Management of hematological patients requiring emergency chemotherapy in the intensive care unit.

Hematological malignancies may require rapid-onset treatment because of their short doubling time, notably observed in acute leukemias and specific high-grade lymphomas. Furthermore, in targeted onco-hematological scenarios, chemotherapy is deemed necessary as an emergency measure when facing short-term, life-threatening complications associated with highly chemosensitive hematological malignancies. The risks inherent in the disease itself, or in the initiation of treatment, may then require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) to optimize monitoring and initial management protocols. Hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis in acute leukemias, tumor lysis syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are the most frequent onco-hematological complications requiring the implementation of emergency chemotherapy in the ICU. Chemotherapy must also be started urgently in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Tumor-induced microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and plasma hyperviscosity due to malignant monoclonal gammopathy represent infrequent yet substantial indications for emergency chemotherapy. In all cases, the administration of emergency chemotherapy in the ICU requires close collaboration between intensivists and hematology specialists. In this review, we provide valuable insights that aid in the identification and treatment of patients requiring emergency chemotherapy in the ICU, offering diagnostic tools and guidance for their overall initial management.

Treatment with Rasburicase in Hospitalized Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome: Old Treatment, New Scenario.

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) involves joint dysfunction of the heart and kidney. Acute forms share biochemical alterations like hyperuricaemia (HU) with tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). The mainstay treatment of acute CRS with systemic overload is diuretics, but rasburicase is used in TLS to prevent and treat hyperuricaemia. An observational, retrospective study was performed to assess the effectiveness and safety of a single dose of rasburicase in hospitalized patients with cardiorenal syndrome, worsening renal function and uric acid levels above 9 mg/dL. Rasburicase improved diuresis and systemic congestion in the 35 patients included. A total of 86% of patients did not need to undergo RRT, and early withdrawal was possible in the remaining five. Creatinine (Cr) decreased after treatment with rasburicase from a peak of 3.6 ± 1.27 to 1.79 ± 0.83 mg/dL, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) improved from 17 ± 8 to 41 ± 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.0001). The levels of N-terminal type B Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Nt-ProBNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly reduced. No relevant adverse events were detected. Our results show that early treatment with a dose of rasburicase in patients with CRS and severe HU is effective to improve renal function and systemic congestion, avoiding the need for sustained extrarenal clearance, regardless of comorbidities and ventricular function.

Laboratory and clinical features of tumor lysis syndrome in children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and evaluation of long-term renal functions in survivors.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to investigate the laboratory and clinical features of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and acute kidney injury (AKI) in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and to reveal their impact on long term kidney function in survivors. METHODS: Our single-center retrospective study included 107 patients (0-18 years old) with NHL who were admitted and treated at our hospital between 1998 and 2020. The relationship between TLS and age, gender, histopathological subgroup, tumor stage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level at presentation, bone marrow and kidney involvement were assessed. The long-term renal functions of the patients were investigated. RESULTS: 80.3% of the patients were male with a median age of 9.8 years. The most common detected histopathological subgroup was Burkitt lymphoma. Hyperhydration with or without alkalinisation, and allopurinol were used in first-line treatment and prophylaxis of TLS. Laboratory TLS and clinical TLS was observed in 30.8% and 12.1% of patients, respectively. A significant correlation was found between young age, advanced stage, high LDH level at presentation, and TLS. AKI was observed in 12.1% of the patients. When the glomerular filtration rate values of the patients at the first and last admissions were compared after an average of 6.9 years, a mean decrease of 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 was found. It was not, however, found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Lower age, advanced stage, and high LDH level at presentation were found to be risk factors for TLS in our study. Long-term renal function loss was not observed in the survivors who received early and careful prophylaxis/treatment for TLS. The survivors are still being followed up.

Afatinib-Induced Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a potentially fatal oncological emergency that typically develops during the treatment of rapidly proliferating malignancies. It is infrequently reported in solid tumors, such as pulmonary adenocarcinoma. A 59-year-old male patient with shortness of breath presented with a 3.3 cm × 3.0 cm mass in the right upper lobe, along with massive right-sided pleural effusion. A percutaneous needle biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation was made. The patient was treated with afatinib because of the malignant pleural effusion and multiple metastases to the intrathoracic lymph nodes, left scapula, and brain. After 4 days of afatinib treatment, he developed oliguric acute kidney injury and progressively worsening dyspnea. Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, the patient was diagnosed with afatinib-induced TLS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of afatinib-induced TLS in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la lisis tumoral / Recommendations for tumor lysis syndrome management

El síndrome de lisis tumoral representa una complicación potencialmente letal provocada por la liberación masiva de ácidos nucleicos, potasio y fosfato hacia la circulación como resultado de la lisis de células neoplásicas, las cuales se caracterizan por una rápida capacidad de proliferación y alta sensibilidad a fármacos. Esto puede ocurrir de forma espontánea antes del inicio del tratamiento y agravarse luego de haberse iniciado la quimioterapia. Presenta una alta mortalidad. Su prevención continúa siendo la medida terapéutica más importante. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por la existencia de trastornos del metabolismo hidroelectrolítico, en particular, hipercalemia, hiperfosfatemia e hiperuricemia y por la aparición de una lesión renal aguda. Una adecuada intervención terapéutica implica hidratación intravenosa y medidas para prevenir o corregir las alteraciones metabólicas. En este artículo, se proponen lineamientos para seguir tanto en la etapa diagnóstica como en el tratamiento de esta complicación.

The tumor lysis syndrome represents a potentially lethal complication caused by the massive release of nucleic acids, potassium and phosphate into the circulation as a result of the lysis of neoplastic cells, which are characterized by a rapid proliferation capacity and high sensitivity to drugs. This may occur spontaneously prior to the start of treatment, becoming worse after the initiation of chemotherapy. It presents a high mortality; its prevention continues being the most important therapeutic measure. The clinical picture is characterized by the existence of hydroelectrolytic metabolism disorders, in particular hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia and by the appearance of an acute renal lesion. Adequate therapeutic intervention involves intravenous hydration and measures to prevent or correct metabolic alterations. This article proposes guidelines to follow both in the diagnostic stage and in the treatment of this complication.

Síndrome de lisis tumoral en neoplasias sólidas: características clínicas y pronóstico / Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: clinical characteristics and prognosis

Introducción y objetivos: El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una complicación poco frecuente en neoplasias sólidas tras el inicio de tratamiento, y su desarrollo espontáneo (SLTE) es excepcional. En este estudio se analizan las principales características clínicas y pronósticas de una serie de casos con SLT y SLTE. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional que incluyó a todos los pacientes con neoplasias sólidas diagnosticados de SLT y SLTE en nuestro hospital en un período de 16 años, siguiendo los criterios de Cairo-Bishop. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 pacientes (edad media 63 ± 16 años): 10 pacientes (53%) presentaban SLT y 9 (47%) SLTE. En 8 casos (42%) el tumor primario fue de pulmón. Todos los pacientes presentaban deterioro grave de función renal en el momento del diagnóstico, asociándose con hiperuricemia (16 ± 6 mg/dl) e hiperpotasemia (6 ± 0,9 mmol/l). A pesar del tratamiento con sueroterapia, alcalinización y rasburicasa, 3 pacientes (16%) requirieron tratamiento dialítico y 12 (63%) acabaron falleciendo durante el ingreso. Conclusiones: El desarrollo de SLT en neoplasias sólidas se asocia a una elevada mortalidad, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico e inicio precoz de tratamiento (AU)

Introduction and objective: Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is an uncommon complication in solid tumors following treatment initiation, and its spontaneous development (STLS) is exceptional. In this study, we analyse the main clinical and prognostic features of a case series with TLS and STLS. Material and methods: Observational retrospective study in which we included all patients with solid tumours diagnosed with TLS and STLS over a period of 16 years, according to Cairo-Bishop criteria. Results: Nineteen patients were included in the study (mean age 63 ± 16 years): 10 patients (53%) with TLS, and 9 (47%) STLS. The primary tumour in 8 cases (42%) was lung cancer. All patients had severe renal impairment at the time of diagnosis along with hyperuricemia (16 ± 6 mg/dl) and hyperkalemia (6 ± 0.9 mmol/l). Despite treatment with intravenous fluids, urinary alkalinisation and rasburicase, 3 patients (16%) required dialysis, and 12 (63%) died during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The development of TLS in solid tumors is associated with increased mortality and therefore, a high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment initiation (AU)

What is the Incidence of Kidney Stones after Chemotherapy in Patients with Lymphoproliferative or Myeloproliferative Disorders?

Introduction This study describes the incidence and risk factors of de novo nephrolithiasis among patients with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative diseases who have undergone chemotherapy. Materials and Methods From 2001 to 2011, patients with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders treated with chemotherapy were retrospectively identified. The incidence of image proven nephrolithiasis after chemotherapy was determined. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded. Patients with a history of nephrolithiasis prior to chemotherapy were excluded. The primary outcome was incidence of nephrolithiasis, and secondary outcomes were risk factors predictive of de novo stone. Comparative statistics were used to compare demographic and disease specific variables for patients who developed de novo stones versus those who did not. Results A total of 1,316 patients were identified and the incidence of de novo nephrolithiasis was 5.5% (72/1316; symptomatic stones 1.8% 24/1316). Among patients with nephrolithiasis, 72.2% had lymphoproliferative disorders, 27.8% had myeloproliferative disorders, and 25% utilized allopurinol. The median urinary pH was 5.5, and the mean serum uric acid, calcium, potassium and phosphorus levels were 7.5, 9.6, 4.3, and 3.8 mg/dL, respectively. In univariate analysis, mean uric acid (p=0.013), calcium (p<0.001)), and potassium (p=0.039) levels were higher in stone formers. Diabetes mellitus (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.003), and hyperlipidemia (p<0.001) were more common in stone formers. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia predicted stone. Conclusions We report the incidence of de novo nephrolithiasis in patients who have undergone chemotherapy. Diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia are patient-specific risk factors that increase the odds of developing an upper tract stone following chemotherapy. .

Lisis de adherencias epidurales (Parte 1). Fisiopatología y clínica / No disponible

Según estudios epidemiológicos toda la población tiene altas probabilidades de sufrir dolor lumbar en algún momento de su vida. Este cuadro suele ser reconocido como lumbalgia o lumbociática. En su forma clínica más común se observa mejoría rápida y solo presentan síntomas persistentes 5-10% de los casos (1). En la década de 1990 en EEUU, el sector salud registró costes estimados en miles de millones de dólares destinados al tratamiento del dolor lumbar, y teniendo en cuenta la tendencia a la búsqueda de una mayor expectativa de vida de la población, solo se puede esperar que los costes aumenten (2,3). El tratamiento comienza generalmente con medidas conservadoras, tales como medicación oral y terapia física, y puede incluir múltiples opciones intervencionistas invasivas para controlar el dolor. En ciertas ocasiones es necesario recurrir a cirugía para los pacientes que tienen déficit neurológico progresivo o para aquellos que están refractarios a otras terapéuticas. A veces el médico se encuentra frente a un dilema, después de una primera cirugía, con respecto a si se debería repetir la cirugía o intentar otra técnica alternativa. Este es el principal problema en el cual la liberación epidural de adherencias puede permitir "evitar cirugías". Se ha demostrado que esta técnica libera los nervios y disminuye la formación de cicatrices, lleva los anestésicos locales y los corticoides a sitios específicos y reduce el edema al usar hialuronidasa y solución salina hipertónica (15,16). La liberación epidural de adherencias ha demostrado eficacia para provocar reducción del dolor y de los síntomas neurológicos sin incurrir en los altos costes y el ocasionalmente largo periodo de recuperación que implica la repetición de la cirugía. En muchos casos previene la necesidad de una primera intervención quirúrgica (6,10). La liberación epidural de las adherencias ha sido calificada con un alto nivel de evidencia, que se correlaciona con un nivel de evidencia 1B o 1C para el síndrome post-cirugía lumbar, según las últimas guías basadas en la evidencia publicadas por la Asociación Americana de Médicos Intervencionistas especialistas en el Tratamiento del Dolor. Esto significa que la terapéutica se basa en estudios observacionales y en series de casos junto a ensayos randomizados y controlados. También según esta publicación se ha recomendado que esta terapéutica pueda aplicarse como primera indicación en muchas circunstancias en pacientes con dolor refractario (6-10). La técnica goza de un reconocimiento creciente en EE.UU. y en muchos otros países. Actualmente se le han asignado códigos conocidos como CPT (códigos de terminología de procedimiento) a los dos tipos de liberación de adherencias en EE.UU., CPT 62263 para tres inyecciones en el curso de 2-3 días, en general para pacientes hospitalizados, y CPT 62264 para las series de una sola inyección en el modelo de centro quirúrgico, que puede repetirse de 3 a 3,5 veces en un periodo de 12 meses. Pero lo mismo ocurre en España, Italia o Corea del Sur, entre otros. En la presente revisión se revisará la epidemiología, fisiopatología y las indicaciones hasta la preparación del paciente (AU)

Chances are relatively high that each of us will experience low back pain at some point in our lives. The usual course is rapid improvement with 5-10% developing persistent symptoms (1). In the 1990’s, the estimated cost of low back pain to the health industry was in the billions of dollars, and with a larger proportion of our population now reported to be older, this number can only be expected to increase (2,3). Treatment typically begins with conservative measures such as medication and physical therapy and may even include minimally and highly invasive pain management interventions. Surgery is sometimes required in patients who have progressive neurological deficits or those who have other therapies. A quandary sometimes arises, following a primary surgery, as to whether repeat surgery should be attempted or another alternative technique should be tried. This is the exact problem that the epidural adhesiolysis procedure was has a significant surgery sparing role that can help. It was shown to free up nerves and to break down scar formation, deliver site-specific corticosteroids and local anesthetics, and reduce edema with the use of hyaluronidase and hypertonic saline. Epidural adhesiolysis has afforded patients a reduction in pain and neurological symptoms without the expense and occasional long recovery period associated with repeat surgery, and often prevents the need for surgical intervention. This is the reason that Epidural Adhesiolysis was given an evidence rating of strong correlating to a 1B or 1C evidence level for Post-Lumbar Surgery Syndrome in the most recent American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians evidence-based guidelines. This suggests that the therapy is supported by observational studies and case series along with randomized-control trials. Recommendation was also made that this therapy could apply to most patients in most circumstances without reservations. Additionally CPT codes have been assigned to the two different kinds of adhesiolysis, CPT 62263 for the three times injections over 2-3 days, usually done as in patient hospital setting and CPT 62264 for the one time injection series surgery-center model that may need to be repeated 3 to 3.5 times in a 12 months period time. In this review we talk about from the patophisiology and epidemiology to indications and patient preparation (AU)

Síndrome de lisis tumoral en pediatría / Tumoral lysis syndrome in pediatrics

Tumor lysis syndrome is a metabolic emergency resulting from the rapid and massive destruction of tumor cells, spontaneously or secondary to cytolytic therapy for cancer. This results in a huge imbalance of internal environment by releasing large amounts of intracellular contents into the interstitial and intravascular space, with serious clinical consequences or even death. The pediatric population is especially at risk of tumor lysis syndrome because it has a high rate of fast-growing tumors, such as those of hematologic origin. Proper recognition of the risk factors that can cause this syndrome, as well as specific prevention and treatment has substantially decreased complications and improved survival in these patients.

El síndrome de lisis tumoral es una emergencia metabólica derivada de la rápida y masiva destrucción de células tumorales en forma espontánea o secundaria a terapia citolítica del cáncer. Esta situación produce un enorme desequilibrio del medio interno al liberarse grandes cantidades de contenido intracelular al espacio intersticial e intravascular, con consecuencias clínicas serias e incluso mortales. La población pediátrica está especialmente expuesta a sufrir síndrome de lisis tumoral ya que presenta una tasa elevada de tumores de rápido crecimiento, como son los de orígenes hematológicos. El adecuado reconocimiento de los factores de riesgo que pueden causar este síndrome, así como su prevención y tratamiento específicos han disminuido sustancialmente las complicaciones y mejorado la sobrevida de estos pacientes.

Dosis única de rasburicasa como tratamiento del síndrome de lisis tumoral en 2 pacientes / Single-dose rasburicase as treatment for tumor lysis síndrome in two patients

No disponible

Síndrome de lisis de glóbulos blancos después de un trasplante autólogo de células troncales hematopoyéticas en el tratamiento de la amiloidosis AL renal: Caso clínico / White blood cell lysis syndrome after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of renal AL amyloidosis: Case report

The treatment of AL amyloidosis was not successful until the advent of myeloablative chemotherapy consisting of high-dose intravenous melphalan followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. This new treatment has achieved better survival rates and, remarkably, it has obtained complete remission. Among patients with renal involvement, achievement of a complete hematological response was associated with a 50% reduction in proteinuria and stable creatinine clearance in more than 2/3 of patients. Despite of these excellent results, this new therapy is associated with significant toxicity, including the development of acute renal failure due to white blood cell lysis syndrome. We report a 59 year-old female with a nephrotic syndrome due to primary amyloidosis successfully treated autologous stem cell transplantation who developed acute renal failure caused by white blood cell lysis syndrome. The patient required treatment with granulocytic colony stimulating factor and intermittent hemofiltration and was discharged 23 days after melphalan administration with a satisfactory renal function and white blood cell count. After one year of follow up, she maintains a good glomerular filtration rate, a proteinuria of less than, 1 g/day and normal hematological values.

Linfoma de Burkitt abdominal: presentación de caso y revisión de la literatura / Abdominal burkitt lymphoma

El Linfoma de Burkitt (LB) es un tipo de linfoma no Hodgkin, infrecuente, que afecta principalmente a niños y adolescentes. Dada la escasa información disponible, nuestra intención es describir los hallazgos imagenológicos de L.B. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de la presentación clínica e imagenológica en un paciente varón de 4 años de edad, confirmado por biopsia. Combinación de distintos métodos de imagen. Rx negativas. La ecografía mostró hepatomegalia moderada con múltiples nódulos hipoecoicos, y líquido libre en cavidad abdominal. TC demostró hepatomegalia, mayor número y tamaño de nódulos sólidos (debido a su comportamiento densitométrico y realce postcontraste), escasa cantidad de ascitis y aumento de la densidad de la grasa del mesenterio. RMI caracterizó y puso en evidencia con mayor precisión los hallazgos por Ecografía y tomografía computada. El LB es una rara entidad que necesita de la clínica y la combinación de varios métodos de imagen para aproximarse a la sospecha diagnóstica y representa un gran desafío

Linfoma de Burkitt abdominal: presentación de caso y revisión de la literatura / Abdominal burkitt lymphoma

El Linfoma de Burkitt (LB) es un tipo de linfoma no Hodgkin, infrecuente, que afecta principalmente a niños y adolescentes. Dada la escasa información disponible, nuestra intención es describir los hallazgos imagenológicos de L.B. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de la presentación clínica e imagenológica en un paciente varón de 4 años de edad, confirmado por biopsia. Combinación de distintos métodos de imagen. Rx negativas. La ecografía mostró hepatomegalia moderada con múltiples nódulos hipoecoicos, y líquido libre en cavidad abdominal. TC demostró hepatomegalia, mayor número y tamaño de nódulos sólidos (debido a su comportamiento densitométrico y realce postcontraste), escasa cantidad de ascitis y aumento de la densidad de la grasa del mesenterio. RMI caracterizó y puso en evidencia con mayor precisión los hallazgos por Ecografía y tomografía computada. El LB es una rara entidad que necesita de la clínica y la combinación de varios métodos de imagen para aproximarse a la sospecha diagnóstica y representa un gran desafío (AU)

Síndrome de Lisis Tumoral / Tumor Lysis Syndrome

El Síndrome de Lisis Tumoral es un grupo de disturbios metabólicos asociados a enfermedades malignas que ocurre debido a la lisis celular. El Síndrome se caracteriza por su nefrotoxicidad, la cual lleva al fallo renal agudo, debido principalmente a la hiperfosfatemia y la hiperuricemia. En el artículo se resaltan aspectos sobre la patogénesis de la nefropatía. El diagnóstico se arealiza en presencia del antecedente de uso de quimioterapia en una enfermedad linfoproliferativa asociado a las alteraciones metabólicas típicas (hiperuricemia, hiperfosfatemia, hiperclemia, acidosis láctica e hipoclacemia). El tratamiento se basa principalmente en la hidratación adecuada y la diuresis forzada, junto con otras medidas que detallan en el artículo

Incidência de síndrome de lise tumoral aguda em pacientes portadores de hemopatias malignas / Incidence of acute tumor lysis syndrome in patients with malignant blood diseases

O emprego de quimioterapia em tumores de alta replicaçäo celular é responsável pela liberaçäo de constituintes celulares, que podem levar a sérias alteraçöes metabólicas. Estas alteraçöes compreendem distúrbios no metabolismo do: potássio, cálcio, fosfato, uréia e ácido úrico; que caracterizam a SINDROME de LISE TUMORAL AGUDA (SLTA). No período de 29/03/93 a 23/08/93, foram estudados 20 pacientes com hemopatias malignas, com indicaçäo de tratamento poliquimioterápico. Estes pacientes receberam hiper-hidrataçäo com 2000ml/m2 de soluçäo fisiológico 0,9 por cento e alopurinol 200mg/m2 iniciando-se no dia anterior até o último dia de quimioterapia. O diagnóstico de SLTA foi considerado nos pacientes que nos 4 dias do tratamento, apresentaram duas ou mais das seguintes alteraçöes metabólicas: aumento de 25 por cento nos níveis de potássio, ácido úrico, uréia e fosfato; ou diminuiçäo de 25 por cento no nível de cálcio sérico. A SINDROME DE LISE TUMORAL AGUDA CLINICA (SLTAC), foi definida como SLTAC, associada a condiçöes clínicas que implicassem em risco de vida nenhum dos nossos pacientes apresentou SLTAC e apenas 30 por cento desenvolveram SLTAL, demonstrando que este esquema de tratamento foi efetivo.

Síndrome de lisis tumoral

Con los avances alcanzados en la terapia de las enfermedades malignas se ha logrado mejorar la calidad de vida e incluso curar muchos niños con neoplasias, pero simultáneamente han aparecido complicaciones que es necesario prevenir y manejar con el fin de mejorar el pronóstico en el paciente con cáncer. El síndrome de lisis tumoral es una entidad que inicialmente se describió en pacientes que luego del inicio de la quimioterapia por enfermedades linfoproliferativas presentaban muerte súbita por hiperkalemia. Posteriormente se encontró que estos pacientes presentaban como complicaciones comunes una alteración caracterizada por la triada metabólica de hiperuricemia, hiperkalemia e hiperfosfatemia, las cuales llevaban a falla renal, y por una hipocalcemia sintomática. El sindrome de lisis tumoral en general ocurre en los primeros 5 días después del inicio de la terapia citotóxica específica en tumores que tienen una alta fracción de crecimiento y en los que el porcentaje de células en fase S de reproducción celular es alto y por lo tanto son muy sensibles a la quimioterapia. Dentro de las patologías con riesgo de este síndrome está el linfoma de Burkitt que tiene una tasa de duplicación celular entre 38 y 116 horas. También las leucemias linfoblásticas en general, particularmente las de células B que tienen una tasa de duplicación 3 veces mayor que las de células PRE-B. Rara vez se presenta en leucemia mieloide crónica y no se encuentra en leucemia mieloide aguda ni en tumores sólidos no linfomatosos.