Construction and validation of a predictive model of mortality of tuberculosis-destroyed lung patients requiring mechanical ventilation: A single-center retrospective cohort study.

The mortality rate for intensive care unit tuberculosis-destroyed lung (TDL) patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) remains high. We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult TDL patients requiring MV who were admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China from January 2019 to March 2023. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were conducted to determine independent patient prognostic risk factors that were used to construct a predictive model of patient mortality. A total of 331 patients were included, the median age was 63.0 (50.0-71.0) years, 262 (79.2%) were males and the mortality rate was 48.64% (161/331). Training and validation data sets were obtained from 245 and 86 patients, respectively. Analysis of the training data set revealed that body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, blood urea nitrogen ≥7.14 mmol/L and septic shock were independent risk factors for increased mortality of TDL patients requiring MV. These variables were then used to construct a risk-based model for predicting patient mortality. Area under curve, sensitivity, and specificity values obtained using the model for the training data set were 0.808, 79.17%, and 68.80%, respectively, and corresponding values obtained using the validation data set were 0.876, 95.12%, and 62.22%, respectively. Concurrent correction curve and decision curve analyses confirmed the high predictive ability of the model, indicating its potential to facilitate early identification and classification-based clinical management of high-risk TDL patients requiring MV.

Effect of Cost-Exemption Policy on Treatment Interruption in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, South Korea had the highest incidence rate (49 per 100 000 population) and the third highest mortality rate (3.8 per 100 000 population) due to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Notably, premature interruption of TB treatment interferes with TB control efforts. Therefore, we examined the effect of the co-payment waiver on treatment interruption and mortality among patients with pulmonary TB in South Korea. METHODS: Patients who had newly treated TB in South Korea from 2013 to 2019 were selected from the nationwide data of the entire Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) population. The effects of policy implementation on treatment adherence and mortality rates depending on treatment interruption history were evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 73 116 and 1673 patients with drug-susceptible (DS) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pulmonary TB, respectively, were included in the final study population. After implementing the cost-exemption policy, the treatment interruption rate tended to decrease in the continuation phase in the DS-TB group (slope change: -0.097, P=.011). However, it increased in the intensive phase in the MDR-TB group (slope change: 0.733, P=.001). MDR-TB patients were likely to experience an interruption of TB treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.04; 95% CI, 5.43-6.71), and treatment interruption history was a significant risk factor for 1-year and overall mortality rates (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs]: 2.01, 95% CI, 1.86-2.18 and 1.77, 95% CI, 1.70-1.84, respectively) in the DS-TB group. CONCLUSION: Implementing the cost-exemption policy effectively reduced the treatment interruption rate among patients with DS pulmonary TB.

The levels of soluble CD137 are increased in tuberculosis patients and associated with disease severity and prognosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent before the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, it is important to search for severity biomarkers and devise appropriate therapies. A total of 139 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and 80 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for plasma soluble CD137 (sCD137) detection through ELISA. Moreover, pleural effusion sCD137 levels were measured in 85 TB patients and 36 untreated lung cancer patients. The plasma cytokine levels in 64 patients with PTB and blood immune cell subpopulations in 68 patients with PTB were analysed via flow cytometry. Blood sCD137 levels were higher in PTB patients (p = 0.012) and correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0056). The level of sCD137 in tuberculous pleurisy effusion (TPE) was markedly higher than that in malignant pleurisy effusion (p = 0.018). Several blood cytokines, such as IL-6 (p = 0.0147), IL-8 (p = 0.0477), IP-10 (p ≤ 0.0001) and MCP-1 (p = 0.0057), and some laboratory indices were significantly elevated in severe PTB (SE) patients, but the percentages of total lymphocytes (p = 0.002) and cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.036) were significantly lower in SE patients than in non-SE patients. In addition, the sCD137 level was negatively correlated with the percentage of total lymphocytes (p = 0.0008) and cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.0021), and PTB patients with higher plasma sCD137 levels had significantly shorter survival times (p = 0.0041). An increase in sCD137 is a potential biomarker for severe TB and indicates a poor prognosis.

Subclinical tuberculosis: a meta-analysis of prevalence and scoping review of definitions, prevalence and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: This scoping review aimed to characterise definitions used to describe subclinical tuberculosis (TB), estimate the prevalence in different populations and describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in the scientific literature. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed. We included studies published in English between January 1990 and August 2022 that defined "subclinical" or "asymptomatic" pulmonary TB disease, regardless of age, HIV status and comorbidities. We estimated the weighted pooled proportions of subclinical TB using a random-effects model by World Health Organization reported TB incidence, populations and settings. We also pooled the proportion of subclinical TB according to definitions described in published prevalence surveys. RESULTS: We identified 29 prevalence surveys and 71 other studies. Prevalence survey data (2002-2022) using "absence of cough of any duration" criteria reported higher subclinical TB prevalence than those using the stricter "completely asymptomatic" threshold. Prevalence estimates overlap in studies using other symptoms and cough duration. Subclinical TB in studies was commonly defined as asymptomatic TB disease. Higher prevalence was reported in high TB burden areas, community settings and immunocompetent populations. People with subclinical TB showed less extensive radiographic abnormalities, higher treatment success rates and lower mortality, although studies were few. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of TB is subclinical. However, prevalence estimates were highly heterogeneous between settings. Most published studies incompletely characterised the phenotype of people with subclinical TB. Standardised definitions and diagnostic criteria are needed to characterise this phenotype. Further research is required to enhance case finding, screening, diagnostics and treatment options for subclinical TB.

High all-cause mortality and increasing proportion of older adults with tuberculosis in Texas, 2008-2020.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) elimination efforts must consider the global growth of the ageing population. Here we used TB surveillance data from Texas, United States (2008-2020; total n = 10656) to identify unique characteristics and outcomes in older adults (OA, ≥65 years) with PTB, compared to young adults (YA, 18-39 years) or middle-aged adults (40-64 years). We found that the proportion of OA with PTB increased from 15% in 2008 to 24% in 2020 (trend p < 0.05). Diabetes was highly prevalent in OA (32%) but not associated with adverse outcomes. Death was 13-fold higher in OA compared to YA and was 7% at the time of diagnosis which suggests diagnostic delays. However, once TB was suspected, we found no differences in culture, smear, or nucleic acid detection of mycobacteria (although less lung cavitations) in OA. During treatment, OA had less drug-resistant TB, few adverse reactions and adhered with TB treatment. We recommend training healthcare workers to 'think TB' in OA, for prompt treatment initiation to diminish deaths. Furthermore, OA should be added as a priority group to the latent TB treatment guidelines by the World Health Organization, to prevent TB disease in this highly vulnerable group.

A retrospective study on intracranial mixed infection with tuberculous meningitis in Shenzhen, China.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a prevalent global intracranial infection and the most lethal and disabling form of tuberculosis. TBM with mixed intracranial infections is clinically rare but has a higher mortality rate. To investigate the clinical characteristics of TBM with mixed intracranial infections, demographic and clinical data of TBM and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients admitted to Shenzhen Third People's Hospital between January 2015 and October 2022 were collected anonymously. A total of 207 cases of TBM were diagnosed, of which 16 cases (7.73%) were TBM with mixed intracranial infections. The overall mortality rate of TBM cases was 16.4%, while the mortality rate of TBM cases with mixed intracranial infections was as high as 35.7%. Compared to simple TBM cases, TBM cases with mixed intracranial infections had severer clinical symptoms. The percentage of human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-positive TBM cases with mixed intracranial infections reached up to 68.8%. HIV co-infection, CD4+/CD8+ T-cell counts less than 1, cranial nerve impairment, paralysis, cerebral infarction, PRO less than 450 mg/L, WBC less than 10 × 106 /L, and CL more than 120 mmol/L were risk factors for TBM cases with mixed intracranial infections. Compared to PTB, HIV co-infection, CD4+ T cell less than 550 /uL, and age less than 45 years were risk factors for TBM, and TBM was associated with higher mortality rates. Our study provides additional data to better understand single TBM and TBM with mixed intracranial infections. More than two-thirds of TBM cases with mixed intracranial infections were HIV-positive. Clinicians should consider the possibility of multiple infections in people with TBM/HIV co-infection. IMPORTANCE: TBM can cause severe neurological damage and death, and TBM with mixed intracranial infections can exacerbate the damage and poor prognosis of the disease. TBM with mixed intracranial infections is a rare disease, which has led to an incomplete understanding of its clinical features. This study investigated the clinical features of TBM and its associated factors by comparing the characteristics of TBM with mixed intracranial infections, single TBM and pulmonary tuberculosis. This information will help to improve the understanding of TBM, diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.

Sociodemographic and clinical risk factors associated with in-hospital tuberculosis mortality in Türkiye, 2008-2018.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that can be fatal if left untreated or poorly treated, and it is associated with many morbidities. Deaths may provide better understanding of the associated factors and help guide interventions to reduce mortality. In this study, it was aimed to reveal some of the features that predict hospital mortality in patients with TB and to present some alarming findings for clinicians. Materials and Methods: Patients who had been hospitalized with the diagnosis of TB between January 2008 and December 2018 were included and analyzed retrospectively. In-hospital mortality because of any TB disease after the initiation of treatment in patients admitted to the TB Ward and the primary cause of mortality were taken as endpoint. Result: A total of 1321 patients with a mean age of 50.1 years were examined. Total mortality was 39.4% (521 deaths) and 13.1% were in-hospital deaths (173 deaths). Of the deaths, 61.8% (n= 107) occurred during the first month after TB treatment were started. On univariate analysis, age over 48.5 years, Charlson comorbidity index, extension of radiological involvement, hypoalbuminemia and lymphopenia were most predictive variables with higher odds ratios (respectively, p<0.001 for all). Conclusions: In-hospital tuberculosis disease mortality is related with older age, cavitary or extensive pulmonary involvement, low albumin levels, unemployment, cigarette smoking and especially those with concomitant malignancy and chronic pulmonary disease.

Death after cure: Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis survivors in rural Uganda.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of mortality and its predictors among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) survivors treated at a rural Ugandan tertiary hospital. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of data between 2013 and 2023. We included all people that met the World Health Organisation's definition of tuberculosis cure and traced them or their next of kin to determine vital status (alive/deceased). We estimated the cumulative incidence of mortality per 1000 population, crude all-cause mortality rate per 1000 person-years, and median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we investigated predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Of 334 PTB survivors enrolled, 38 (11.4%) had died. The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 113.7 per 1000 population, and the crude all-cause mortality rate was 28.5 per 1000 person-years. The median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals was 23.8 years (IQR: 9.6-32.8). Hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 4.3, 95% CI: 1.1-16.6) and unemployment (aHR: 7.04, 95% CI: 1.5-31.6) at TB treatment initiation predicted mortality. CONCLUSION: PTB survivors experience post high mortality rates after TB cure. Survivors who were hospitalized and unemployed at treatment initiation were more likely to die after cure. Social protection measures and long-term follow-up of previously hospitalized patients could improve the long-term survival of TB survivors.

Effect of complicated, untreated and uncontrolled diabetes and pre-diabetes on treatment outcome among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with tuberculosis and diabetes have a higher risk of unfavourable anti-tuberculosis treatment outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of various diabetes statuses on the outcomes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Among the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis enrolled in the Korea Tuberculosis Cohort (KTBC) registry and the multicentre prospective cohort study of pulmonary tuberculosis (COSMOTB), those with diabetes and complicated diabetes were identified. The primary and secondary outcomes were unfavourable outcomes and mortality, respectively. The effect of diabetes and complicated diabetes on the outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Using COSMOTB, subgroup analyses were performed to assess the association between various diabetes statuses and outcomes. RESULTS: In the KTBC, diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.64-2.26) and complicated diabetes (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.67-2.30) were significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes, consistent with the COSMOTB data analysis. Based on subgroup analysis, untreated diabetes at baseline was an independent risk factor for unfavourable outcomes (aOR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.26-5.61). Prediabetes and uncontrolled diabetes increased unfavourable outcomes and mortality without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Untreated and complicated diabetes at the time of tuberculosis diagnosis increases the risk of unfavourable outcomes and mortality.

Admissions by tuberculosis in a regional reference Center. A complex and worrying scenario / Ingresos por tuberculosis en un hospital regional. Un escenario complejo y preocupante

OBJECTIVES: To characterize clinical aspects, evaluate the diagnostic opportunity, and identify factors associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: Retrospective study of patients admitted for TB to a Regional Hospital in Chile between 2011 and 2019. RESULTS: 142 TB events required hospitalization in this period (38.2% of total cases). All risk groups were identified, with a significant increase in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pulmonary location was the most frequent (71.1%), followed by disseminated forms (16.2%). The sensitivity of microscopy smear in cases of pulmonary TB (isolated or combined) was 78.8% and lower in cases of bronchoalveolar lavage (58.3%). PCR was only occasionally applied (< 10%) with a sensitivity of 100% in sputum samples. Its use increased progressively and reached a positivity of 33% (6 out of 18 cases) in cases with negative sputum staining. The median time between symptom onset and diagnosis was prolonged (9 weeks), and 32.5% of all regional events were diagnosed at the hospital. Dose adjustments (22.1%), corticosteroid use (25%), and treatment interruptions were frequent (11%). Lethality reached 19%, and by multivariate analysis, only shock was associated with a fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, the diagnosis of TB cases was delayed, scarcely diagnosed by molecular methods, highly concentrated at the hospital level, required admission in a large percentage of cases, and had a high case-fatality rate.

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar aspectos clínicos, evaluar la oportunidad diagnóstica e identificar factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes ingresados por tuberculosis (TB). MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes ingresados por TB a un Hospital Regional en Chile entre el 2011 y 2019. RESULTADOS: Un total de 142 eventos de TB requirieron hospitalización en el período (38,2% del total). Todos los grupos de riesgo fueron identificados con un aumento significativo de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus. La localización pulmonar fue la más frecuente (71,1%), seguida de la forma diseminada (2 o más sitios; 16,2%). La sensibilidad de la tinción de expectoración en casos de TB pulmonar (aislada o combinada) fue de 78,8% y más baja en casos de lavado broncoalveolar (58,3%). La PCR fue sólo ocasionalmente aplicada (< 10%) con una sensibilidad del 100% en muestras de expectoración. Su uso aumentó progresivamente en el período y el incremento diagnóstico de TB en casos con tinción negativa de expectoración estudiados con PCR fue de 33% (6 de 18 casos). La mediana entre inicio de síntomas y el diagnóstico fue prolongada (9 semanas) y el 32,5% de los eventos regionales fueron diagnosticados en el hospital. Los ajustes de dosis (22,1%), uso de corticoides (25%) e interrupciones del tratamiento fueron hechos frecuentes (11%). La letalidad alcanzó 19% y en el análisis multivariado sólo la aparición de shock se asoció a un desenlace fatal. CONCLUSIONES: En esta serie de casos, el diagnóstico de casos de TB fue tardío, infrecuentemente diagnosticado por métodos moleculares, concentrado en la atención terciaria, requirió hospitalización en un gran porcentaje de casos y tuvo una elevada letalidad.

Admissions by tuberculosis in a regional reference Center. A complex and worrying scenario.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize clinical aspects, evaluate the diagnostic opportunity, and identify factors associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: Retrospective study of patients admitted for TB to a Regional Hospital in Chile between 2011 and 2019. RESULTS: 142 TB events required hospitalization in this period (38.2% of total cases). All risk groups were identified, with a significant increase in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pulmonary location was the most frequent (71.1%), followed by disseminated forms (16.2%). The sensitivity of microscopy smear in cases of pulmonary TB (isolated or combined) was 78.8% and lower in cases of bronchoalveolar lavage (58.3%). PCR was only occasionally applied (< 10%) with a sensitivity of 100% in sputum samples. Its use increased progressively and reached a positivity of 33% (6 out of 18 cases) in cases with negative sputum staining. The median time between symptom onset and diagnosis was prolonged (9 weeks), and 32.5% of all regional events were diagnosed at the hospital. Dose adjustments (22.1%), corticosteroid use (25%), and treatment interruptions were frequent (11%). Lethality reached 19%, and by multivariate analysis, only shock was associated with a fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, the diagnosis of TB cases was delayed, scarcely diagnosed by molecular methods, highly concentrated at the hospital level, required admission in a large percentage of cases, and had a high case-fatality rate.

Análise espacial dos óbitos por tuberculose pulmonar no estado do Amazonas / Spatial analysis of deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Amazonas / Análisis espacial de muertes por tuberculosis pulmonar en el estado de las Amazonas

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição dos óbitos por tuberculose pulmonar no estado do Amazonas. Método: trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, durante o período de 2007 a 2017. O software QGIs foi utilizado para elaborar um mapa digital e o software RStudio para as análises estatísticas. Na análise dos dados foi aplicado a regressão linear múltipla, o índice de Moran Global e o teste multiplicador de Lagrange. Resultados: identificou-se 1.267 casos de óbitos por tuberculose pulmonar no estado do Amazonas. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreram no sexo masculino (64,64%); solteiros (47,43%); com faixa etária ≥ 60 anos (51,14%); raça/cor parda (71,11%). Verificou-se que não existe autocorrelação espacial através do índice de Moran Global (0.0094). Conclusão: A distribuição espacial dos óbitos ocorreu de forma heterogênea nas diferentes regiões do estado Amazonas, apresentando elevadas taxas de mortalidade durante o período de 2007 a 2017.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the distribution of deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Amazonas. Method: it is an ecological study with secondary data from the Mortality Information System, during the period from 2007 to 2017. The QGIs software was used to create a digital map and the RStudio software for statistical analysis. In the data analysis, multiple linear regression, the Moran Global index and the Lagrange multiplier test were applied. Results: 1,267 cases of deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis were identified in the state of Amazonas. Most deaths occurred in males (64.64%); singles (47.43%); aged ≥ 60 years (51.14%); race / brown color (71.11%). It was found that there is no spatial autocorrelation using the Moran Global index (0.0094). Conclusion: The spatial distribution of deaths occurred heterogeneously in different regions of the state of Amazonas, with high mortality rates during the period from 2007 to 2017.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la distribución de muertes por tuberculosis pulmonar en el estado de Amazonas. Método: se trata de un estudio ecológico con datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, durante el período de 2007 a 2017. Se utilizó el software QGIs para crear un mapa digital y el software RStudio para análisis estadístico. En el análisis de datos se aplicó regresión lineal múltiple, el índice Moran Global y la prueba del multiplicador de Lagrange. Resultados: se identificaron 1.267 casos de defunciones por tuberculosis pulmonar en el estado de Amazonas. La mayoría de las muertes ocurrieron en hombres (64,64%); solteros (47,43%); edad ≥ 60 años (51,14%); raza / color marrón (71,11%). Se encontró que no existe autocorrelación espacial usando el índice Moran Global (0.0094). Conclusión: La distribución espacial de las defunciones ocurrió de manera heterogénea en diferentes regiones del estado de Amazonas, con altas tasas de mortalidad durante el período 2007 a 2017.(AU)

La letalidad como un indicador influyente en la eliminación de la tuberculosis en La Habana / Lethality as an influential indicator in the elimination of tuberculosis in Havana

Introducción: Eliminar la tuberculosis para 2035, es la propuesta de la estrategia mundial "Fin de la Tuberculosis". Objetivo: Determinar la letalidad de la tuberculosis con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativo como un indicador en la eliminación de la enfermedad. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la letalidad de los casos diagnosticados con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativo del año 2000 al 2015 en La Habana a partir de las cohortes anuales de enfermos de tuberculosis según grupos de edades; por municipios; variabilidad; tuberculosis, tuberculosis pulmonar con baciloscopia positivas (BAAR+); y los retratamientos por años. Al análisis de la letalidad por municipio se añadió la variación de la enfermedad en el estudio y según la tuberculosis pulmonar y el resultado de la baciloscopia. Resultados: La letalidad de la tuberculosis en los casos nuevos con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativo fue de 8,8 por ciento con predominio de los fallecidos por tuberculosis con 5,4 por ciento. En los casos con retratamientos fue de 16,2 por ciento. La letalidad se incrementó en 43,5 por ciento con 2,9 por ciento anual y con la edad. Los fallecidos por tuberculosis pulmonar representaron 96,6 por ciento. En los resultados se destacan cinco municipios. Conclusiones: La letalidad de la tuberculosis de casos nuevos con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativo reveló un incremento anual en la tuberculosis pulmonar y en los retratamientos; esto sugiere dificultades en el control de la enfermedad, lo que potencialmente compromete su eliminación en La Habana. Intensificar la prevención de los factores influyentes pudiera reducir este indicador(AU)

Introduction: The proposal of the End TB Strategy is to end tuberculosis by 2035 globally. Objective: To determine the lethality of tuberculosis with negative immunodeficiency virus as an indicator in the elimination of the disease. Material and Method: A descriptive study on the lethality of cases diagnosed with negative immunodeficiency virus during 2000 and 2015 was conducted in Havana. The study considered the annual cohorts of tuberculosis patients according to age groups, municipalities, variability, tuberculosis, Smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (BAAR +), and the retreatments by years. The variation of the disease in the study as well as the variation of pulmonary tuberculosis and the results of sputum microscopies were added to the analysis of lethality carried out in every municipality. Results: The case fatality rate of tuberculosis in new cases with negative immunodeficiency virus was 8.8 percent with a predominance of those who died from Tuberculosis (5.4 percent). In the cases of retreatments, it was 16.2 percent. Case fatality increased by 43.5 percent with 2.9 percent per year and with age. Those patients who died from pulmonary tuberculosis represented 96.6 percent. Five municipalities stand out in the results. Conclusions: The lethality of tuberculosis in new cases with negative immunodeficiency virus revealed an annual increase in pulmonary tuberculosis and retreatments, suggesting difficulties related to the control of the disease and potentially compromising its elimination in Havana. Intensifying the prevention of influencing factors could reduce this indicator(AU)

Concerns about COVID-19 and tuberculosis in Brazil: Social and public health impacts / Preocupaciones sobre COVID-19 y tuberculosis en Brasil: impactos sociales y de salud pública

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Análisis de letalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en un centro de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia / Lethality analysis in patients with tuberculosis diagnosis in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: En el 2016 la tuberculosis (TBC) fue considerada la novena causa de muerte en el mundo y la primera por un único agente infeccioso, con aproximadamente 1,6 millones de muertes y una letalidad de 15%. Más de 95% de los casos de mortalidad mundial se presentan en países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes que fallecieron durante el tratamiento antituberculoso en un centro de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, realizado entre 2007-2016 en la Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de TBC con seguimiento clínico, que fallecirron por cualquier causa. Resultados: De 787 pacientes diagnosticados con TBC, murieron 69 (8,8%). La mayoría de los fallecidos (59%) fueron hombres, edad promedio de 51,9 años. Hubo retraso diagnóstico en 51% de los pacientes y 75% presentaron TBC pulmonar. El 64% murió en los primeros 30 días posteriores al diagnóstico de TBC y 61% de las muertes fueron atribuibles a TBC. Co-infección TBC e infección por VIH se presentó en 23% de los casos. La edad avanzada (> 65 años) se asoció a muerte en menos de 30 días desde el diagnóstico de TBC (p < 0,001). Discusión: La letalidad encontrada es superior a lo esperado (8,8%); la mayoría de los pacientes fallecidos presentó co-morbilidades graves. La edad avanzada se asoció a muerte temprana. El principal mecanismo fisiopatológico de muerte por TBC en este estudio fue el choque séptico secundario a neumonía grave tuberculosa.

Background In 2016 tuberculosis (TB) was considered the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of a single infectious agent, with approximately 1.6 million deaths worldwide and a lethality of 15%. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries like Colombia. Aim: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died during TB treatment in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. Methods: We conducted an analytic retrospective cohort during 2007-2016 in Fundación Valle del Lili. We included patients with TB diagnosis, who died during TB treatment. Results: From 787 patients with TB, 69 died (8.8%). Fifty nine percent were male, the average of age was 51.9 years. There was diagnosis delay in 51% of the patients and 74% presented pulmonary TB. Sixty four percent 64 died in the first 30 days of the TB diagnosis and 61% of the deaths were attributable to TB. Twenty five percent of patients had TB/HIV coinfection. Elderly patients (> 65 years old) were associated with death in the first 30 days of TB diagnosis (p < 0,001). Discussion: The lethality found in this study was higher than expected (8.8%), the majority of patients had serious comorbidities. Elderly patients were associated with early death. The main pathophysiological mechanism of death was septic shock caused by severe tuberculous pneumonia.

Consumo de substâncias psicoativas por pacientes com tuberculose: interface entre a adesão ao tratamento e intervenção breve / Consumption of psychoactive substances in tuberculosis patients: interface to adherence to treatment and brief intervention

Introdução: o consumo de substâncias psicoativas associado à terapêutica da tuberculose (TB) estabelece uma urgente questão de saúde pública no mundo contemporâneo. O aumento da morbimortalidade, pertinente à incidência e prevalência da tuberculose, e o consumo indevido de substâncias psicoativas, tem refletido em resultados negativos, relacionados à saúde e questões sociais, para indivíduos e seus familiares (CASSIANO, 2014). Objetivos: identificar o perfil e o padrão de consumo de substâncias psicoativas por pacientes em tratamento da tuberculose, na Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde; analisar a adesão ao tratamento desses pacientes que fazem consumo de substâncias psicoativas e realizar a Intervenção Breve nessa clientela, na perspectiva da adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose. Método: estudo seccional, realizado em unidades de atenção primária à saúde, na modalidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com 114 pacientes em tratamento da tuberculose, utilizando o questionário ASSIST. Foram incluídos na amostra todos os pacientes em tratamento de tuberculose. A variável de exposição foi o consumo de substâncias psicoativas, e a de desfecho, a adesão ao tratamento. Na primeira fase, realizou-se a Intervenção Breve, na etapa do feedback. Na segunda fase, após dois meses, foi realizada a busca no prontuário para confirmação ou não da adesão. Resultados: prevalência da população masculina 71,1%, idade mediana de 39 anos, escolaridade fundamental incompleta 52,6%, cor da pele parda 42,1%, renda familiar > 1 salário mínimo 74,5%, e vivia com familiares. Prevalência para tabaco 28,0%, bebidas alcoólicas 12,3%, maconha 5,4% e cocaína /crack 3,5%. Em relação à adesão, observou-se, após dois meses da Intervenção, em levantamento realizado nos prontuários dos pacientes, prevalência da população masculina, maiores de 40 anos, escolaridade médio/superior, casados e que viviam em união, brancos, recebiam até 1 salário mínimo, viviam com parentes; estes aderiram ao tratamento de tuberculose. Conclusão: esses resultados demonstram a importância da Intervenção Breve, realizada pelos profissionais de saúde com essa clientela, diminuindo a incidência de pacientes bacilíferos, propensos à disseminação da doença.

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances associated with tuberculosis (TB) therapy establishes an urgent public health issue in the contemporary world. The increase in morbidity and mortality, pertinent to the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis and the misuse of psychoactive substances, has reflected in negative results related to health and social issues for individuals and their families (CASSIANO, 2014). The objectives of this study were: To identify the profile and the pattern of consumption of psychoactive substances of patients undergoing tuberculosis treatment in the network of basic health services; to analyze the adherence to the treatment of patients of tuberculosis who consume these substances and perform brief intervention in this clientele from the perspective of the adherence to the tuberculosis treatment. Materials and Methods: Sectional study, carried out in primary care units in the modality of the Family Health Strategy, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with n sample of 114 patients in the treatment of tuberculosis using the ASSIST questionnaire. All patients undergoing tuberculosis treatment were included in the sample. The exposure variable was the consumption of psychoactive substances and the outcome variable adherence to treatment. In the first phase the brief intervention was carried out, in the stages of feedback, due guidance and empathically. In the second phase after two months, a search was performed on the medical record for confirmation or non-compliance. Results: Prevalence in the male population71,1%, median age 39 years, incomplete primary schooling 52,6%, brown skin color 42,1%, family income > 1 minimum wage, 74,5% lived with relatives. Prevalence for tobacco 28,0%, alcoholic beverages 12,3%, marijuana 5,4% and cocaine / crack 3,5%. Regarding adherence, after two months of Brief Intervention, with a survey in the patients' charts, a higher prevalence of adherence was observed in the male population, over 40 years old, with medium / high school education, married and living in union, whites received up to 1 minimum wage, live with relatives, adhered to the treatment of tuberculosis. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the importance of brief interventions applied by health professionals with these patients, decreasing the incidence of bacilliferous patients, prone to the spread of the disease.

Introduction: la consommation de substances psychoactives associées au traitement de la tuberculose (TB) établit un problème urgent de santé publique dans le monde contemporain. L'augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité, qui est pertinente pour l'incidence et la prévalence de la tuberculose et l'abus de substances psychoactives, s'est traduite par des résultats négatifs liés aux problèmes de santé et sociaux pour les individus et leurs familles (CASSIANO,2014). Buts: identifier le profil y le schéma de consommation de substances psychoactives des patients en traitement contre la tuberculose, dans le Centre de Soins de Santé Primaires; analyser l'adhésion au traitement concernant ces patients qui font usage de substances psychoactives et réaliser une Intervention brève chez cette clientèle, dans le contexte de l'adhésion au traitement de la tuberculose. Méthode : étude sectionnelle, mise en marche dans des centres de Soins de Santé Primaires dans la modalité de la Stratégie sur la Santé de la Famille à Rio de janeiro, auprès de 114 patients en traitement contre la tuberculose, par le moyen du questionnaire ASSIST. Tous les patients en traitement contre la tuberculose y ont été inclus. La variable d'exposition fut la consommation de substances psychoactives et celle de résultat l'adhésion au traitement. Dans la première phase, une intervention brève a été mise en marche, à l'étape du feedback. Dans la deuxième phase, après deux mois, fur réalisée la recherche du dossier médical pour confirmer ou pas l'adhésion. Résultats: prévalence chez la population masculine - 71,1%, âge moyen - 39 ans, scolarité primaire incomplète - 52,6%, couleur de peau brune - 42,1%, revenu familial > 1 SMIC - 74,5% et habite avec la famille. Prévalence pour tabac - 28,0%, boissons alcoolisées - 12,3%, cannabis - 5,4% et cocaïne/crack - 3,5%. Concernant l'adhésion, après deux mois de l'Intervention, au moyen d'un relevé des dossiers médicaux des patients, on a observé une plus grande prévalence d'adhésion chez la population masculine, ayant plus de 40 ans, enseignement secondaire et universitaire, mariés en cohabitation, blancs, recevant jusqu'à un SMIC, ne vivant pas avec les familiers. Ceux-ci ont adhéré au traitement contre la tuberculose. Conclusion: ces résultats démontrent l'importance de l'Intervention brève mise en marche par les professionnels de la santé, auprès de cette clientèle, ce qui diminue l'incidence de patients frottis positif enclins à la dissémination de la maladie.

Introducción: el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas asociadas a la terapia contra la tuberculosis (TB) establece un problema urgente de salud pública en el mundo contemporáneo. El aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad, pertinente a la incidencia y prevalencia de la tuberculosis y al uso indebido de sustancias psicoactivas, se ha reflejado en los resultados negativos relacionados con la salud y las cuestiones sociales de las personas y sus familiares (CASSIANO, 2014). Objetivos: identificar el perfil y el patrón de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas de los pacientes en tratamiento contra la tuberculosis, en el Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud; analizar la adhesión al tratamiento de esos pacientes que consumen sustancias psicoactivas y realizar Intervención Breve junto a esa clientela, en el contexto de la adhesión al tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Método: estudio seccional, realizado en centros de atención primaria en la modalidad de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en la ciudad del Rio de janeiro, junto a 114 pacientes en tratamiento contra la tuberculosis, utilizando el cuestionario ASSIST. Se han incluido en el muestreo a todos los pacientes en tratamiento contra tuberculosis. La variable de exposición fue el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y, la de resultado, adhesión al tratamiento. En la primera fase se realizó la Intervención Breve, en la etapa del feedback. En la segunda fase, después de dos meses, se realizó la búsqueda en la historia clínica para confirmar o no la adhesión. Resultados: prevalencia en la población masculina -71,1%, promedio de edad - 39 años, enseñanza primaria incompleta - 52,6%, color de piel pardo - 42,1%, ingresos familiares > 1 salario mínimo - 74,5% y viviendo con familiares. Prevalencia para tabaco - 28,0%, bebidas alcohólicas - 12,3%, marihuana -5,4% y cocaína /crack - 3,5%. Respecto a la adhesión, tras dos meses de la Intervención, con relevamiento en las historias clínicas de los pacientes, se observó mayor prevalencia en la adhesión en la población masculina, mayores de 40 años, con escolaridad secundaria/universitaria, casados y que vivían en unión estable, blancos, recibían hasta 1 salario mínimo, no vivían con parientes. Estos adhirieron al tratamiento de tuberculosis. Conclusión: esos resultados demuestran la importancia de la Intervención Breve realizada por los profesionales de salud, con esa clientela, disminuyendo la incidencia de pacientes bacilífero propensos a la diseminación de la enfermedad.

Evaluation of the impact that the changes in tuberculosis treatment implemented in Brazil in 2009 have had on disease control in the country / Avaliação do impacto das mudanças do tratamento da tuberculose implantadas em 2009 no controle da tuberculose pulmonar no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the impact that the 2009 changes in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil had on the rates of cure, tuberculosis recurrence, mortality, treatment abandonment, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Methods: An ordinary least squares regression model was used in order to perform an interrupted time series analysis of secondary data collected from the Brazilian Tuberculosis Case Registry Database for the period between January of 2003 and December of 2014. Results: The 2009 changes in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil were found to have no association with reductions in the total number of cases (β = 2.17; 95% CI: −3.80 to 8.14; p = 0.47) and in the number of new cases (β = −0.97; 95% CI: −5.89 to 3.94; p = 0.70), as well as having no association with treatment abandonment rates (β = 0.40; 95% CI: −1.12 to 1.93; p = 0.60). The changes in tuberculosis treatment also showed a trend toward an association with decreased cure rates (β = −4.14; 95% CI: −8.63 to 0.34; p = 0.07), as well as an association with increased mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis (β = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.16 to 1.38; p = 0.01). Although there was a significant increase in MDR-TB before and after the changes (p < 0.0001), there was no association between the intervention (i.e., the changes in tuberculosis treatment) and the increase in MDR-TB cases. Conclusions: The changes in tuberculosis treatment were unable to contain the decrease in cure rates, the increase in treatment abandonment rates, and the increase in MDR-TB rates, being associated with increased mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis during the study period. Keywords: Tuberculosis, pulmonary/epidemiology; Tuberculosis, pulmonary/drug therapy; Tuberculosis, pulmonary/mortality; Interrupted time series analysis; Drug resistance, multiple; Drug compounding.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o impacto das mudanças do tratamento da tuberculose implantadas no Brasil em 2009 no número de casos de cura, de recidiva, de óbitos, de abandono e de tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR). Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise de séries temporais interrompida utilizando o modelo de regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários a partir de dados secundários coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação da Tuberculose entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2014. Resultados: A análise mostrou independência entre as mudanças do tratamento e a redução do número total de casos (β = 2,17; IC95%: −3,80 a 8,14; 189 p = 0,47), a redução do número de novos casos (β = −0,97; IC95%: −5,89 a 3,94; p =190 0,70) e do abandono do tratamento (β = 0,40; IC95%: 199 −1,12 a 1,93; p = 0,60). Demonstrou ainda tendência à associação com a diminuição da cura (β = −4,14; IC95%: −8,63 a 0,34; p = 0,07) e associação com aumento da mortalidade por tuberculose pulmonar (β = 0,77; IC95%: 0,16 a 1,38; p = 0,01). A TBMR aumentou significativamente tanto no período anterior quanto no período posterior às mudanças do tratamento (p < 0,0001), embora de forma independente da intervenção (β = 0,13; IC95%: −0,03 a 0,29; p = 0,12). Conclusões: As mudanças no tratamento não impediram nem a diminuição na taxa de cura e nem o aumento do abandono e da TBMR; por outro lado, se associaram ao aumento de óbitos por tuberculose pulmonar durante o período do estudo.

Escrófula, forma frecuente de tuberculosis extrapulmonar. Presentación de un caso / Scrofula, a frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Case presentation

Introducción: Las formas de presentación de la tuberculosis (Tb) incluyen: la tuberculosis pulmonar, la miliar y la extrapulmonar. Fuera del pulmón, los sitios donde con mayor frecuencia se localiza la tuberculosis son, por orden de frecuencia: ganglios linfáticos, pleura, aparato genitourinario, huesos y articulaciones, meninges, peritoneo y pericardio. Objetivo: Presentar un caso interesante en la clínica de Tuberculosis extrapulmonar y Tuberculosis pulmonar. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 65 años de edad, alcohólico crónico y fumador, empezó a presentar un aumento de volumen en la región lateral derecha del cuello que fue creciendo progresivamente; además de tos húmeda con expectoración blanquecina, disfagia a los alimentos sólidos, astenia, anorexia y pérdida de peso. Al examen físico se evidencian múltiples adenopatías cervicales supurativas, la mayor de 6cm y estertores crepitantes en tercio superior de hemitórax derecho. La prueba de Mantoux fue positiva y la radiografía de tórax sugestiva de TB pulmonar. El paciente fue egresado por alta a petición con tratamiento antituberculoso y antibiótico ambulatorio, los cuales fueron abandonados por parte del paciente. Es ingresado en segunda ocasión en el Servicio de Geriatría por ulceración de la lesión mayor del cuello donde fallece al tercer día por una sepsis generalizada. Conclusiones: La tuberculosis de los ganglios linfáticos es la presentación más común de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar. Esta enfermedad ataca principalmente a personas inmunodeprimidas y en el caso presentado el paciente tenia factores que podrían haber deprimido su sistema inmune como la edad, el alcoholismo crónico y el tabaquismo(AU)

Introduction: The forms of presentation of the tuberculosis (Tb) include: the pulmonary, miliaria and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Outside of the lung, the where places with major frequency localizes tuberculosis are, by order of frequency: lymphatic ganglions, pleura, genitourinary system, bones and joints, meninges, peritoneum and pericardium. Objective: To present an interesting case in the clinic of extrapulmonary Tb and lung Tb. Case presentation: Masculine 65-years patient of age, chronic alcoholic and smoker. That began to present an increase of volume in the lateral right region of the neck that went growing progressively; besides humid cough with whitish expectoration, dysphagia to the solid foods, asthenia, anorexia and loss of weight. The physical examination made evident multiple cervical suppurative adenopathias, the major of 6cm and crepitating rasps at the superior third of the right hemi-thorax. The Mantoux proof was positive and the thorax X-ray suggested a pulmonary TB. The patient was discharged with a treatment against tuberculosis and ambulatory antibiotic, which were abandoned by the patient. He was entered in second occasion in the service of geriatrics for ulceration of the major injury of the neck and dies at the third day for a generalized sepsis. Conclusions: The tuberculosis of the lymphatic ganglions is the more common presentation of the extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Illness attacks principally to the persons with low defenses and in the presented case the patient had factors that could have depressed his immune system as the age, the chronic alcoholism and the smoking(AU)

Facteurs associés aux décès des patients atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire au service de pneumo phtisiologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso : étude cas témoin

La tuberculose (TB) reste l'une des maladies transmissibles causant le plus de décès dans le monde. elle figure désormais au même titre que le Vih parmi les principales causes de décès dans le monde. le rapport 2015 de l'oMS décrit un total plus élevé de nouveaux cas de tuberculose (9,6 millions) que les années précédentes dont 6 millions (63%) ont été notifiés et 1,5 million de décès enregistrés (1,1 million de personnes Vih-négatives et 0,4 million personnes Vih-positives). l'afrique est le continent qui présente le taux d'incidence le plus élevé : 281 cas pour 100 000 habitants. les résultats des études menées montrent des niveaux de mortalités variables, le rôle favorisant de la co-infection au Vih, ainsi que du faible niveau socio-économique. Très peu d'études ont cependant exploré les facteurs de risque de décès des patients tuberculeux dans le contexte de la relative disponibilité des traitements antirétroviraux (TaRV). notre étude vise à identifier les facteurs de risque de décès des patients tuberculeux dans un contexte de disponibilité et d'accessibilité élargies aux TaRV au Burkina Faso. l'objectif de notre étude était d'identifier les facteurs de risque de décès des patients atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire dans le service de pneumo phtisiologie du Chu-Yo, de ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. une étude cas-témoin a été menée au service de pneumo phtisiologie du Chu-Yo, de ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, s'appuyant sur les données de 2011 à 2015. les cas de décès ont été identifiés à travers la revue des dessiers et registres d'hospitalisation. Ce groupe de cas de décès a été comparé à un groupe témoin constitué d'un nombre égal de malades adultes choisis parmi les malades également atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire à microscopie positive(TPM+) hospitalisés au cours de la même période et qui sont sortis vivants du service. les facteurs de risque ont été identifiés à partir d'une régression logistique simple en utilisant le logiciel stata version 13. au total, 54 cas de décès et 54 témoins ont été inclus dans l'analyse. l'analyse multi variée a identifié comme facteurs de risque de décès des patients atteints de TPM+ : le sexe masculin (oRa= 3,81 ; p= 0,04), l'absence de vaccination par le BCg (oRa= 15,34 ; p= 0,03), la co-infection par le Vih (oRa= 9,04 ; p= 0,002), la présence de comorbidités (oRa= 19,99 ; p= 0,000) et l'anorexie (oRa= 8,14 ; p= 0,000). les résultats de notre étude montrent que la co-infection par le Vih demeure un des facteurs de mauvais pronostic pour les malades atteints de la tuberculose à microscopie positive en dépit d'une plus grande disponibilité des aRVs. la vaccination par le BCg a aussi un effet protecteur contre le décès