The imbalance of TNF and IL-6 levels and FOXP3 expression at the maternal-fetal interface is involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes in a susceptible murine model of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes depending on the time at which the infection occurs and the immunological state of the mother. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice have been described as susceptible and resistant mouse lineages to congenital T. gondii infection, respectively. This study aimed to elucidate the systemic and local cytokine profile of pregnant mice infected with T. gondii and whether the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3, related to T regulatory cells, is associated with the resistance/susceptibility of these lineages of mice in the context of experimental congenital toxoplasmosis. For this purpose, C57BL/6 and BALB/c females were orally infected with the T. gondii ME-49 strain on the day of vaginal plug detection or day 14 of gestation, examined 7 or 5 days later, respectively, as models of early and late pregnancy. Cytokine levels were measured systemically and in the uterus/placenta. Additionally, the uterus/placenta were evaluated macroscopically for resorption rates and histologically for parasite and FOXP3 immunostaining. The FOXP3 protein expression was also evaluated by western blotting assay. It was found that, during early pregnancy, the infection leads to high IFN-γ, TNF and IL-6 levels systemically, with the TNF levels being higher in C57BL/6 mice. At the maternal-fetal interface, the infection induced high levels of IFN-γ in both mouse lineages; however, higher levels were observed in BALB/c, while high TNF and IL-6 levels were found in C57BL/6, but not in BALB/c mice. In contrast, in late gestation, T. gondii interfered less strongly with the cytokine profile. In early pregnancy, a reduction of FOXP3 expression at the maternal-fetal interface of infected mice was also observed, and the reduction was larger in C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c mice. Additionally, the parasite was seldom found in the uterus/placenta. Thus, the worse pregnancy outcomes observed in C57BL/6 mice were associated with higher TNF systemically, and TNF and IL-6 at the maternal-fetal interface, with lower FOXP3 expression.

[Pelvic inflammatory disease due to Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome]. / Enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica causada por el síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich.

BACKGROUND: Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome is a congenital urogenital malformation that is associated with a uterus didelphys and a longitudinal vaginal septum, resulting in a blind hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Clinical presentation is highly variable, delaying diagnosis and leading to important complications. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 13-year-old female who was diagnosed with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome following an acute abdomen due to a right tubo-ovarian abscess. She had a vaginal septum giving rise to a right blind hemivagina. It was microperforated, causing intermittent genital bleeding. This hematocolpos was colonized by microorganisms that ascended to the pelvic cavity, causing right tuboovarian abscess. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging provided theWernermost diagnostic information. We performed a vaginal septum resection, and both hemiuteros communicated with a single vagina, resulting in an asymptomatic patient. CONCLUSION: Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome is a little known entity and can be presented atypically, resulting in diagnostic difficulty and treatment delay. It is important to be aware of this syndrome in order to avoid irreversible complications.

ANTECEDENTES: el síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich es una malformación urogenital congénita que asocia un útero didelfo con un tabique vaginal longitudinal que forma una hemivagina ciega y agenesia renal ipsilateral a ésta. La presentación clínica es muy variable, lo que retrasa el diagnóstico y provoca algunas complicaciones que pueden ser graves. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 13 años de edad, con diagnóstico de síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich a raíz de un cuadro de abdomen agudo por un absceso tuboovárico derecho. El tabique vaginal formaba una hemivagina ciega derecha microperforada que provocaba sangrados genitales intermitentes. Este hematocolpos se colonizó con microorganismos y el ascenso de estos a la cavidad pélvica causó el absceso tuboovárico derecho. La resonancia magnética nuclear aportó mayor información para el diagnóstico. La resección del tabique vaginal comunicó los dos hemiúteros con una sola vagina y los síntomas desaparecieron. CONCLUSIÓN: el síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich es poco conocido y puede manifestarse de forma atípica, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico y retrasa el tratamiento. Para evitar complicaciones irreversibles es importante mantener una alta sospecha clínica.

[Müllerian anomalies. Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome (OHVIRA)]. / Malformaciones müllerianas. Síndrome de hemivagina obstruida y anomalía renal ipsilateral (OHVIRA).

Müllerian duct anomalies are a group of uncommon and underdiagnosed entities, which cause specific symptoms in adolescent females and may be associated with infertility as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. These malformations occur as a result of an arrest or abnormal development of the Müllerian ducts in different stages of the female reproductive tract during gestation. Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome (OHVIRA), formerly known as the Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome, is a rare entity characterized by the presence of a uterus didelphys with an obstructed hemivagina cause by a vaginal septum and the association of a renal anomaly (most commonly renal agenesis) ipsilateral to the obstruction. This syndrome may remain undiagnosed during childhood and usually becomes symptomatic after menarche, causing obstructive symptoms. Occasionally it may be identified after the evaluation of a patient with infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss. The clinical diagnosis is very challenging and requires imaging studies in which ultrasound and MRI play an essential role in the diagnosis, classification and treatment plan. Opportune diagnosis and treatment achieve complete improvement of symptoms, adequate reproductive prognosis and avoid major complications such as endometriosis, pelvic adhesions and infertility. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and treatment of the obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome.

Las malformaciones de los conductos de Müller son un grupo de entidades raras y poco diagnosticadas que ocasionan síntomas inespecíficos en adolescentes y pueden acompañarse de problemas de infertilidad y RESULTADOS obstétricos adversos. Estas malformaciones ocurren durante la gestación como consecuencia del desarrollo anormal de los conductos de Müller en diferentes etapas del proceso de formación del aparato reproductor femenino. El síndrome de hemivagina obstruida y anomalía renal ipsilateral, antes conocido como el síndrome de Herlyn-Werner-Wünderlich, es un padecimiento poco común, caracterizado por útero didelfo con una hemivagina obstruida por un tabique vaginal, y la asociación de una anomalía renal (agenesia renal principalmente) ipsilateral a la obstrucción. Este síndrome rara vez se identifica durante la niñez y se vuelve sintomático posterior a la menarquia, ocasionado por los síntomas obstructivos. A veces se identifica posterior a la evaluación de una paciente con problemas de infertilidad o pérdidas gestacionales recurrentes. El diagnóstico clínico es difícil, por eso se requieren estudios de imagen en los que el ultrasonido y la resonancia magnética desempeñan un papel decisivo para el diagnóstico, clasificación y plan terapéutico. El diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos logran la desaparición de los síntomas, con pronóstico reproductivo adecuado, y se evitan las principales complicaciones: endometriosis, adherencias pélvicas e infertilidad. OBJETIVO: mostrar la fisiopatología, las manifestaciones clínicas, los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos del síndrome de hemivagina obstruida y anomalía renal ipsilateral.

[Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. A report of two cases]. / Síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la bibliografía.

The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by lack of vaginal and uterine development variable and normal ovaries. It results from agenesis or hypoplasia Müller duct system. Cervicovaginal agenesis as part of the complex syndrome, is even rarer. We report two cases: adolescent patient with primary amenorrhea, cervicovaginal agenesis and chronic pelvic pain, and a 28-year-old patient with primary amenorrhea, congenital absence of uterus and vagina.

Avaliação uterina em vacas durante o puerpério / Uterine monitoring cows during the puerperium

A condição do ambiente uterino durante o puerpério é um dos principais fatores que influenciam na fertilidade das vacas. O acompanhamento da involução uterina e a detecção precoce de quadros de infecção permitem tomar decisões mais rápidas quanto ao tratamento a ser adotado, sem comprometer o retorno das funções normais do útero. Entre os ganhos obtidos, verificam-se redução do período de serviço e aumento da eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho. Esta revisão de literatura aborda aspectos relacionados ao acompanhamento da involução uterina em vacas durante o puerpério.

The uterine environment during the puerperium is one of the most important factor influencing the fertility of the cows. Monitoring of uterine involution and early detection of metritis can be useful to make decisions about treatments, maintaining the normal uterine functions, reducing service period and increasing the reproductive efficiency of the herd. This review addresses to the uterine involution in cows during the puerperium.

Avaliação uterina em vacas durante o puerpério / Uterine monitoring cows during the puerperium

A condição do ambiente uterino durante o puerpério é um dos principais fatores que influenciam na fertilidade das vacas. O acompanhamento da involução uterina e a detecção precoce de quadros de infecção permitem tomar decisões mais rápidas quanto ao tratamento a ser adotado, sem comprometer o retorno das funções normais do útero. Entre os ganhos obtidos, verificam-se redução do período de serviço e aumento da eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho. Esta revisão de literatura aborda aspectos relacionados ao acompanhamento da involução uterina em vacas durante o puerpério.(AU)

The uterine environment during the puerperium is one of the most important factor influencing the fertility of the cows. Monitoring of uterine involution and early detection of metritis can be useful to make decisions about treatments, maintaining the normal uterine functions, reducing service period and increasing the reproductive efficiency of the herd. This review addresses to the uterine involution in cows during the puerperium. (AU)

Utero septado con duplicación cervical y tabique vaginal: una malformación rara / Septate uterus with cervical duplication. A rare malformation

Se presentan dos casos de una malformación mulleriana que incluye útero septado con duplicación cervical y tabique vaginal longitudinal total. Existen pocos casos informados previamente en la literatura médica. Se realiza la discución y una revisión de la literatura

Utero didelfo, imperfuracao vaginal unilateral e agenesia renal ipsilateral: descricao de um caso / Uterus didelphys, unilateral imperfurated vagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis: a case report

A combinacao do utero didelfo com imperfuracao vaginal unilateral e agenesia renal ipsilateral e rara e, em geral, e encontrada em mulheres com ciclos menstruais normais. Nestes casos, devido ao acumulo de sangue menstrual na hemivagina obstruida, as pacientes podem apresentar massa pelvica e dismenorreia severa. Neste artigo e descrito um caso de uma paciente de 14 anos, a qual apresentava dor pelvica ha 6 meses. Os autores revisam tambem a embriologia, diagnostico e manejo desta rara associacao

Sistemas moleculares en la interacciones celulares: II. Iimplantación embrionaria en mamíferos / Molecular systems in the cellular interactions: II. Embrionary implantation in mammals

En el presente trabajo se revisan los sistemas moleculares de reconocimiento y adhesión celulares que participan en la implantación embrionaria de los mamíferos.En el proceso de implantación embrionaria, las interacciones son compejas, ya que son diversos tipos celulares los involucrados: las células del trofoblasto del embrión interactúan con varias células uterinas y con sus respectivas matrices extracelulare; participando lactosaminoglicanos, integrinas, cadherinas y galactosil transferasas.

Flujo genital y embarazo / Genital exuaste and pregnancy

Se trata de un estudio prospectivo sobre flujo genital en 73 pacientes gestantes, en las que se practicò examen en fresco del flujo que luego se tratò con agentes tòpicos, estableciendose la utilidad d la terapèutica mediante examen en fresco posterior. Se propone como una alternativa para el tratamiento de las colpitis en las pacientes de bajos recursos econòmicos, asi como para su empleo en areas perifèricas y rurales