The "Preeclampsia and Hypertension Target Treatment" study: a multicenter prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of the antihypertensive therapy based on maternal hemodynamic findings.

BACKGROUND: Despite major advances in the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in the nonpregnant population, treatments for hypertension in pregnancy have remained largely unchanged over the years. There is recent evidence that a more adequate control of maternal blood pressure is achieved when the first given antihypertensive drug is able to correct the underlying hemodynamic disorder of the mother besides normalizing the blood pressure values. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the blood pressure control in women receiving an appropriate or inappropriate antihypertensive therapy following the baseline hemodynamic findings. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective multicenter study that included a population of women with de novo diagnosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. A noninvasive assessment of the following maternal parameters was performed on hospital admission via Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor before any antihypertensive therapy was given: cardiac output, heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. The clinician who prescribed the antihypertensive therapy was blinded to the hemodynamic evaluation and used as first-line treatment a vasodilator (nifedipine or alpha methyldopa) or a beta-blocker (labetalol) based on his preferences or on the local protocols. The first-line pharmacologic treatment was retrospectively considered hemodynamically appropriate in either of the following circumstances: (1) women with a hypodynamic profile (defined as low cardiac output [≤5 L/min] and/or high systemic vascular resistance [≥1300 dynes/second/cm2]) who were administered oral nifedipine or alpha methyldopa and (2) women with a hyperdynamic profile (defined as normal or high cardiac output [>5 L/min] and/or low systemic vascular resistances [<1300 dynes/second/cm2]) who were administered oral labetalol. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the occurrence of severe hypertension between women treated with a hemodynamically appropriate therapy and women treated with an inappropriate therapy. RESULTS: A total of 152 women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were included in the final analysis. Most women displayed a hypodynamic profile (114 [75.0%]) and received a hemodynamically appropriate treatment (116 [76.3%]). The occurrence of severe hypertension before delivery was significantly lower in the group receiving an appropriate therapy than in the group receiving an inappropriately treated (6.0% vs 19.4%, respectively; P=.02). Moreover, the number of women who achieved target values of blood pressure within 48 to 72 hours from the treatment start was higher in the group who received an appropriate treatment than in the group who received an inappropriate treatment (70.7% vs 50.0%, respectively; P=.02). CONCLUSION: In pregnant individuals with de novo hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, a lower occurrence of severe hypertension was observed when the first-line antihypertensive agent was tailored to the correct maternal hemodynamic profile.

Phase 3 Trial of Sotatercept for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease involving proliferative remodeling of the pulmonary vessels. Despite therapeutic advances, the disease-associated morbidity and mortality remain high. Sotatercept is a fusion protein that traps activins and growth differentiation factors involved in pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, phase 3 trial in which adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (World Health Organization [WHO] functional class II or III) who were receiving stable background therapy were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous sotatercept (starting dose, 0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight; target dose, 0.7 mg per kilogram) or placebo every 3 weeks. The primary end point was the change from baseline at week 24 in the 6-minute walk distance. Nine secondary end points, tested hierarchically in the following order, were multicomponent improvement, change in pulmonary vascular resistance, change in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level, improvement in WHO functional class, time to death or clinical worsening, French risk score, and changes in the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Symptoms and Impact (PAH-SYMPACT) Physical Impacts, Cardiopulmonary Symptoms, and Cognitive/Emotional Impacts domain scores; all were assessed at week 24 except time to death or clinical worsening, which was assessed when the last patient completed the week 24 visit. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were assigned to receive sotatercept and 160 to receive placebo. The median change from baseline at week 24 in the 6-minute walk distance was 34.4 m (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.0 to 35.5) in the sotatercept group and 1.0 m (95% CI, -0.3 to 3.5) in the placebo group. The Hodges-Lehmann estimate of the difference between the sotatercept and placebo groups in the change from baseline at week 24 in the 6-minute walk distance was 40.8 m (95% CI, 27.5 to 54.1; P<0.001). The first eight secondary end points were significantly improved with sotatercept as compared with placebo, whereas the PAH-SYMPACT Cognitive/Emotional Impacts domain score was not. Adverse events that occurred more frequently with sotatercept than with placebo included epistaxis, dizziness, telangiectasia, increased hemoglobin levels, thrombocytopenia, and increased blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who were receiving stable background therapy, sotatercept resulted in a greater improvement in exercise capacity (as assessed by the 6-minute walk test) than placebo. (Funded by Acceleron Pharma, a subsidiary of MSD; STELLAR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04576988.).

Inhaled nitric oxide does not improve maximal oxygen consumption in endurance trained and untrained healthy individuals.

PURPOSE: Previous work suggests that endurance-trained athletes have superior pulmonary vasculature function as compared to untrained individuals, which may contribute to their greater maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max). Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy individuals, which could translate into greater cardiac output and improved [Formula: see text]O2max, particularly in untrained individuals. The purpose of the study was to examine whether iNO improved [Formula: see text]O2max in endurance trained and untrained individuals. METHODS: Sixteen endurance-trained and sixteen untrained individuals with normal lung function completed this randomized double-blind cross-over study over four sessions. Experimental cardiopulmonary exercise tests were completed while breathing either normoxia (placebo) or 40 ppm of iNO, on separate days (order randomized). On an additional day, echocardiography was used to determine pulmonary artery systolic pressure at rest and during sub-maximal exercise (60 Watts) while participants breathed normoxia or iNO. RESULTS: Right ventricular systolic pressure was significantly reduced by iNO during exercise (Placebo: 34 ± 7 vs. iNO: 32 ± 7; p = 0.04). [Formula: see text]O2max was greater in the endurance trained group (Untrained: 3.1 ± 0.7 vs. Endurance: 4.3 ± 0.9 L min-1; p < 0.01), however, there was no effect of condition (p = 0.79) and no group by condition interaction (p = 0.68). Peak cardiac output was also unchanged by iNO in either group. CONCLUSION: Despite a reduction in right ventricular systolic pressure, the lack of change in [Formula: see text]O2max with iNO suggests that the pulmonary vasculature does not limit [Formula: see text]O2max in young healthy individuals, regardless of fitness level.

The effect of levosimendan on right ventricular function in patients with heart dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Levosimendan exerts positive inotropic and vasodilatory effects. Currently, its effects on right heart function remain uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis is intended to illustrate the impacts of levosimendan on systolic function of the right heart in patients with heart dysfunction. We systematically searched electronic databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science) up to November 30, 2020, and filtered eligible studies that reported the impacts of levosimendan on right heart function. Of these, only studies whose patients suffered from heart dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension were included. Additionally, patients were divided into two groups (given levosimendan or not) in the initial research. Then, RevMan5.3 was used to conduct further analysis. A total of 8 studies comprising 390 patients were included. The results showed that after 24 h of levosimendan, patients' right ventricular fractional area change [3.17, 95% CI (2.03, 4.32), P < 0.00001], tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [1.26, 95% CI (0.35, 2.16), P = 0.007] and tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity [0.86, 95% CI (0.41, 1.32), P = 0.0002] were significantly increased compared to the control group. And there is an increasing trend of cardiac output in levosimendan group [1.06, 95% CI (- 0.16, 2.29), P = 0.09 ] .Furthermore, patients' systolic pulmonary arterial pressure [- 5.57, 95% CI (- 7.60, - 3.54), P < 0.00001] and mean pulmonary arterial pressure [- 1.01, 95% CI (- 1.64, - 0.37), P = 0.002] were both significantly decreased, whereas changes in pulmonary vascular resistance [- 55.88, 95% CI (- 206.57, 94.82), P = 0.47] were not significant. Our study shows that in patients with heart dysfunction, levosimendan improves systolic function of the right heart and decreases the pressure of the pulmonary artery.

Pioglitazone Ameliorates Acute Endotoxemia-Induced Acute on Chronic Renal Dysfunction in Cirrhotic Ascitic Rats.

Endotoxemia-activated tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signals result in acute on chronic inflammation-driven renal dysfunction in advanced cirrhosis. Systemic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) with pioglitazone can suppress inflammation-related splanchnic and pulmonary dysfunction in cirrhosis. This study explored the mechanism and effects of pioglitazone treatment on the abovementioned renal dysfunction in cirrhotic rats. Cirrhotic ascitic rats were induced with renal dysfunction by bile duct ligation (BDL). Then, 2 weeks of pioglitazone treatment (Pio, PPAR gamma agonist, 12 mg/kg/day, using the azert osmotic pump) was administered from the 6th week after BDL. Additionally, acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111:B4; Sigma, 0.1 mg/kg b.w, i.p. dissolved in NaCl 0.9%) was used to induce acute renal dysfunction. Subsequently, various circulating, renal arterial and renal tissue pathogenic markers were measured. Cirrhotic BDL rats are characterized by decreased mean arterial pressure, increased cardiac output and portal venous pressure, reduced renal arterial blood flow (RABF), increased renal vascular resistance (RVR), increased relative renal weight/hydroxyproline, downregulated renal PPARγ expression, upregulated renal inflammatory markers (TNFα, NFκB, IL-6, MCP-1), increased adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), increased renal macrophages (M1, CD68), and progressive renal dysfunction (increasing serum and urinary levels of renal injury markers (lipocalin-2 and IL-18)). In particular, acute LPS administration induces acute on chronic renal dysfunction (increasing serum BUN/creatinine, increasing RVR and decreasing RABF) by increased TNFα-NFκB-mediated renal inflammatory markers as well as renal M1 macrophage infiltration. In comparison with the BDL+LPS group, chronic pioglitazone pre-treatment prevented LPS-induced renal pathogenic changes in the BDL-Pio+LPS group. Activation of systemic, renal vessel and renal tissue levels of PPARγ by chronic pioglitazone treatment has beneficial effects on the endotoxemia-related TNFα/NFκB-mediated acute and chronic renal inflammation in cirrhosis. This study revealed that normalization of renal and renal arterial levels of PPARγ effectively prevented LPS-induced acute and chronic renal dysfunction in cirrhotic ascitic rats.

Celecoxib reduces hepatic vascular resistance in portal hypertension by amelioration of endothelial oxidative stress.

The balance between endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is very important for NO homeostasis in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a major intravascular source of ROS production, has been observed in LSECs of cirrhotic liver. However, the links between low NO bioavailability and COX-2 overexpression in LSECs are unknown. This study has confirmed the link between low NO bioavailability and COX-2 overexpression by COX-2-dependent PGE2-EP2-ERK1/2-NOX1/NOX4 signalling pathway in LSECs in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the regulation of COX-2-independent LKB1-AMPK-NRF2-HO-1 signalling pathway on NO homeostasis in LSECs was also elucidated. The combinative effects of celecoxib on diminishment of ROS via COX-2-dependent and COX-2-independent signalling pathways greatly decreased NO scavenging. As a result, LSECs capillarisation was reduced, and endothelial dysfunction was corrected. Furthermore, portal hypertension of cirrhotic liver was ameliorated with substantial decreasing hepatic vascular resistance and great increase of portal blood flow. With the advance understanding of the mechanisms of LSECs protection, celecoxib may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate for patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sildenafil in fetal lambs on extracorporeal support.

BACKGROUND: Maternal transplacental administration of sildenafil is being considered for a variety of fetal conditions. Clinical translation also requires evaluation of fetal safety in a higher species, such as the fetal lamb. Experiments with the pregnant ewe are curtailed by minimal transplacental transfer as well as limited access to the fetus. The EXTra-uterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) model renders the isolated fetal lamb readily accessible and allows for direct fetal administration of sildenafil. METHODS: Five fetal lambs were placed on extracorporeal support in the EXTEND device and received continuous intravenous (IV) sildenafil (0.3-0.5-0.7 mg/kg/24hr) for a duration of one to seven days. Plasma sildenafil concentrations were sampled at regular intervals to establish the pharmacokinetic profile using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Serial Doppler ultrasound examination, continuous non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring and blood gas analysis were done to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and fetal response. FINDINGS: The target concentration range (47-500 ng/mL) was attained with all doses. Sildenafil induced an immediate and temporary reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance, mean arterial pressure and circuit flow, without change in fetal lactate levels and acid-base status. The duration of the systemic effects increased with the dose. INTERPRETATION: Immediate temporary pulmonary vascular and systemic hemodynamic changes induced by sildenafil were biochemically well tolerated by fetal lambs on extracorporeal support, with the 0.5 mg/kg/24 h dose balancing rapid attainment of target concentrations with short-lived systemic effects. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT: None. SEARCH STRATEGY BEFORE UNDERTAKING THE STUDY: A literature review was conducted searching online databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane), using search terms: fetal OR prenatal OR antenatal AND sildenafil, without time-limit and excluding human studies. Where relevant, investigators were contacted in order to avoid duplication of work. EVIDENCE BEFORE THIS STUDY: Prenatal therapy with sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor with vasodilatory and anti-remodeling effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, has been considered for a variety of fetal conditions. One multicenter clinical trial investigating the benefit of sildenafil in severe intrauterine growth restriction (the STRIDER-trial) was halted early due to excess mortality in the sildenafil-exposed arm at one treatment site. Such findings demonstrate the importance of extensive preclinical safety assessment in relevant animal models. Transplacentally administered sildenafil leads to decreased pulmonary arterial muscularization, preventing or reducing the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension in rat and rabbit fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia (DH). Validation of these results in a higher and relevant animal model, e.g. fetal lambs, is the next step to advance clinical translation. We recently demonstrated that, in contrast to humans, transplacental transfer of sildenafil in sheep is minimal, precluding the in vivo study of fetal effects at target concentrations using the conventional pregnant ewe model. ADDED VALUE OF THIS STUDY: We therefore used the extracorporeal support model for fetal lambs, referred to as the EXTra-uterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) system, bypassing placental and maternal metabolism, to investigate at what dose the target concentrations are reached, and what the fetal hemodynamic impact and response are. Fetal hemodynamic and metabolic tolerance to sildenafil are a crucial missing element on the road to clinical translation. This is therefore the first study investigating the pharmacokinetics, hemodynamic and biochemical effects of clinical-range concentrations of sildenafil in fetal lambs, free from placental and maternal interference. IMPLICATIONS OF ALL THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE: We demonstrated self-limiting pulmonary vasodilation, a decrease of both systemic arterial pressures and circuit flows, induced by clinical range concentrations of sildenafil, without the development of fetal acidosis. This paves the way for further investigation of prenatal sildenafil in fetal lambs on extracorporeal support. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg/24 h offered the best trade-off between rapid achievement of target concentrations and shortest duration of systemic effects. This is also the first study using the EXTEND as a model for pharmacotherapy during pregnancy.

Acute Hemodynamic Effects and Tolerability of Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibition With ITI-214 in Human Systolic Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: PDE1 (phosphodiesterase type 1) hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate. ITI-214 is a highly selective PDE1 inhibitor that induces arterial vasodilation and positive inotropy in larger mammals. Here, we assessed pharmacokinetics, hemodynamics, and tolerability of single-dose ITI-214 in humans with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. METHODS: Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were randomized 3:1 to 10, 30, or 90 mg ITI-214 single oral dose or placebo (n=9/group). Vital signs and electrocardiography were monitored predose to 5 hours postdose and transthoracic echoDoppler cardiography predose and 2-hours postdose. RESULTS: Patient age averaged 54 years; 42% female, and 60% Black. Mean systolic blood pressure decreased 3 to 8 mm Hg (P<0.001) and heart rate increased 5 to 9 bpm (P≤0.001 for 10, 30 mg doses, RM-ANCOVA). After 4 hours, neither blood pressure or heart rate significantly differed among cohorts (supine or standing). ITI-214 increased mean left ventricular power index, a relatively load-insensitive inotropic index, by 0.143 Watts/mL2·104 (P=0.03, a +41% rise; 5-71 CI) and cardiac output by 0.83 L/min (P=0.002, +31%, 13-49 CI) both at the 30 mg dose. Systemic vascular resistance declined with 30 mg (-564 dynes·s/cm-5, P<0.001) and 90 mg (-370, P=0.016). Diastolic changes were minimal, and no parameters were significantly altered with placebo. ITI-214 was well-tolerated. Five patients had mild-moderate hypotension or orthostatic hypotension recorded adverse events. There were no significant changes in arrhythmia outcome and no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose ITI-214 is well-tolerated and confers inodilator effects in humans with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Further investigations of its therapeutic utility are warranted. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03387215.

Acute Beetroot Juice Ingestion Does Not Alter Renal Hemodynamics during Normoxia and Mild Hypercapnia in Healthy Young Adults.

Arterial hypercapnia reduces renal perfusion. Beetroot juice (BRJ) increases nitric oxide bioavailability and may improve renal blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that acute consumption of BRJ attenuates both decreases in blood velocity and increases in vascular resistance in the renal and segmental arteries during acute hypercapnia. In fourteen healthy young adults, blood velocity and vascular resistance were measured with Doppler ultrasound in the renal and segmental arteries during five minutes of breathing a carbon dioxide gas mixture (CO2) before and three hours after consuming 500 mL of BRJ. There was no difference between pre- and post-BRJ consumption in the increase in the partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 during CO2 breathing (pre: +4 ± 1 mmHg; post: +4 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.4281). Segmental artery blood velocity decreased during CO2 breathing in both pre- (by -1.8 ± 1.9 cm/s, p = 0.0193) and post-BRJ (by -2.1 ± 1.9 cm/s, p = 0.0079), but there were no differences between pre- and post-consumption (p = 0.7633). Segmental artery vascular resistance increased from room air baseline during CO2 at pre-BRJ consumption (by 0.4 ± 0.4 mmHg/cm/s, p = 0.0153) but not post-BRJ (p = 0.1336), with no differences between pre- and post-consumption (p = 0.7407). These findings indicate that BRJ consumption does not attenuate reductions in renal perfusion during acute mild hypercapnia in healthy young adults.

The effect of glucose tolerance test on fetoplacental circulation.

OBJECTIVE: Acute hyperglycemia affects the fetoplacental circulation. This study aims to investigate the possible effect of acute hyperglycemia induced by 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on fetoplacental circulation in women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2019 and April 2019, a total of 29 women who were between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation with a singleton gestation and were in low-risk group were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent fetal biometric measurements using ultrasonography (USG) and were administered 50 g OGTT. Before and 1 h after the test, Doppler USG was used to measure uterine artery, umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio. The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) was calculated as the ratio of the MCA-PI/UA-PI. RESULTS: There was a decline in the MCA-RI (p = 0.008) and UA-PI (p = 0.021) at 1 h after the administration of 50 g OGTT. Z-scores of the mean UA-PI, MCA-PI, and CPR were calculated and a statistically significant increase in the Z-scores of the mean UA-PI was observed (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Our study results show that acute hyperglycemia induced by OGTT significantly increases the Z-scores of the UA-PI, affecting the fetoplacental circulation.

Effect of insulin treatment on pulsatility ratio and resistance index of the retinal artery in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This study aimed to evaluate whether long-term insulin treatment is associated with abnormalities in retinal circulation in type 2 diabetic patients. We evaluated 19 eyes of nondiabetic individuals and 68 eyes of type 2 diabetic patients. The eyes of diabetic patients were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of long-term insulin therapy. We used a Doppler optical coherence tomography flowmeter to measure diameter, velocity, and blood flow in the major temporal retinal artery. The pulsatility ratio (PR) and resistance index (RI), indices of vascular rigidity, were calculated from the blood velocity profile. PR and RI were significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic subjects (P < 0.05). In type 2 diabetes patients, PR and RI were significantly higher in patients receiving long-term insulin treatment than in those without (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in velocity (P < 0.05), but not diameter and blood flow, between nondiabetic subjects and type 2 diabetes patients. No significant difference in diameter, velocity, or blood flow was observed between the groups with and without long-term insulin treatment. Long-term insulin treatment can affect PR and RI, which might be associated with vascular rigidity of the retinal artery in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Interferon γ neutralization reduces blood pressure, uterine artery resistance index, and placental oxidative stress in placental ischemic rats.

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by maternal hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, and increased cytolytic natural killer cells (cNKs), which secrete interferon γ (IFNγ). However, the precise role of IFNγ in contributing to PE pathophysiology remains unclear. Using the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model of placental ischemia, we tested the hypothesis that neutralization of IFNγ in RUPPs will decrease placental reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve vascular function resulting in decreased MAP and improved fetal growth. On gestation day (GD) 14, the RUPP procedure was performed and on GDs 15 and 18, a subset of normal pregnant rats (NP) and RUPP rats were injected with 10 µg/kg of an anti-rat IFNγ monoclonal antibody. On GD 18, uterine artery resistance index (UARI) was measured via Doppler ultrasound and on GD 19, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured, animals were euthanized, and blood and tissues were collected for analysis. Increased MAP was observed in RUPP rats compared with NP and was reduced in RUPP + anti-IFNγ. Placental ROS was also increased in RUPP rats compared with NP rats and was normalized in RUPP + anti-IFNγ. Fetal and placental weights were reduced in RUPP rats, but were not improved following anti-IFNγ treatment. However, UARI was elevated in RUPP compared with NP rats and was reduced in RUPP + anti-IFNγ. In conclusion, we observed that IFNγ neutralization reduced MAP, UARI, and placental ROS in RUPP recipients. These data suggest that IFNγ is a potential mechanism by which cNKs contribute to PE pathophysiology and may represent a therapeutic target to improve maternal outcomes in PE.

Pulmonary Microcirculation during Experimental Pulmonary Thromboembolism under Conditions of Activation and Blockade of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors.

Changes in pulmonary microcirculation were studied in isolated perfused rabbit lungs during modelling pulmonary thromboembolism under conditions of acetylcholine infusion against the background of treatment with M1 acetylcholine receptor blocker pirenzepine or blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with atropine. In the first case, the increase in pulmonary artery pressure was less pronounced than in case of atropine treatment. In response to pulmonary embolism after acetylcholine infusion against the background of pirenzepine pretreatment, the capillary hydrostatic pressure and postcapillary resistance did not change, while after atropine treatment, these parameters increased. In case of pulmonary embolism after acetylcholine infusion combined with selective blockade of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, the capillary filtration coefficient increased to a greater extent, than in the control and after blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Mechanism of Radix Astragali and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Ameliorates Hypertensive Renal Damage.

Hypertensive-induced renal damage (HRD) is an important public health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The herb pair Radix Astragali- (RA-) Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) is a common prescribed herbal formula for the treatment of HRD. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of our study is to explore the mechanism of combination of Radix Astragali (RA) and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) ameliorating HRD by regulation of the renal sympathetic nerve. Thirty 24-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) as the experimental group were randomly divided into the RA group, the RS group, the RA+RS group, the valsartan group, and the SHR group and six age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) as the control group. After 4 weeks of corresponding drug administration, venipuncture was done to collect blood and prepare serum for analysis. A color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument was used to observe renal hemodynamics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), angiotensin II (Ang II), and B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Simultaneously, the kidneys were removed immediately and observed under a transmission electron microscope to observe the ultrastructural changes. And the concentration of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), and nitric oxide (NO) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that renal ultrasonography of rats showed no significant difference in renal size among groups. The RA+RS group had obviously decreased vascular resistance index. The levels of NE, E, BNP, Ang II, AT1, and TGF-ß1 were decreased (P < 0.05), and the density of NO was increased. Pathological damage of the kidney was alleviated. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested sympathetic overexpression in the pathogenesis of HRD. The combination of RA and RS may inhibit the hyperexcitability of sympathetic nerves and maintain the normal physiological structure and function of kidney tissue and has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.

Can Myogenic Tone Protect Endothelial Function? Integrating Myogenic Activation and Dilator Reactivity for Cerebral Resistance Arteries in Metabolic Disease.

The obese Zucker rat (OZR) manifests multiple risk factors for impaired cerebrovascular function, including hypertension and insulin resistance although how they combine to produce integrated vascular function is unclear. As studies have suggested that myogenic activation (MA) severity for middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) may be proportional to hypertension severity, we hypothesized that MA will negatively correlate with dilator reactivity in OZR. MA of MCA from OZR was divided into low, medium, and high based on the slope of MA, while MCA reactivity and vascular metabolite bioavailability were assessed in all groups. Endothelium-dependent dilation of MCA in OZR was attenuated and correlated with the MA slope. Treatment of OZR MCA with TEMPOL (antioxidant) improved dilation in low or medium MA groups, but had less impact on high MA. Alternatively, treatment with gadolinium to normalize MA in OZR had reduced impact on dilator reactivity in MCA from low and medium MA groups, but improved responses in the high group. Treatment with both agents resulted in dilator responses that were comparable across all groups. These results suggest that, under conditions with stronger MA, endothelial function may receive some protection despite the environment, potentially from the ability of MCA to reduce wall tension despite increased pressure.

Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade normalizes coronary resistance in obese swine independent of functional alterations in Kv channels.

Impaired coronary microvascular function (e.g., reduced dilation and coronary flow reserve) predicts cardiac mortality in obesity, yet underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies remain poorly understood. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism improves coronary microvascular function in obese humans and animals. Whether MR blockade improves in vivo regulation of coronary flow, a process involving voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel activation, or reduces coronary structural remodeling in obesity is unclear. Thus, the goals of this investigation were to determine the effects of obesity on coronary responsiveness to reductions in arterial PO2 and potential involvement of Kv channels and whether the benefit of MR blockade involves improved coronary Kv function or altered passive structural properties of the coronary microcirculation. Hypoxemia increased coronary blood flow similarly in lean and obese swine; however, baseline coronary vascular resistance was significantly higher in obese swine. Inhibition of Kv channels reduced coronary blood flow and augmented coronary resistance under baseline conditions in lean but not obese swine and had no impact on hypoxemic coronary vasodilation. Chronic MR inhibition in obese swine normalized baseline coronary resistance, did not influence hypoxemic coronary vasodilation, and did not restore coronary Kv function (assessed in vivo, ex vivo, and via patch clamping). Lastly, MR blockade prevented obesity-associated coronary arteriolar stiffening independent of cardiac capillary density and changes in cardiac function. These data indicate that chronic MR inhibition prevents increased coronary resistance in obesity independent of Kv channel function and is associated with mitigation of obesity-mediated coronary arteriolar stiffening.

Bay 60-7550, a PDE2 inhibitor, exerts positive inotropic effect of rat heart by increasing PKA-mediated phosphorylation of phospholamban.

This study investigated the hemodynamic effect of Bay 60-7550, a phosphodiesterase type 2 (PDE2) inhibitor, in healthy rat hearts both in vivo and ex vivo and its underlying mechanisms. In vivo rat left ventricular pressure-volume loop, Langendorff isolated rat heart, Ca2+ transient of left ventricular myocyte and Western blot experiments were used in this study. The results demonstrated that Bay 60-7550 (1.5 mg/kg, i. p.) increased the in vivo rat heart contractility by enhancing stroke work, cardiac output, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, heart rate, and ejection fraction. The simultaneous aortic pressure recording indicated that the systolic blood pressure was increased and diastolic blood pressure was decreased by Bay 60-7550. Also, the arterial elastance which is proportional to the peripheral vessel resistance was significantly decreased. Bay 60-7550 (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 µmol/l) also enhanced the left ventricular development pressure in non-paced and paced modes with a decrease of heart rate in non-paced model. Bay 60-7550 (1 µmol/l) increased SERCA2a activity and SR Ca2+ content and reduced SR Ca2+ leak rate. Furthermore, Bay 60-7550 (0.1 µmol/l) increased the phosphorylation of phospholamban at 16-serine without significantly changing the phosphorylation levels of phospholamban at 17-threonine and RyR2. Bay 60-7550 increased the rat heart contractility and reduced peripheral arterial resistance may be mediated by increasing the phosphorylation of phospholamban and dilating peripheral vessels. PDE2 inhibitors which result in a positive inotropic effect and a decrease in peripheral resistance might serve as a target for developing agents for the treatment of heart failure in clinical settings.

Hyperinsulinemia blunts sympathetic vasoconstriction: a possible role of ß-adrenergic activation.

Herein we report in a sample of healthy young men (n = 14) and women (n = 12) that hyperinsulinemia induces time-dependent decreases in total peripheral resistance and its contribution to the maintenance of blood pressure. In the same participants, we observe profound vasodilatory effects of insulin in the lower limb despite concomitant activation of the sympathetic nervous system. We hypothesized that this prominent peripheral vasodilation is possibly due to the ability of the leg vasculature to escape sympathetic vasoconstriction during systemic insulin stimulation. Consistent with this notion, we demonstrate in a subset of healthy men (n = 9) and women (n = 7) that systemic infusion of insulin blunts sympathetically mediated leg vasoconstriction evoked by a cold pressor test, a well-established sympathoexcitatory stimulus. Further substantiating this observation, we show in mouse aortic rings that insulin exposure suppresses epinephrine and norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. Notably, we found that such insulin-suppressing effects on catecholamine-induced constriction are diminished following ß-adrenergic receptor blockade. In accordance, we also reveal that insulin augments ß-adrenergic-mediated vasorelaxation in isolated arteries. Collectively, these findings support the idea that sympathetic vasoconstriction can be attenuated during systemic hyperinsulinemia in the leg vasculature of both men and women and that this phenomenon may be in part mediated by potentiation of ß-adrenergic vasodilation neutralizing α-adrenergic vasoconstriction.

The role of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide on the cardiac output of patients with acute decompensated heart failure using Guyton venous return curve: A STROBE-compliant retrospective study.

ABSTRACT: rbBNP has positive cardiac effects in patients with acute decompensated heart failure, but its effects on the systemic venous circulation are not known.A single-center retrospective, self-controlled study was conducted on 14 patients undergone recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) treatment between January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018.The cardiac output (CO) significantly increased from 3.75 ±â€Š1.14 L min-1 to 4.24 ±â€Š0.97 L min-1 30 minutes after rbBNP infusion, and to 4.20 ±â€Š1.19 L min-1 3 hours later. The systemic vascular resistance significantly decreased from 18.85 ±â€Š7.66 mm Hg min L-1 to 14.62 ±â€Š6.13 mm Hg min L-1 30 minutes. The resistance to venous return (VR) significantly decreased from 5.93 ±â€Š4.97 mm Hg min L-1 to 4.46 ±â€Š1.53 mmHg min L-1 3 hours later. The mean systemic filling pressure significantly decreased from 32.71 ±â€Š20.00 mm Hg to 28.254 ±â€Š6.09 mm Hg 3 hours later.The role of rhBNP on CO was to reduce the peripheral circulation resistance at 30 minutes after rhBNP infusion and to reduce the resistance to VR at 3 hours later.This trial is registered at ChiCTR: ID ChiCTR1900024562.