potential to formulate novel BJO gastroretentive floating bead by comparing with commercial products. METHODS: BJO was extracted from the seeds of B. javanica, and its therapeutic effects were evaluated by comparing with commercial products in the treatment of human gastric cancer and gastric ulcer. Furthermore, the developed gastroretentive drug delivery system was evaluated by in vivo tests. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for detecting the concentration of glycerol trioleate in the pharma-cokinetic study was applied. RESULTS: The antitumor activity of BJO was stronger than that of the marketed preparation; the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of BJO extracts on HGC27, SGC7901 and BGC823 gastric carcinoma were 0.3091, 1.736 and 2.743 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the values of marked BJO preparation were 15.26, 32.60 and 7.456 µg/mL, respectively. Histopathological studies demonstrated the ability of BJO to locally prevent and treat absolute ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Developed BJO gastroretentive floating bead showed a satisfactory in vivo study. The highest glycerol trioleate concentration in the stomach after taking BJO gastroretentive floating bead was nearly two times higher when compared to the marketed BJO soft capsule. CONCLUSION: Self-made BJO has a strong therapeutic effect on the stomach, and gastroretentive drug delivery system can be a promising approach to prolong and enhance its therapy ability when treating gastric diseases.

Rapid Measurement of Food Adulteration with Minimal Sample Preparation and No Chromatography Using Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

A rapid method, with minimal sample preparation and no chromatography, was developed for analyzing food samples such as olive oil and pomegranate juice to measure adulteration with cheaper ingredients using the novel Direct Sample Analysis™ (DSA) ion source in conjunction with a time-of-flight (TOF)-MS. In less than 30 s, with minimal sample preparation and method development, adulteration of olive oil and pomegranate juice with cheaper seed oils and fruit juices, respectively, was measured with DSA/TOF-MS.

Síndrome d'embòlia grassa en un pacient afectat de distròfiamuscular de Duchenne. Més risc en aquesta població? / Síndrome de embolia grasa en un paciente afecto de distrofia muscular de Duchenne. Mayor riesgo en esta población? / Fat embolism syndrome in two patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Is there an increased risk in this population?

Introducció: la distròfia muscular de Duchenne és la distròfia muscular més comuna en la població pediàtrica. Aquests pacients presenten una mineralització òssia deficient i les fractures són freqüents. La síndrome d'embòlia grassa és una de les complicacions difícils de diagnosticar si no existeix una alta sospita, ja que moltes vegades es presenta de forma subclínica. Observació clínica: es presenten dos pacients de 12 i 15 anys amb malaltia de Duchenne que després d'una caiguda presenten al cap de 3 i 16 hores, respectivament, un quadre d'inici sobtat de dificultat respiratòria. En tots dos casos les radiografies mostren fractura de fèmur i s'orienten com una síndrome d'embòlia grassa. Comentaris: l'embòlia grassa és l'obstrucció d'un vas per un èmbol gras, la majoria de casos secundari a fractures d'ossos llargs, que contenen trioleïnes; aquestes penetren amb facilitat al torrent sanguini i provoquen microinfarts i hemorràgies. Entre el 15 i el 44% dels infants afectats per la malaltia de Duchenne tindran alguna fractura. En alguns casos, aquestes fractures donaran lloc a una síndrome d'embòlia grassa. Tenint en compte que la majoria de vegades es presenta de forma subclínica, és una entitat que cal considerar en aquests pacients quan presenten símptomes respiratoris i/o neurològics després d'un traumatisme amb fractura, encara que aquesta sigui no desplaçada

Introducción. La distrofia muscular de Duchenne es la distrofia muscular más común en la población pediátrica. Estos pacientes presentan una mineralización ósea deficiente y las fracturas son frecuentes. El síndrome de embolia grasa es una de las posibles complicaciones de difícil diagnóstico si no existe una alta sospecha, dado que muchas veces se presenta de forma subclínica. Observación clínica. Se presentan dos pacientes de 12 y 15 años con enfermedad de Duchenne que tras caída presentan a las 3 y 16 horas, respectivamente, un cuadro de inicio súbito de dificultad respiratoria. En ambos casos las radiografías muestran fractura de fémur y se orientan como un síndrome de embolia grasa. Comentarios. La embolia grasa es la obstrucción de un vaso por un émbolo graso, secundario en la mayoría de ocasiones a fracturas de huesos largos, que contienen trioleínas; estas penetran con facilidad al torrente sanguíneo provocando microinfartos y hemorragias. Entre el 15 y el 44% de los niños afectos de Duchenne padecen fracturas. En algunos casos esas fracturas darán lugar a un síndrome de embolia grasa. Dado que en la mayoría de ocasiones se presenta de forma subclínica, es una entidad a tener en cuenta en estos pacientes cuando presenten síntomas respiratorios y/o neurológicos tras traumatismos con fracturas, incluso no desplazadas (AU)

Introduction. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy in the pediatric population. Patients with Duchenne dystrophy have poor bone mineralization, and fractures are frequent. Fat embolism syndrome is one of the possible complications; it commonly presents subclinically and in the absence of high level of suspicion, the diagnosis is difficult. Clinical observation. We present two patients aged 12 and 15 years with Duchenne dystrophy who presented with acute onset of respiratory distress hours after a fall. In both cases the X-rays showed femur fractures and were diagnosed as having a fat embolism syndrome. Comments. Fat embolism is the obstruction of a vessel due to fat emboli, which occurs as result of a long bone fracture. Long bones are rich in trioleines, which in the setting of a fracture can easily reach the blood stream and cause micro infarctions and hemorrhages. Between 15% and 44% of children with Duchenne dystrophy suffer from bone fractures, which in some cases could lead to the development of fat embolism syndrome. Since it usually presents subclinically, fat embolism syndrome needs to be considered in patients with Duchenne dystrophy presenting with acute respiratory or neurological symptoms after a trauma with a fracture (AU)

Refining in silico simulation to study digestion parameters affecting the bioaccessibility of lipophilic nutrients and micronutrients.

Despite the considerable number of in vivo and in vitro studies on the digestive fate of lipophilic nutrients, micronutrients, and bioactives, the effects of the structure and composition of foods on the physicochemical mechanisms of luminal digestion are still poorly understood. Studying them is indeed complex because the number of parameters is high and many of them are interdependent. To solve this problem, an in silico simulation based on a multi-agent system was recently proposed to study the intestinal bioaccessibility of lipophilic nutrients and micronutrients from a single oil droplet. The roles of lipolysis and solubilization in bile salt were included. The effects of several food and digestion parameters were in line with those reported in the experimental literature. The goal of the research reported in this new article was to include more digestion parameters in the simulation in order to make it more realistic against complex cases. This was done in one specific digestion condition reflecting in vitro experiments, using droplets of tricaprylin or triolein containing vitamin A. The structure and principles of the original model were kept, with independent local modifications in order to study each factor separately. First, a gastric step was added where lipolysis took place, and only a marginal effect on the following intestinal step was found. Then, the chemical form of vitamin A, either non-hydrolyzed retinyl ester or retinyl ester instantly hydrolyzed into retinol, was investigated by considering different localizations in the droplet, resulting in a higher bioaccessibility for the retinol. The case of a mixture of tricaprylin and triolein indicated an influence of the oil phase viscosity. The consideration of mixed micelles compared to simple bile salt micelles was also investigated, and resulted in a higher vitamin A bioaccessibility, especially with triolein. Finally, a full model including the most influential parameters was tested to simulate the digestion of triglyceride-limonene mixtures, giving bioaccessibility trends in very good agreement with the literature.

Stearic acids at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG are more efficient at limiting fat deposition than palmitic and oleic acids in C57BL/6 mice.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-acyl chain SFA, namely palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG on obesity. Throughout the 15 weeks of the experimental period, C57BL/6 mice were fed diets fortified with cocoa butter, sal stearin (SAL), palm mid fraction (PMF) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOS). The sn-1, 3 positions were varied by 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1, whilst the sn-2 position was preserved with 18:1. The HOS-enriched diet was found to lead to the highest fat deposition. This was in accordance with our previous postulation. Upon normalisation of total fat deposited with food intake to obtain the fat:feed ratio, interestingly, mice fed the SAL-enriched diet exhibited significantly lower visceral fat/feed and total fat/feed compared with those fed the PMF-enriched diet, despite their similarity in SFA-unsaturated fatty acid-SFA profile. That long-chain SFA at sn-1, 3 positions concomitantly with an unsaturated FA at the sn-2 position exert an obesity-reducing effect was further validated. The present study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that SFA of different chain lengths at sn-1, 3 positions exert profound effects on fat accretion.

Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vegan diet excludes all foodstuffs of animal origin and leads to cholesterol lowering and possibly reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. The aim was to investigate whether vegan diet improves the metabolic pathway of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, consisting in lipoprotein lipolysis and removal from circulation of the resulting remnants and to verify whether the diet alters HDL metabolism by changing lipid transfers to this lipoprotein. METHODS AND RESULTS: 21 vegan and 29 omnivores eutrophic and normolipidemic subjects were intravenously injected triglyceride-rich emulsions labeled with (14)C-cholesterol oleate and (3)H-triolein: fractional clearance rates (FCR, in min(-1)) were calculated from samples collected during 60 min for radioactive counting. Lipid transfer to HDL was assayed by incubating plasma samples with a donor nanoemulsion labeled with radioactive lipids; % lipids transferred to HDL were quantified in supernatant after chemical precipitation of non-HDL fractions and nanoemulsion. Serum LDL cholesterol was lower in vegans than in omnivores (2.1 ± 0.8, 2.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0,05), but HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were equal. Cholesteryl ester FCR was greater in vegans than in omnivores (0.016 ± 0.012, 0.003 ± 0.003, p < 0.01), whereas triglyceride FCR was equal (0.024 ± 0.014, 0.030 ± 0.016, N.S.). Cholesteryl ester transfer to HDL was lower in vegans than in omnivores (2.7 ± 0.6, 3.5 ± 1.5%, p < 0,05). Free-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid transfer were equal, as well as HDL size. CONCLUSION: Remnant removal from circulation, estimated by cholesteryl oleate FCR was faster in vegans, but the lipolysis process, estimated by triglyceride FCR was equal. Increased removal of atherogenic remnants and diminution of cholesteryl ester transfer may favor atherosclerosis prevention by vegan diet.

Construction of a triglyceride amperometric biosensor based on chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite film.

A method is described for construction of a novel amperometric triglyceride (TG) biosensor based on covalent co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO) onto chitosan (CHIT) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) composite film deposited on the surface of Pt electrode. The enzymes-ZnONPs-CHIT composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor showed optimum response within 6s at pH 7.5 and temperature of 35°C. The sensor measures current due to electrons generated at 0.4V against Ag/AgCl from H(2)O(2), which is produced from triolein by co-immobilized enzymes. A linear relationship was obtained between a wide triolein concentration range (50-650 mg/dl) and current (mA) under optimum conditions. The biosensor showed high sensitivity, low detection limit (20 mg/dl) and good storage stability (half-life of 7 months at 4°C). The biosensor was unaffected modified by a number of serum substances at their physiological concentrations. The biosensor was evaluated and employed for determination of TG in sera in apparently healthy subjects and persons suffering from hypertriglyceridemia.

Lipid components of olive oil from Tunisian Cv. Sayali: characterization and authenticity.

The analysis of the total lipid fraction from the Sayali variety of olive oil was accomplished in the present investigation. Glyceridic, unsaponifiable and flavour fractions of the oil were isolated and identified using several analytical methods. Chromatographic techniques have proven to be suitable for these determinations, especially capillary gas chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was successfully used to identify sterols, triterpenes alcohols, 4-monomethylsterols, aliphatic alcohols and aroma compounds in our samples. Furthermore, solid phase microextraction was used to isolate volatiles from the total lipid fraction. Results from the quantitative characterization of Sayali olive oil showed that oleic acid (77.4%) and triolein (47.4%) were the dominant glyceridic components. However, the main compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction were beta-sitosterol (147.5mg/100g oil), 24-methylene cycloartenol (146.4mg/100g oil) and hexacosanol (49.3mg/100g oil). Moreover, results showed that the aldehydic compounds were the major flavours present in Sayali olive oil.

Quantification of fatty acids as methyl esters and phospholipids in cheese samples after separation of triacylglycerides and phospholipids.

Determination of the individual fatty acid composition of neutral- and phospholipids as well as the phospholipid content of dairy food and other foodstuffs are important tasks in life sciences. For these purposes, a method was developed for the separation of lipids (standards of triolein and diacylphosphatidylcholines as well as three cheese samples) by solid-phase extraction using a self-packed column filled with partly deactivated silica. Non-halogenated solvents were used for the elution of the lipid classes. Cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) served for the elution of neutral lipids, while polar lipids were eluted with three solvents (ethyl acetate/methanol, methanol, and methanol/water) into one fraction. The separated lipid fractions were transesterified and the individual fatty acids were quantified by using gas chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The recovery rate for standard phosphatidylcholines was approximately 90% and cross-contamination from neutral lipids was negligible. The method was applied to cheese samples. Quantitative amounts of individual fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction were <0.002-0.29% of total lipids from camembert, <0.002-0.12% of total lipids from mozzarella, and <0.002-0.18% of total lipids in a goat cream cheese. Differences in the fatty acid pattern of neutral and polar lipids were detected. The quantity of the fatty acids determined in the phospholipid fraction was divided by the factor 0.7 in order to convert the fatty acid content into the phospholipid content of the cheese samples. This factor is based on the contribution of 16:0 to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The resulting DPPC equivalents (DPPC(eq)) were found to be representative for the average contribution of fatty acids to all classes of phospholipids in dairy products. Using this approach, the phospholipid content of lipids from mozzarella, camembert, and goat cream cheese was 0.60%, 1.42% and 0.79%, respectively.

MALDI-TOF/MS fingerprinting of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in olive oils produced in the Israeli Negev desert.

Triacylglycerols (TAGs), composed of three esterified fatty acids with an attached glycerol backbone, are the main component of vegetable oil (approximately 95%) and an important source of energy and nutrition for humans, so their compositional analysis merits extensive interest. Intact TAG composition of oil in native form is highly important, rather than the fatty acid profile itself. This paper reports the analysis of the TAG profile of olive oils produced from the six common olive cultivars grown in the Negev desert of Israel (Barnea, Souri, Arbequina, Picual, Leccino, and Koroneiki) together with the content of some additional common oil quality parameters closely associated with TAG composition and integrity. Matrix-assisted laser ionization-desorption time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) fingerprintings were employed for TAG profiling. With 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), MALDI-TOF/MS was able to fingerprint the intact TAG profiles in olive oils in a fast and easy manner without any derivatization. Triolein (31.53%) was found to be the main intact TAG followed by dioleoyl-palmitoyl (23.06%) and dioleoyl-linoleoyl (14.31%). MALDI-TOF/MS also enabled calculation of the main fatty acids and their compositions in a simple manner from the TAG profiles; the results are found to be very similar to conventional methods determined by GC and HPLC. Average free fatty acids and peroxide value were found to be less than 0.8% and 10 mequiv of O(2)/kg of oil, respectively, in all of the tested oils. Relatively high levels of tocopherols (av = 325 microg/kg) and phytosterols (av = 2375 mg/kg) were found. This study demonstrates MALDI-TOF/MS technology as an easy and fast methodology for TAG and fatty acid profile analysis in olive oils. Additionally, this study also shows the high levels of tocopherols and phytosterols in the olive oils produced from the common cultivars grown in the Israeli Negev desert.

Myocardial uptake of circulating triglycerides in nondiabetic patients with heart disease.

Animal studies indicate that oversupply of fatty acids derived from the action of cardiac lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on plasma lipoproteins may contribute to myocardial dysfunction. However, the contribution of circulating triglycerides to myocardial fatty acid supply in humans is not known. Six postabsorptive nondiabetic subjects who were scheduled for diagnostic coronary angiography were studied. (14)C oleate and a lipid emulsion labeled with (3)H triolein were infused to assess myocardial uptake of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides, as well as myocardial spillover of LPL-generated fatty acids. Six paired blood samples were taken from the femoral artery and the coronary sinus. Coronary sinus concentrations of unlabeled triglycerides were slightly, but not significantly, lower than arterial (P = 0.12), whereas labeled triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in the coronary sinus than in the artery (P < 0.05; extraction fraction congruent with 11%). Triglycerides and FFAs accounted for approximately 17% and approximately 83%, respectively, of myocardial fatty acid uptake. Systemic and myocardial fractional spillover of LPL-generated fatty acids was 49.0 +/- 7% and 34.7 +/- 13%, respectively. The myocardium was a minor contributor to systemic triglyceride uptake ( approximately 3%) and a trivial contributor to systemic FFA production ( approximately 0.5%). These results indicate that circulating triglycerides may be a significant source of fatty acids for myocardial respiration.

Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry for analysis of fatty acid and acylglycerol lipids.

In this work, we optimize parameters and conditions for analysis of fatty acid ester and acylglycerol lipids by atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (APPI-MS). The investigated parameters include atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) nebulizer/vaporizer physical orientation and APPI lamp face position, solvent selections, mobile phase compositions and flow rates, cone voltages and probe temperatures. APPI sensitivity is found to be highly dependent on mobile phase compositions. Normal phase solvents offer much higher sensitivity and better peak shape than reversed phase for nonpolar lipids. Hexane and isooctane are found to be two solvents generating highest S/N for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) methyl ester. The effects of mobile phase flow rates on sensitivity are found to be target analytes and target ions specific. However, the flow rate changes do not significantly affect the sensitivity of three out of four tested analytes under normal phase conditions over tested flow rates of 50-500muL/min. Cone voltage is found to be one of key parameters affecting sensitivity. Optimum probe temperature is found to be more dependent on mobile phase compositions than on the specific target analytes. Aqueous reversed-phase mobile phase requires higher probe temperature than normal phase for better sensitivity. More volatile mobile phase solvents require lower probe temperature for analyte desolvation. APPI offers four to five decades of linear ranges under normal phase condition. Full scan mass spectra of individual lipid standards, custom lipid mixtures and natural fish oil show that APPI spectra are clean and very easy to interpret. APPI also gives stable, reproducible peak responses with good peak shape. Limits of detection (LODs) by FIA (S/N=3) are estimated to be 12pg for EPA methyl ester and monoarachidin, 19pg for diarachidin and 7pg for trielaidin. LODs on-column are estimated to be 94pg for EPA methyl ester, 90pg for monoarachidin and diarachidin and 24pg for trielaidin.

Update on the evaluation of pancreatic exocrine status in cystic fibrosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pancreatic functional status has a very strong effect on outcome in cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency requires lifelong treatment with pancreatic enzymes. Traditionally, clinical signs and symptoms have been used to decide who should be treated with pancreatic enzyme supplements; however, recent studies show that patients with cystic fibrosis are both undertreated and over-treated using this approach. This paper reviews recent progress in the development of noninvasive, indirect tests of pancreatic function for use as diagnostic tools for patients with cystic fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Breath testing using C-labeled fat and measurement of several pancreatic enzymes in stool, such as chymotrypsin, lipase, and elastase have been explored as ways to define pancreatic functional status. Fecal elastase has good sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value for defining severe pancreatic insufficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis and appears to be more useful than measurement of other fecal enzymes. Its role in milder pancreatic insufficiency and in disease states other than cystic fibrosis, such as chronic pancreatitis, is less clear. SUMMARY: Several new noninvasive, indirect tests of pancreatic function have been developed to aid in the definition of pancreatic functional status in patients with cystic fibrosis. An objective measure of pancreatic functional status should be obtained in all patients with cystic fibrosis, and the recent development of new screening tools such as fecal elastase makes this feasible.

[Preparation of triolein-embedded CA membrane and its characteristics].

Triolein is successfully embedded into cellulose acetate (CA) by phase inversion. This prepared flat membrane can effectively remove trace lipophilic organic pollutants from water. Structure of hybrid membrane is mainly observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Triolein dispersion by mechanical rabbling and ultrasound are investigated. Ultrasound can more effectively strengthen triolein dispersion than mechanical rabbling. Effect of casting membrane temperature (room temperature, 0 degrees C) shows low temperature can help to forming smaller triolein droplets. In addition, interaction between triolein and CA belongs to physical mixing by the observation of FT-IR, accordingly triolein structure is not changed and adsorptive capacity for persistent organic pollutants is not affected. Triolein in hexane is analyzed by fluorometric measure. The results show that triolein is completely embedded into membrane, so it is impossible that triolein leaks into water in the process of the adsorption.

Digestion and assimilation features of dietary DAG in the rat small intestine.

Several recent studies have demonstrated that dietary DAG oil rich in 1,3-species suppresses the postprandial increase of serum TAG level and decreases body fat accumulation, compared with TAG oil. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DAG, we investigated the metabolic features of DAG in the small intestine with regard to the digestion pathway in the lumen and the TAG-synthesis pathway in the mucosa. When intraduodenally infused as an emulsion, TAG was digested to 1,2-DAG, 2-MAG, and FFA, whereas 1,3-DAG was digested to 1(3)-MAG and FFA. When assessed by the incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid in lipids, the mucosal TAG-synthesis was significantly reduced by DAG infusion compared with TAG infusion. However, the mucosal 1,3-DAG synthesis was remarkably increased in the DAG-infused rats. The total amount of mucosal 1,3-DAG was also increased (4.5-fold) after DAG infusion compared with that after TAG infusion. Next, we examined the synthesis pathway of 1,3-DAG. In cultures of the everted intestinal sacs, 1,3-DAG production required the presence of 1-MAG, suggesting that the 1,3-DAG synthesis was due to acylation of 1(3)-MAG in the DAG-infused rats. Furthermore, measurements of DAG acyltransferase activity indicated that 1,3-DAG was little utilized in TAG synthesis. These findings suggest that features of 1,3-DAG digestion and assimilation in the intestine may be responsible for the reduction of the postprandial serum TAG level by dietary DAG.

Fat and carbohydrate use in posthatch chicks.

Metabolism of carbohydrate and fat was examined in the hatching chick by introduction of 14C labeled oleic acid, triolein, or glucose to the gastrointestinal tract or to the yolk sac. Label in plasma and exhaled air samples were determined over a 12-h period. The activity-time curves could be fitted to double exponential equations, and rate constants for appearance and disappearance of label were calculated. Following injection to the yolk, oleic acid and triolein label showed rapid appearance in the circulation and rapid utilization. The rate of appearance of oleic acid and triolein in the circulation from the gastrointestinal tract was high at hatch and did not change with age. However, the rate constant for disappearance from the plasma increased with age and after 6 d posthatch disappearance curves fluctuated with little decline over 12 h. Following the introduction of labeled lipids more label was found in acylglycerides with time after injection but age had no effect. Lipids introduced via the yolk sac were present in higher proportions in fractions corresponding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) than lipids introduced via the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose appearance in the circulation from the gastrointestinal tract was low at hatch and increased more than two-fold by 3 d posthatch. The rate constant for disappearance of glucose from the circulation did not change with age. It appears that lipoproteins synthesized maternally or in yolk transport lipids at hatch, but their concentration decreases posthatch, and this could reduce utilization of circulating lipids. Uptake of glucose increases after hatch, thus, allowing glucose to become a major source of energy as the yolk lipids are depleted.

Fat malabsorption in essential fatty acid-deficient mice is not due to impaired bile formation.

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency induces fat malabsorption, but the pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. Bile salts (BS) and EFA-rich biliary phospholipids affect dietary fat solubilization and chylomicron formation, respectively. We investigated whether altered biliary BS and/or phospholipid secretion mediate EFA deficiency-induced fat malabsorption in mice. Free virus breed (FVB) mice received EFA-containing (EFA(+)) or EFA-deficient (EFA(-)) chow for 8 wk. Subsequently, fat absorption, bile flow, and bile composition were determined. Identical dietary experiments were performed in multidrug resistance gene-2-deficient [Mdr2((-/-))] mice, secreting phospholipid-free bile. After 8 wk, EFA(-)-fed wild-type [Mdr2((+/+))] and Mdr2((-/-)) mice were markedly EFA deficient [plasma triene (20:3n-9)-to-tetraene (20:4n-6) ratio >0.2]. Fat absorption decreased (70.1 +/- 4.2 vs. 99.1 +/- 0.3%, P < 0.001), but bile flow and biliary BS secretion increased in EFA(-) mice compared with EFA(+) controls (4.87 +/- 0.36 vs. 2.87 +/- 0.29 microl x min(-1) x 100 g body wt(-1), P < 0.001, and 252 +/- 30 vs. 145 +/- 20 nmol x min(-1) x 100 g body wt(-1), P < 0.001, respectively). BS composition was similar in EFA(+)- and EFA(-)-fed mice. Similar to EFA(-) Mdr2((+/+)) mice, EFA(-) Mdr2((-/-)) mice developed fat malabsorption associated with twofold increase in bile flow and BS secretion. Fat malabsorption in EFA(-) mice is not due to impaired biliary BS or phospholipid secretion. We hypothesize that EFA deficiency affects intracellular processing of dietary fat by enterocytes.

Short and long term outcome of severe acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: Between 1985 and 1994, 883 cases of acute pancreatitis were treated in Malmö, Sweden (population 233,000). The purpose of this study was to report the short- and long-term outcome of the 79 cases that were severe, according to the Atlanta classification. DESIGN: Retrospective and follow-up study a median time of 7 years since the attack. SETTING: University hospital, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 79 patients with severe acute pancreatitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality, cause of death, organ failure, local complications, surgical procedures, mortality since the attack, and endocrine and exocrine dysfunction. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients died from their attack. Organ failure was the predominant cause of death in the 13 patients who died during the first 10 days after admission, whereas infection was the most common cause of death in patients who died later. Mortality was low under the age of 60 and increased with age. Organ failure developed in 72 patients. Twenty-four patients developed pancreatic necrosis or abscesses and 18 patients were treated by necrosectomy and open or closed drainage. At follow-up, 13 patients had died, 2 from pancreatic carcinoma. 35 patients were included in the follow-up survey. 15 of these had diabetes and an additional 4 had impaired glucose tolerance. 9 patients had signs of severe exocrine dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high incidence of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction together with, in many patients, ongoing social problems related to chronic alcoholism several years after an attack of severe acute pancreatitis.

Modeling of olive oil degradation and oleic acid inhibition during chemostat and batch cultivation of Bacillus thermoleovorans IHI-91.

Olive oil degradation by the thermophilic lipolytic strain Bacillus thermoleovorans IHI-91 in chemostat and batch culture was modeled to obtain a general understanding of the underlying principles and limitations of the process and to quantify its stoichiometry. Chemostat experiments with olive oil as the sole carbon source were successfully described using the Monod chemostat model extended by terms for maintenance requirements and wall growth. Maintenance requirements and biomass yield coefficients were in the range reported for mesophiles. For a chemostat experiment at D = 0.3 h(-1) the model was validated up to an olive oil feed concentration of about 3.0 g L(-1) above which an inhibitory effect occurred. Further analysis showed that the liberated oleic acid is the main cause for this inhibition. Using steady-state oleic acid concentrations measured in chemostat experiments with olive oil as substrate it was possible to derive a kinetic expression for oleic acid utilization, showing that a concentration of 430 mg L(-1) leads to a complete growth inhibition. Oleic acid accumulation observed during batch fermentations can be predicted using a model involving growth-associated lipase production and olive oil hydrolysis. Simulations confirmed that this accumulation is the cause for the sudden growth cessation occurring in batch fermentations with higher olive oil start concentrations. Further, an oscillatory behavior, as observed in some chemostat experiments, can also be predicted using the latter model. This work clearly demonstrates that thermophilic lipid degradation by Bacillus thermoleovorans IHI-91 is limited by long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation rather than oil hydrolysis.