Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction in Truncus Arteriosus: A 30-Year Two-Center Comparison between Homografts and Bovine Jugular Vein.

INTRODUCTION: Homografts and bovine jugular vein are the most commonly used conduits for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction at the time of primary repair of truncus arteriosus. METHODS: We reviewed all truncus patients from 1990 to 2020 in two mid-volume centers. Inclusion criteria were primary repair, age under one year, and implantation of either homograft or bovine jugular vein. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate survival, freedom from reoperation on right ventricular outflow tract, and freedom from right ventricular outflow tract reoperation or catheter intervention. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients met the inclusion criteria, homografts were implanted in 31, and bovine jugular vein in 42. There was no difference in preoperative characteristics between the two groups. There were 25/73 (34%) early postoperative deaths and no late deaths. Follow-up for survivals was 17.5 (interquartile range 13.5) years for homograft group, and 11.5 (interquartile range 8.5) years for bovine jugular vein group (P=0.002). Freedom from reoperation on right ventricular outflow tract at one, five, and 10 years in the homograft group were 100%, 83%, and 53%; and in bovine jugular vein group, it was 100%, 85%, and 50% (P=0.79). There was no difference in freedom from reoperation or catheter intervention (P=0.32). CONCLUSION: Bovine jugular vein was equivalent to homografts up to 10 years in terms of survival and freedom from right ventricular outflow tract reoperation or catheter intervention. The choice of either valved conduit did not influence the durability of the right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit in truncus arteriosus.

Non-Conduit Repair of Truncus Arteriosus.

INTRODUCTION: The procedure of choice for treatment of truncus arteriosus is one-stage repair within the first few months of life. Establishing right ventricle-pulmonary artery direct continuity without conduit can be a good alternative in the absence of valved conduits in developing centers. METHODS: Between January 2021 and June 2021, a total of five patients (three males, two females) underwent definitive repair of truncus arteriosus without an extracardiac conduit. We used the Barbero-Marcial technique to allow age-related growth, eliminate the risk of conduit-related complications, and to avoid forcing a conduit to place in a very small mediastinal space. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 31.2 days (11-54 days). Their mean bodyweight was 3.2 kg (2.7-3.8kg). Mean postoperative intensive care unit stay was 39.6 days (7-99 days). There were two mortalities in the intensive care unit on postoperative days 12 and 61 due to lung-related problems. The remaining three cases' mean ventilation time was 15.6 days (8-22 days). CONCLUSION: Having access to a valved conduit is still challenging for some centers, and the non-conduit repair technique defined by Barbero-Marcial can be a successful, life-saving alternative easy for young surgeons to perform in newly based centers.

Tratamento endovascular de fístula tronco arterial braquiocefálico-traqueal: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Endovascular management of tracheo-innominate artery fistula: a case report and literature review

A fístula do tronco arterial braquiocefálico-traqueal é uma complicação pouco frequente da traqueostomia, com incidência entre 0,1 e 1%, porém com alta mortalidade nos casos não tratados. Sinais precoces incluem desde sangramento autolimitado a hemorragia maciça com choque hipovolêmico. A espessura da cânula de traqueostomia, seu posicionamento junto à parede traqueal e a pressão do balonete traqueal podem lesionar a mucosa e precipitar seu desenvolvimento. Descrevemos o caso de paciente do sexo feminino, 14 anos, traqueostomizada aos oito anos após traumatismo craniencefálico. Evoluiu após esse período com estenose subglótica e necessidade de sessões de dilatação por seis anos. No quinto ano das sessões, apresentou hemoptise de repetição, inicialmente tratada por cirurgia com prótese de politetraflouroetileno expandido. Um ano depois, apresentou novo sangramento com repercussão hemodinâmica, controlada pela técnica endovascular, e nova cirurgia foi programada em caráter eletivo. Após a segunda cirurgia, houve seis meses de acompanhamento clínico ambulatorial, sem novas complicações

Tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIF) is a rare complication of tracheostomy, with incidence ranging from 0.1 to 1%, but mortality is high in untreated cases. Early signs range from self-limited bleeding to massive hemorrhage with hypovolemic shock. The caliber of the tracheostomy cannula, its position in contact with the tracheal wall, and tracheal cuff pressure can traumatize the mucosa and trigger development of a TIF. We describe the case of a 14-year-old female patient who had been tracheostomized at the age of eight because of head trauma. She later developed subglottic stenosis requiring dilation sessions for six years. During the fifth year of these sessions, she presented repetitive hemoptysis, initially treated by surgery to implant an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. One year later, she had an intense hemorrhage, which was controlled using endovascular techniques followed by definitive surgery, performed electively. The patient was followed up for six months, without complications

Origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria derecha desde el tronco de la arteria pulmonar (ARCAPA) / Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary trunk; ARCAPA / Origem anômala da artéria coronária direita do tronco da artéria pulmonar; ARCAPA

Las anomalías de las arterias coronarias son una condición clínica de muy baja incidencia y de estas el origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria derecha desde el tronco de la arteria pulmonar (ARCAPA) representa cerca de 0,002% en la población general. Se puede asociar a la presencia de otras anomalías cardíacas congénitas. Presentamos el caso de una recién nacida, pretérmino de 33 semanas, gemelar, a la cual se le realiza el diagnóstico de un probable origen anómalo de coronaria derecha en un estudio ecocardiográfico de rutina realizado en la unidad de terapia intensiva. Se confirma el diagnóstico mediante cateterismo cardíaco y se realiza la corrección quirúrgica definitiva a los 6 meses de edad, estando la niña actualmente asintomática y con una calidad de vida normal. Destacamos la baja frecuencia de la ocurrencia de dicha patología, realizamos una revisión sobre los tópicos principales en el desarrollo del árbol vascular coronario y las principales anomalías del mismo. Jerarquizamos la importancia de realizar un estudio ecocardiográfico adecuado como valoración de pacientes internados en unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal.

Coronary artery anomalies are a clinical condition of very low incidence. Out of these, the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the trunk of the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is estimated to represent 0.002% of the general population. It may be associated with the presence of other congenital cardiac anomalies. The study presents the case of a 33 week preterm newborn twin who is diagnosed with an anomalous origin of the right coronary in a routine echocardiographic study performed in the Intensive Care Unit. The diagnosis is confirmed by cardiac catheterization and definitive surgical correction is performed at 6 months of age, the child being currently asymptomatic and enjoying a normal quality of life. We stand out the low frequency of the occurrence of this pathology. We performed a review of the main topics in the development of the coronary vascular tree and their main anomalies. We emphasize on the importance of performing an adequate Echocardiographic study as an assessment of patients admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

As anomalias das artérias coronárias representam uma condição clínica de incidência muito baixa; e a origem anômala da artéria coronária direita do tronco da artéria pulmonar (ARCAPA) representa somente uma estimativa de 0,002% na população geral. Pode estar associada à presença de outras anomalias cardíacas congênitas. Apresentamos o caso de um recém-nascido, prematuro de 33 semanas, gêmeo, diagnosticado com provável origem anômala de coronária direita em estudo ecocardiográfico de rotina realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Confirmou-se o diagnóstico através de cateterismo cardíaco e realizou-se a correção cirúrgica definitiva aos 6 meses de idade; a doença atualmente é assintomática e a menina tem uma qualidade de vida normal. Ressaltamos a baixa frequência da ocorrência da referida patologia; realizamos uma revisão dos principais tópicos no desenvolvimento da árvore vascular coronariana e suas principais anomalias. Destacamos a importância de realizar um estudo ecocardiográfico adequado como estratégia de avaliação de pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal.

Common Arterial Trunk Repair by Means of a Handmade Bovine Pericardial-Valved Woven Dacron Conduit.

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of common arterial trunk (CAT) by means of a homograft conduit has become a standard practice. We report our experience in the correction of this heart disease with a handmade bovine pericardial-valved woven Dacron conduit as an alternative procedure to homografts, with a focus on early, mid-term, and long-term results. METHODS: We designed a retrospective study that included 15 patients with a mean age of 1.5 years (range: three months to eight years), who underwent primary repair of simple CAT. Right ventricular outflow tract was reconstructed in all the cases with this handmade graft that was explanted at the time of its biological stenotic degeneration. A peeling procedure was performed at this time, in order to reconstruct the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery continuity. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 13.3% (one death at the early postoperative primary repair and the other at the mid-term postoperative peeling reoperation). Actuarial survival rate was 93.3%, 86.7%, and 86.7% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. All of the 14 survivors developed stenosis of the handmade conduit at the mid-term period (8 ± 3 years), but after the peeling procedure, 13 survivors remain asymptomatic to date. CONCLUSIONS: Primary repair of common arterial trunk using a handmade conduit can be performed with very low perioperative mortality and satisfactory mid-term and long-term results, which can be favorably compared with those reported with the use of homografts. When graft obstruction develops, peeling procedure is a good option because it does not affect the overall survival, although long-term outcomes warrant further follow-up.

Intramural Ventricular Septal Defect Is a Distinct Clinical Entity Associated With Postoperative Morbidity in Children After Repair of Conotruncal Anomalies.

BACKGROUND: Intramural ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are interventricular communications through right ventricular free wall trabeculations that can occur after repair of conotruncal anomalies. We assessed the prevalence of residual intramural VSDs and their effect on postoperative course. METHODS AND RESULTS: Children who underwent biventricular repair of a conotruncal anomaly from January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2013, and had a postoperative transthoracic echocardiogram were included. Images were reviewed for residual intramural or nonintramural VSDs. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use, and need for subsequent catheter or surgical VSD closure. The secondary outcome was postoperative hospital length of stay. A residual VSD was present in 256 of the 442 subjects (58%), of which 231 (90%) were <2 mm in size. Forty-nine patients (11%) had intramural VSDs, and 207 (47%) had nonintramural VSDs. Patients with intramural VSDs were more likely to reach the primary composite outcome compared with those with nonintramural VSDs or no residual VSD (14 of 49 [29%] versus 15 of 207 [7%] versus 6 of 186 [3%]; P<0.0001). In addition, those with intramural VSDs had longer postoperative hospital length of stay compared with those with nonintramural VSDs or no residual VSD (20 days [interquartile range, 11-42 days] versus 7 days [interquartile range, 5-14 days] versus 6 days [interquartile range, 4-11 days]; P=0.0001). These associations remained significant after adjustment for known risk factors for poor outcomes, including residual VSD size and operative complexity. CONCLUSIONS: Among residual VSDs after repair of conotruncal anomalies, intramural VSDs are uniquely associated with postoperative morbidity, mortality, and longer postoperative hospital length of stay. It is important to recognize intramural VSDs in the postoperative period.

Aneurisma de tronco arterial braquiocefálico asociado a erosión esternal. Reporte de un caso / Aneurisma de tronco arterial braquiocefálico associado a erosåo esternal. relato de um caso / Brachiocephalic arterial trunk aneurysm associated with sternal erosion. Report of a case

La aortitis sifilítica es frecuentemente asociada a aneurismas y/o enfermedad coronaria estenótica ostial, sin embargo este tipo de lesiones son raramente reportadas. Se reporta un caso deaneurisma de tronco arterial braquiocefálico con compresión y desplazamiento de estructuras vecinas,erosión esternal y su tratamiento...

A aortitis sifilítica é frequentemente associada a aneurisma e/ou enfermedade estenotica ostial, sem no entanto este tipo de lesão são raramente reportadas. Apresentamos um caso de aneurisma do tronco arterial braquiocefálico com compressão e deslocamento de estrcturas vizinhas, erosão esternal e seu tratamento...

Syphilitic aortitis is often associated with aneurysms and ostial stenotic coronary however such injuries are rarely reported. We report a case of brachiocephalic arterial trunk aneurysm with compression and displacement of neighboring structures, sternal erosion and its treatment...

Atypical truncus arteriosus operated at 28 years of age: importance of differential diagnosis.

This is the case of 28 year-old adult with suspected congenital heart disease since birth, not treated in childhood at the his family's choice. At 27 years old, he was diagnosed with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and systemic-pulmonary collaterals, where surgery was contraindicated. A new review in our department showed that it was an atypical form of truncus arteriosus. The fact that a common arterial trunk with left-right shunt was viewed by echocardiography was a crucial fact for the indication of new catheterization, opening the prospect of surgical correction. Currently, the patient is well, with 7 years of postoperative outcome.

Truncus arteriosus operado aos 28 anos: importância do diagnóstico diferencial / Atypical truncus arteriosus operated at 28 years of age: importance of differential diagnosis / Truncus arteriosus operado a los 28 años: importancia del diagnóstico diferencial

Descrevemos um caso de adulto de 28 anos com suspeita de cardiopatia congênita desde o nascimento, não tratada na infância por opção da família. Aos 27 anos, foi feito diagnóstico de atresia pulmonar com comunicação interventricular e colaterais sistêmico-pulmonares, sendo contraindicada a cirurgia. Uma nova reavaliação em nosso serviço demonstrou tratar-se de um truncus arteriosus atípico. O fato de um tronco arterial comum com shunt esquerda-direita ter sido visualizado ao ecocardiograma foi um dado crucial para a indicação de novo cateterismo, abrindo perspectiva de correção cirúrgica. No momento, o paciente encontra-se bem, com 7 anos de evolução pós-operatória.

This is the case of 28 year-old adult with suspected congenital heart disease since birth, not treated in childhood at the his family's choice. At 27 years old, he was diagnosed with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and systemic-pulmonary collaterals, where surgery was contraindicated. A new review in our department showed that it was an atypical form of truncus arteriosus. The fact that a common arterial trunk with left-right shunt was viewed by echocardiography was a crucial fact for the indication of new catheterization, opening the prospect of surgical correction. Currently, the patient is well, with 7 years of postoperative outcome.

Describimos un caso de adulto de 28 años con sospecha de cardiopatía congénita desde el nacimiento, no tratada en la niñez por opción de la familia. A los 27 años, se hizo diagnóstico de atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular y colaterales sistémico-pulmonares, y se contraindicó la cirugía. Una nueva reevaluación en nuestro servicio reveló tratarse de un truncus arteriosus atípico. El hecho de un tronco arterial común con shunt izquierdaderecha haber sido visualizado al ecocardiograma fue un dato crucial para la indicación de nuevo cateterismo, abriendo perspectiva de corrección quirúrgica. Al momento, el paciente se encuentra bien, con 7 años de evolución posoperatoria.

Artérias mesentéricas cranial e caudal em mocós Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820) / Cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in rock cavy Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820)

No estudo sobre a origem e ramificações das artérias mesentéricas cranial (AMCr) e caudal (AMCa) do mocó, foram utilizados 20 animais (18 machos e 2 fêmeas) de diferentes idades, que, após morte natural, foram dissecados rebatendo-se as paredes torácica e abdominal, pelo antímero esquerdo, expondo-se a aorta que foi então canulada em seu trajeto pré-diafragmático, procedendo-se a injeção de neoprene látex corado, no sentido caudal. A seguir, foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10 por cento, durante 48 horas, e posteriormente dissecados. Os resultados mostraram que em 18 animais (90 por cento), a AMCr originou-se da aorta abdominal isoladamente, logo após a artéria celíaca, emitindo as artérias cólica média (CoM), pancreaticoduodenal caudal (PDC), duodenojejunal (DJ), jejunal (J) e ileocecocólica (ICeCo). Em um mocó (5 por cento), as AMCr e AC se originaram da aorta abdominal em um tronco comum. Neste caso, a AMCr originou às artérias CoM, PDC, ICeCo e J. Em uma observação (5 por cento), as artérias AMCr e AMCa surgiram em tronco comum. Neste animal, as artérias PDC, DJ, ICeCo, CoM e J foram originadas da AMCr, enquanto as aterias cólica esquerda (CoE) e retal cranial (ARCr) derivaram da AMCa. Dois animais (10 por cento) apresentaram como colaterais da AMCr as artérias CoM, PDC, DJ, J e o tronco ICeCo, que originou às artérias CoD e ileocecal (ICe). No que diz respeito a AMCa, nos 20 casos (100 por cento) originou as artérias CoE e RCr.(AU)

In this study about the origin and ramification of the cranial (CrMA) and caudal (CaMA) mesenteric collateral arteries of the rock cavy, 20 animals (18 males and 2 females) of different ages, originated from the Wild Animals Multiplication Center of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (Cemas/Ufersa), were used. After the natural death, the walls of the abdominal cavity of the animals, in the left antimere, were dissected to cannulate to the aorta in pre-diaphragmatic path. Then they were fixed in 10 percent formaline and conditioned in order to study their anatomy. The results showed that in 18 animals (90 percent) the CrMA arose, separately, of the abdominal aorta, soon after the celiac artery (CA), originating, by this time, the middle colic (MCo), caudal pancreaticduodenal (CPD), duodenojejune (DJ), jejune (J) and ileocecocolic (ICeCo) trunk from which derives the ileocecal (ICe) and the right colic (RCo) arteries. In one rock cavy (5 percent), the CrMA and CA originate from abdominal aorta in a common trunk. In this case the CrMA originated the CPD, MCo, ICeCo, and J. In one observation (5 percent) CrMA and CaMA appear in common trunk. In this animal, CPD, DJ, ICeCo, MCo and J arteries were originated of the CrMA, while the left colic (LCo) and rectal cranial (RCr) arteries were originated of the CaMA. Regarding the CaMA, in 20 cases (100,00 percent) it originates the LCo and the rectal cranial arteries.(AU)

Lesão não aterosclerótica do óstio do tronco da coronária esquerda / Non atherosclerotic left main coronary artery ostial lesion

Relata-se um caso de cardiopatia isquêmica como manifestação inicial da arterite de Takayasu (AT). Paciente internada para cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica(CRVM), devido à angina estável e lesão isolada do tronco de coronária esquerda, apresentava alterações vasculares ao exame físico que sugeriram o diagnóstico de AT. O presente caso leva à reflexão sobre a pesquisa de etiologias alternativas à doença aterosclerótica coronariana, especialmente em indivíduos jovens ou com poucos fatores de risco. O acometimento da artéria coronária na AT, embora infrequente se comparado a outras lesões vasculares encontradas nesta doença, determina elevada morbimortalidade.

Dissecção isolada do tronco celíaco: relato de caso / Isolated dissection of the celiac artery: a case report

A dissecção espontânea isolada do tronco celíaco sem a dissecção concomitante da aorta é uma condição rara, pouco descrita na literatura. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever um caso dessa entidade clínica em um paciente masculino, 74 anos, assintomático, cujo diagnóstico foi feito por ultrassonografia e confirmado com angiotomografia computadorizada. O paciente tem sido acompanhado com sucesso mediante observação clínica por um período de 25 meses.

The isolated spontaneous dissection of the celiac artery without the concomitant dissection of the aorta is a rare condition seldomly described in the literature. The objective of the present study is to describe a case of this clinical entity in a 74-year-old, male patient, who was asymptomatic, and whose diagnosis was established by means of ultrasound and confirmed using computed angiotomography. The patient has been successfully followed up by means of clinical management for a period of 25 months.

Early and midterm results of an alternative procedure to homografts in primary repair of truncus arteriosus communis.

BACKGROUND: Repair of truncus arteriosus communis (TAC) in the neonatal and early infant period has become a standard practice. We report our experience on primary repair of TAC with a bovine pericardial-valved woven Dacron conduit as an alternative procedure to homografts, with a focus on early and midterm results. METHODS: From January 2001 to December 2007, 15 patients with mean age 1.5 years (range 3 months to 8 years), underwent primary repair of simple TAC. Cases with cardiogenic shock, complex-associated cardiac lesions, or adverse anatomy of the truncal valve were excluded. The Collett and Edwards anatomical type classification of TAC was as follows: type I, 13 (87%); and type II, 2 (13%). Right ventricular outflow tract was reconstructed in all the cases with a bovine pericardial-valved woven Dacron conduit. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 6.6% (1 death due to severe pulmonary hypertension). At a mean follow-up of 31 months (range 6-51), there were no deaths (5-year actuarial survival 93.4%). Out of the 14 midterm survivors, three developed stenosis of the pericardial-valved woven Dacron conduit, but only one underwent interventional procedure including percutaneous balloon dilation with stenting for associated left pulmonary artery hypoplasia. The rate of patients with no surgical or percutaneous reinterventions performed because of obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in the midterm (5 years) was 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Truncus arteriosus communis repair with a bovine pericardial-valved woven Dacron conduit can be performed with a very low perioperative mortality and satisfactory midterm morbidity, favorably compared with that reported for the use of homografts. Interventional cardiac catheterization may delay the time of reoperation for inevitable conduit replacement due to stenosis.