ABSTRACT
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
Subject(s)
Vaccines/biosynthesis , Vaccines/isolation & purification , Vaccinology , Animals , History, 20th Century , Humans , Vaccines, Conjugate , Vaccinology/history , Vaccinology/methods , WorkflowSubject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Adult , Antigens, Surface , Antigens, Viral , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Vaccines , Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Genetic Vectors , Healthy Volunteers , History, 18th Century , Humans , RNA, Messenger/immunology , RNA, Viral/immunology , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry , Vaccines, Attenuated , Vaccinology/history , Vaccinology/methods , Viral Vaccines/adverse effectsABSTRACT
El desarrollo de vacunas es un proceso multifactorial que ha evolucionado especialmente en las últimas décadas. La búsqueda de vacunas inmunógenas que resulten suficientemente seguras y tolerables ha dado lugar a sucesivos avances tecnológicos en este campo. Históricamente la tecnología aplicada a las vacunas puede dividirse en 3 aproximaciones: la empírica, la moderna y la nueva oleada tecnológica. Dentro de la primera se encuentran las vacunas basadas en microorganismos enteros, las técnicas de atenuación, inactivación, los cultivos celulares y las vacunas de subunidades. En la época moderna destacan los avances relacionados con la conjugación química, así como la tecnología de ADN recombinante y la vacunología inversa. Finalmente, en la nueva oleada tecnológica se incluye, entre otros, la bioconjugación, los vectores virales, la biología sintética, la autoamplificación del ARN mensajero, los módulos generalizados para antígenos de membrana, la vacunología estructural y los nuevos adyuvantes
The development of vaccines is a multifactorial process that has evolved and expanded, particularly over the last decades. The search for immunogenic vaccines that are also acceptably safe and tolerable enacted continuous technological advances in this field. In this regard, the technology applied to vaccines can historically be divided into 3 approaches: the empirical approach, the modern approach, and the new technological wave. The empirical approach for vaccine development includes whole micro-organisms, attenuation, inactivation, cell cultures and sub-unit vaccines. The modern approach contributed to leaps and bounds to vaccine development using chemical conjugation, as well as recombinant protein DNA technology and reverse vaccinology. Lastly, the new technological wave includes, among others, bioconjugation, viral vectors, synthetic biology, self-amplification of messenger RNA, generalized modules for membrane antigens, structural vaccinology and the new adjuvants
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Vaccination/history , Vaccination/trends , Inventions/trends , 50054 , Vaccines/history , Genetic Engineering , RNA, Messenger , Vaccinology/history , Vaccinology/trendsABSTRACT
The reports in 1993 that naked DNA encoding viral genes conferred protective immunity came as a surprise to most vaccinologists. This review analyses the expanding number of examples where plasmid DNA induces immune responses. Issues such as the type of immunity induced, mechanisms of immune protection, and how DNA vaccines compare with other approaches are emphasized. Additional issues discussed include the likely means by which DNA vaccines induce CTL, how the potency and type of immunity induced can be modified, and whether DNA vaccines represent a practical means of manipulating unwanted immune response occurring during immunoinflammatory diseases. It seems doubtful if DNA vaccines will replace currently effective vaccines, but they may prove useful for prophylactic use against some agents that at present lack an effective vaccine. DNA vaccines promise to be valuable to manipulate the immune response in situations where responses to agents are inappropriate or ineffective.
