La enfermedad ocular de Jean-Paul Sartre y su repercusión en su obra literaria / The eye disease of Jean-Paul Sartre and its impact on his literary work

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The eye disease of Jefferson Davis (1808-1889).

The only Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, led a long and eventful life. He was a Mississippi planter, a husband, a father, West Point graduate, war hero, congressman, senator, secretary of war, and finally President of the Confederate States of America. In many ways he was a study of contrast with his northern counterpart, Abraham Lincoln. Davis was personally courageous and a rich, educated, southern aristocrat who did not deeply understand the political process or have the refined personal skills necessary to work well with others. Prior to his Presidency he served with distinction in two wars, but as a result of his confederate activity and pro-slavery philosophy he is one of the least discussed famous Americans. Davis's health was a constant problem and he suffered an almost fatal attack of "malaria" in 1836. In the winter of 1857-1858 he again was seriously ill and by the end of February 1858 a chronic, relapsing, ocular inflammatory condition began. Using historical evidence from multiple sources, this paper will propose a diagnosis of the Confederate President's ocular condition and consider how this could have influenced his military and political decisions.

James Wardrop and equine recurrent uveitis.

James Wardrop should be remembered not only as one of the founders of ocular pathology but also for his contributions to the field of comparative ophthalmology. He described a "specific inflammation" that veterinarians today know as equine recurrent uveitis. As described by Wardrop in the 19th century, this condition is known today to eventually lead to blindness.

Changing trends in the etiologic diagnosis of uveitis.

Just as different fads that seize the imagination of the general public are often carried to excess, so diagnostic or therapeutic fads may take over in the practice of medicine. Analysis of 33 surveys of the causes of uveitis reported by ophthalmologists over the course of 120 years shows how some diagnoses such as syphilis and tuberculosis fell from favor because tests ruled out these diseases, whereas others such as toxoplasmosis became popular because of the finding of the organism in a few cases by a famous ophthalmic pathologist. Yet others (pars planitis, sarcoidosis) were not even causes of disease, but rather merely descriptive, or the ocular component of a systemic disease whose etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. We will examine the waxing and waning of these diagnostic categories and the impressive confidence of some clinicians in their own diagnostic acumen as they made diagnoses often unsupported by objective evidence.

HTLV-I e uveíte / HTLV-I and uveitis

Os autores descrevem os primeiros casos de uveíte intermediária associada ao HTVL-I ( vírus linfotrópico para a célula-T ) no Brasil. Foram examinados 10 pacientes com HTVL-I ( Elisa e Western-Blot ) sendo encontradas alteraçöes como vasculite e exsudaçäo na retina periférica em três casos (33 por cento), um caso (10 por cento) com Síndrome de Spogren primária e outro (10 por cento), ainda näo descrito, de ceratite intersticial. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar alteraçöes oculares em pacientes soropositivos para HTVL-I, alertando para uma nova etiologia a ser pesquisada nas uveítes intermediárias contribuindo para diminuiçäo do número, ainda grande, de casos idiopáticos.

[Endogenous uveitis]. / K problematice endogenní uveitidy.

In a brief historical review of views on inflammatory affections of the uveal tissue the authors focused attention also on distinguished personalities in Czech ophthalmology who worked at the Czech Ophthalmological Clinic and participated in the development of uveology. Based on their own observations, they give an account on of their experience with the diagnosis of endogenous uveitis. Consistent with the world literature, they were able to reveal in a group of 174 patients with endogenous uveitis that the condition was associated with a systemic disease in 30%, in 9% they found an infectious aetiology and the remaining 61% were described as idiopathic endogenous uveitis. From the group of idiopathic uveitis they separated clinical entities diagnosed in 29%.

History of immunology of uveitis.

The history of immunology of uveitis is given from the point of view of the author. Immunological studies on clinical cases of uveitis and later experimental uveitis in rabbits using the fluorescent antibody technique of COONS are shortly discussed. Later studies on viral diseases in collaboration with Dr. Martenet are mentioned.