Three-Year Outcomes of the Abre Venous Self-Expanding Stent System in Patients with Symptomatic Iliofemoral Venous Outflow Obstruction.

PURPOSE: To report 36-month outcomes and subgroup analysis of the ABRE study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of the Abre venous self-expanding stent system for the treatment of symptomatic iliofemoral venous outflow obstruction disease. METHODS: The ABRE study was a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized study that enrolled and implanted Abre venous stents in 200 participants (mean age 51.5 years [SD ± 15.9], 66.5% women) with symptomatic iliofemoral venous outflow obstruction at 24 global sites. Outcomes assessed through 36 months included patency, major adverse events, stent migration, stent fracture, and quality-of-life changes. Adverse events and imaging studies were adjudicated by independent clinical events committee and core laboratories, respectively. RESULTS: Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency through 36 months by Kaplan-Meier estimates were 81.6%, 84.8%, and 86.3%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of major adverse events through 36 months was 10.2%, mainly driven by 12 thrombosis events. Subgroup analyses demonstrated a primary patency of 76.5% in the acute deep vein thrombosis group, 70.4% in the postthrombotic syndrome group, and 97.1% in the nonthrombotic iliac vein lesion group through 36 months. The overall mean lesion length was 112.4 mm (SD ± 66.1). There were no stent fractures or migrations in this study. Quality of life and venous functional assessments demonstrated significant improvements from baseline to 36 months across all patient subsets. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the ABRE study demonstrated sustained patency with a good safety profile after implantation of a dedicated venous stent in patients with symptomatic iliofemoral venous outflow obstruction disease.

Quality of Life after Venous Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome and the Effect of Inflow Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with PTS experience an impaired quality of life (QoL). We aimed to study QoL in patients stented for post thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and analyze the influence of different parameters. METHODS: Patients stented for PTS after iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis were asked to complete the Chronic Venous Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (CIVIQ-20) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in this cross-sectional study. All other data were collected retrospectively. Primary endpoints were median CIVIQ-20 and physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary SF-36 scores. The influence of age, sex, and years between the procedure and completion of questionnaire were investigated using a multivariate linear regression model. Wilcoxon signed rank test compared the PCS and MCS with the normative. Effects of inflow from the deep femoral vein (DFV) and/or the femoral vein (FV) on QoL was analyzed in patients with patent stents. RESULTS: The response rate was 70.3% (n = 45/64). Time period (median) from stenting to questionnaire completion was 6.6 years (IQR: 8.0). Most stents were placed unilateral left-sided (73.3%). For patients with patent stents (n = 42) median CIVIQ-20 was 35.5 (IQR: 17.3), higher than the minimum of 20.0 (P < .001). Median PCS of 44.7 (IQR: 14.2) was lower (P < .001), and MCS of 55.9 (IQR: 7.1) higher (P = .001) than the normative (50.0). Time since stenting and sex were not associated with QoL. Age was a significant predictor [standardized coefficient ß = .36, P = .04] for QoL using the CIVIQ-20, but not for the SF-36. Inflow disease did not impact QoL, but patients with occluded stents (n = 3) had poor functioning levels. CONCLUSION: Quality of life is impaired after venous stenting for PTS, particularly physical functioning, among patients with an open stent, but was similar between patients with good and impaired inflow. Patients with a permanent stent occlusion had the lowest QoL.

What a Study of Hibernating Bears Tells Us About Deep Vein Thrombosis.

This Medical News article discusses the discovery of a mechanism that may protect against venous blood clots during long periods of immobility.

Utility of a Mechanical Thrombectomy Device in Treating Calcified Instent Restenosis Post Iliofemoral Venous Stenting.

Instent restenosis (ISR) following iliofemoral venous stenting is quite common with up to three-quarters of patients developing some degree of ISR. However, only around 16% develop recurrent symptoms impairing their quality-of-life meriting reintervention. The first line of treatment for such ISR involves the use of angioplasty balloons to recreate an adequate flow channel. At times such angioplasty alone is inadequate particularly in the presence of calcified ISR. It is in this setting that the authors decided to explore the utility of a mechanical thrombectomy device to debulk the ISR and thereby help create an adequate flow channel. The successful utilization of such a device in a patient presenting with recurrent, disabling, quality of life impairing symptoms due to ISR represents the focus of this report.

Multicenter study on recent portal venous system thrombosis associated with cytomegalovirus disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent non-malignant non-cirrhotic portal venous system thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition. Among risk factors for PVT, cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is usually listed based on a small number of reported cases. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and outcomes of PVT associated with CMV disease. METHODS: We conducted a French multicenter retrospective study comparing patients with recent PVT and CMV disease ("CMV positive"; n = 23) to patients with recent PVT for whom CMV testing was negative ("CMV negative"; n = 53) or unavailable ("CMV unknown"; n = 297). RESULTS: Compared to patients from the "CMV negative" and "CMV unknown" groups, patients from the "CMV positive" group were younger, more frequently had fever, and had higher heart rate, lymphocyte count and serum ALT levels (p ≤0.01 for all). The prevalence of immunosuppression did not differ between the 3 groups (4%, 4% and 6%, respectively). Extension of PVT was similar between the 3 groups. Thirteen out of 23 "CMV positive" patients had another risk factor for thrombosis. Besides CMV disease, the number of risk factors for thrombosis was similar between the 3 groups. Heterozygosity for the prothrombin G20210A gene variant was more frequent in "CMV positive" patients (22%) than in the "CMV negative" (4%, p = 0.01) and "CMV unknown" (8%, p = 0.03) groups. Recanalization rate was not influenced by CMV status. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with recent PVT, features of mononucleosis syndrome should raise suspicion of CMV disease. CMV disease does not influence thrombosis extension nor recanalization. More than half of "CMV positive" patients have another risk factor for thrombosis, with a particular link to the prothrombin G20210A gene variant. LAY SUMMARY: Patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated portal venous system thrombosis have similar thrombosis extension and evolution as patients without CMV disease. However, patients with CMV-associated portal venous system thrombosis more frequently have the prothrombin G20210A gene variant, suggesting that these entities act synergistically to promote thrombosis.

Partial In-Stent Thrombosis After Iliac Vein Stenting in Non-Thrombotic Vein Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Iliac vein stenting is a safe and efficacious procedure for the correction of iliac vein stenosis. One of its known major complications is complete iliac vein stent thrombosis. However, we have noticed in our practice that a number of patients developed only early partial in-stent (<60%) thrombosis, within the first 30 days. In order to try to learn more about these lesions, we reviewed the data for possible causes of these lesions. MATERIALS/METHODS: From September 2012 to August 2018, we obtained 3518 iliac vein venograms using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for patients with venous insufficiency who failed to respond to conservative therapy. Patients were followed up with transcutaneous duplex ultrasound (DUS) every 3 months for the first year and every 6 - 12 months thereafter. Patients were prescribed clopidogrel for 3 months or were told to continue their pre-existing anticoagulants. RESULTS: There were 2234 women and 1284 men who received an iliac vein stent. The mean age was 65.7 ±14 years. Mean follow-up for this cohort was 17 months. Of 74 patients developed a full thrombosis, 38 developed a partial venous thrombosis and 3406 developed no thrombosis. When comparing those who developed a partial thrombus versus those who developed no thrombus/full thrombus, overall age, laterality, CEAP, gender, and whether the patient received clopidogrel prior to the procedure and after the procedure were not found to be statistically significant factors. However, patients with an ASA score of 2 or 3,were found to be at a higher risk of developing a partial thrombus(P = 0.0223) compared to those who had an ASA score of 1 or 4. CEAP Scores and ASA class breakdown can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Of the 38 partial venous thrombosis that developed,18 completely resolved within the first 3 months after the procedure and 20 remained chronic past 3 months after the procedure. Patients with partial venous thrombosis were asymptomatic upon clinical presentation, and none developed post thrombotic syndrome (PTS) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Male gender was associated with partial thrombus resolution(P = 0.0036) CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ASA scores of 2 or 3, seemed to be at a higher risk of developing a partial thrombus when compared to patients with ASA score of 1 or 4. Male gender was associated with partial thrombus resolution. All other factors appear to not be statistically significant in impacting the development of a partial thrombus. This has been the first attempt to look at this new clinical entity.

Female Gender is a Predictor of Lower Iliac Vein Stenting Patency Rates.

BACKGROUND: Iliac venous stenting (IVS) for thrombotic and nonthrombotic venous disease is increasingly used as evidence of the safety, efficacy and durability of these interventions increases. Female gender has been implicated as a predictor of failure in arterial endovascular interventions. We hypothesize that female gender could be predictive of patency rates of iliac vein stenting. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent IVS for thrombotic or nonthrombotic venous disease at our institution from 2007 until 2019 were identified and divided into groups based on gender. Operative notes, venograms, and the electronic health record were then queried to obtain operative details, co-morbid conditions, postoperative outcomes and stent patency. Study outcome was long term patency rate. The data was analyzed using chi-square, logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 200 consecutive patients (231 limbs) were identified in our retrospective analysis, with a mean age of 48.8 ± 17.3, and BMI of 31.6 ± 8.6. Of those, 119 (59.5%) patients, (131 [56.8%] limbs) were female. Comparisons between the gender groups revealed no difference in age, BMI, or preoperative comorbidities. There was no difference in type of venous disease between male (85% thrombotic, 15% nonthrombotic) and female (84% thrombotic, 16% nonthrombotic), P= 0.830. The male cohort was more likely to present with leg ulceration (17% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.002), and the female cohort was more likely to present with leg edema (98.5% vs. 93.0%, P= 0.03). The male cohort had a higher rate of caval (48% vs. 33.6%, P= 0.027) and infrainguinal stent extension. (11% vs. 6.9%, P= 0.02). Females had a higher rate of left sided stenting (80.9% vs. 66/0%, P= 0.010). There was no difference in the median stent diameter used between the cohorts. Primary patency at 5 years was significantly higher for the male cohort (94.1% vs. 74.4%, P= 0.01) On adjusted multivariable cox regression female gender was a predictor of loss of primary patency within 5 years (HR, 4.04; P= 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: In this single center retrospective analysis of IVS, male patients were found to have better primary stent patency compared to female.

Trombose de seio sigmoide secundária a fístula liquórica espontânea para osso temporal: um relato de caso / Sigmoid sinus thrombosis secondary to spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid fistula: a case report

A fístula liquórica para o osso temporal constitui um evento raro que decorre da comunicação anormal entre o espaço subaracnóideo e as células da mastoide, permitindo que o líquido cefalorraquidiano flua para as porções pneumatizadas do osso temporal. Tem como consequência a hipotensão intracraniana espontânea, caracterizada por perda de líquor e pela manifestação clínica de cefaleia ortostática. Acredita-se que a hipotensão intracraniana espontânea crie condições hemodinâmicas favoráveis à ocorrência de trombose venosa cerebral, uma desordem potencialmente fatal e de difícil diagnóstico, visto a inespecificidade de sinais clínicos e sintomas. Dessa forma, é pertinente atentar para a possibilidade de trombose venosa cerebral em pacientes com fístulas liquóricas, especialmente quando houver mudança do padrão da cefaleia, que passa de ortostática a intensa e contínua.

Temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid fistula is a rare event that results from abnormal communication between the subarachnoid space and the mastoid cells, allowing the cerebrospinal fluid to flow into the pneumatized portions of the temporal bone. It leads to spontaneous intracranial hypotension, characterized by loss of cerebrospinal fluid and orthostatic headache as a clinical manifestation. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is believed to create favorable hemodynamic conditions to the occurrence of cerebral venous thrombosis, a potentially fatal disorder of difficult diagnosis given the nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is pertinent to consider the possibility of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cerebrospinal fluid fistulas, especially when there is a modification in the headache pattern from orthostatic to intense and continuous pain.

Evolution of Nonmalignant Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhosis: A Pictorial Review.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication in liver cirrhosis, especially in advanced cirrhosis. It may be related to a higher risk of liver-related events and liver function deterioration. Imaging examinations can not only provide an accurate diagnosis of PVT, such as the extent of thrombus involvement and the degree of lumen occupied, but also identify the nature of thrombus (i.e., benign/malignant and acute/chronic). Evolution of PVT, mainly including development, recanalization, progression, stability, and recurrence, could also be assessed based on the imaging examinations. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification, and evolution of PVT with an emphasis on their computed tomography imaging features.

Comparison of Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 and Thrombosis Versus Those Without Thrombosis.

The occurrence of venous thromboembolisms in patients with COVID-19 has been established. We sought to evaluate the clinical impact of thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 over the span of the pandemic to date. We analyzed patients with COVID-19 with a diagnosis of thrombosis who presented to the MedStar Health system (11 hospitals in Washington, District of Columbia, and Maryland) during the pandemic (March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021). We compared the clinical course and outcomes based on the presence or absence of thrombosis and then, specifically, the presence of cardiac thrombosis. The cohort included 11,537 patients who were admitted for COVID-19. Of these patients, 1,248 had noncardiac thrombotic events and 1,009 had cardiac thrombosis (myocardial infarction) during their hospital admission. Of the noncardiac thrombotic events, 562 (45.0%) were pulmonary embolisms, 480 (38.5%) were deep venous thromboembolisms, and 347 (27.8%) were strokes. In the thrombosis arm, the mean age of the cohort was 64.5 ± 15.3 years, 53.3% were men, and the majority were African-American (64.9%). Patients with thrombosis tended to be older with more co-morbidities. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher (16.0%) in patients with COVID-19 with concomitant non-cardiac thrombosis than in those without thrombosis (7.9%, p <0.001) but lower than in patients with COVID-19 with cardiac thrombosis (24.7%, p <0.001). In conclusion, patients with COVID-19 with thrombosis, especially cardiac thrombosis, are at higher risk for in-hospital mortality. However, this prognosis is not as grim as for patients with COVID-19 and cardiac thrombosis. Efforts should be focused on early recognition, evaluation, and intensifying antithrombotic management for these patients.

Incidence of and risk factors for new-onset deep venous thrombosis after intertrochanteric fracture surgery.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative new-onset deep venous thrombosis (PNO-DVT) following intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Information on 1672 patients who underwent intertrochanteric fracture surgery at our hospital between January 2016 and December 2019 was extracted from a prospective hip fracture database. Demographic information, surgical data, and preoperative laboratory indices were analysed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, univariate analyses and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. The incidences of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and PNO-DVT in inpatients after intertrochanteric fracture surgery were 11.5% (202 of 1751 patients) and 7.4% (123 of 1672 patients), respectively. PNO-DVT accounted for 60.9% of postoperative DVT. Additionally, there were 20 cases of central thrombosis (16.3%), 82 cases of peripheral thrombosis (66.7%), and 21 cases of mixed thrombosis (17.1%). In addition, 82.1% of PNO-DVTs were diagnosed within 8 days after surgery. The multivariate analysis revealed that age > 70 years, duration of surgery (> 197 min), type of anaesthesia (general), and comorbidities (≥ 3) were independent risk factors for the development of PNO-DVT after intertrochanteric fracture surgery. This study demonstrated a high incidence of PNO-DVT in inpatients after intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Therefore, postoperative examination for DVT should be routinely conducted for patients.

Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens: a sudden unexpected death with hypothesis of medical malpractice.

ABSTRACT: Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens (PCD) is a severe and rare form of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities, caused by a subtotal or complete occlusion of venous outflow by a thrombus. PCD should be considered a real medical emergency; complications include necrosis and gangrene of the affected limb, amputation, massive pulmonary embolism and, in extreme cases, the death of the patient. Case Report. A 63-years-old man was admitted to the Emergency room with localized pain on the right calf, hyperthermia, cold sweating and vomiting episodes. Five days prior he developed flu-like symptoms, joint pain and cold sensation unresponsive to treatment. Ultrasound examination showed a deep venous thrombosis of the lower right limb with partial occlusion of common iliac and femoral veins. The patient was treated with low molecular weight heparin given twice daily. He began to develop severe hypotension and metabolic acidosis, with tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Despite the treatment, there was no improvement and he developed severe sinus node dysfunction. He failed to respond to all resuscitative efforts and died. Family members complained Authority, assuming it was a medical error. The clinical-forensic investigation is essential to determine the causes and manner of death and to assess medical responsibility and liability.

Nomogram for Predicting Deep Venous Thrombosis in Lower Extremity Fractures.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication in patients with lower extremity fractures, causing delays in recovery short-term and possible impacts on quality of life long-term. Early prediction and prevention of thrombosis can effectively reduce patient pain while improving outcomes. Although research on the risk factors for thrombosis is prevalent, there is a stark lack of clinical predictive models for DVT occurrence specifically in patients with lower limb fractures. In this study, we aim to propose a new thrombus prediction model for lower extremity fracture patients. Data from 3300 patients with lower limb fractures were collected from Wuhan Union Hospital and Hebei Third Hospital, China. Patients who met our inclusion criteria were divided into a thrombosis and a nonthrombosis group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors with obvious effects, and the corresponding formulas were used to establish the model. Model performance was evaluated using a discrimination and correction curve. 2662 patients were included in the regression analysis, with 1666 in the thrombosis group and 996 in the nonthrombosis group. Predictive factors included age, Body Mass Index (BMI), fracture-fixation types, energy of impact at the time of injury, blood transfusion during hospitalization, and use of anticoagulant drugs. The discriminative ability of the model was verified using the C-statistic (0.676). For the convenience of clinical use, a score table and nomogram were compiled. Data from two centers were used to establish a novel thrombus prediction model specific for patients with lower limb fractures, with verified predictive ability.

The Perioperative Deep Vein Thrombosis in Lower Extremities in Patients With Pelvic Fracture: A Case-Control Study.

This study was to investigate the incidences of DVT in lower extremities after pelvic fracture before and after operation, and explore the risk factors. The records of patients with pelvic fractures receiving operation were collected. The patients were examined by preoperative and postoperative ultrasonography, and divided into thrombosis group and non-thrombosis group according to the preoperative and postoperative ultrasonographic results. Totally, 128 patients with pelvic fractures were included in this study. The incidence of DVT was 21.09% preoperatively, and increased to 35.16% postoperatively. Peripheral DVT constituted 92.60% and 86.67% of preoperative and postoperative DVTs, respectively. The results showed that age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.12; P = 0.013), fracture classification (OR = 3.80; 95% CI: 1.31-11.00; P = 0.014) and D-dimer at admission (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.08; P = 0.029) were independent risk factors of preoperative DVT, and female (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06-0.81; P = 0.023) was independent protective factor. In addition, age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.11; P = 0.026), operative blood transfusion (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.05-1.72; P = 0.020) were independent risk factors of postoperative DVT. In conclusion, the DVT prevention strategy has not changed the high incidence of DVT in pelvic fractures, and orthopedic surgeons should pay more attention to perioperative DVT. When a male or patient with Tile-C type pelvic fracture is at admission, it is should be reminded that the screening the DVT in lower extremities. In addition, the surgeon should stanch bleeding completely, to reduce the blood transfusion and formation of DVT.

Hemorheological Alteration in Patients with Cirrhosis Clinically Diagnosed with Portal Vein System Thrombosis After Splenectomy.

BACKGROUND Portal vein system thrombosis (PVST) is a common and serious complication after splenectomy. Key factors, including wider diameters of the portal vein, decreased liver function, and high flow volume of portosystemic collateral vessel, are recognized PVST risks. Relationships between PVST and altered hemorheology, including increased plasma viscosity, remain unclear. We investigated hemorheological alterations and explored risk factors of PVST in patients with cirrhosis after splenectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data on patients with cirrhosis who underwent splenectomy were collected retrospectively from January 2018 to June 2020. Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed after splenectomy. Hemorheological indexes were compared between groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to analyze risk factor cutoff values. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore risk factors of PVST. RESULTS A total of 50 patients were divided into a PVST group (n=30) and control group (n=20). Hemorheological indexes of activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), D-dimer, middle shear rates 50 and 30, low shear rates 5 and 1, and hematocrit in the PVST group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). FDP and low shear rate 1 were found to be risk factors of PVST after splenectomy by multivariate analysis. ROC analysis showed that the cutoff points for FDP and low shear rate 1 were ≥38.6 ug/mL and ≥16.855 mPa.s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PVST after splenectomy is closely related to hemorheological alteration. FDP and low shear rate 1 may be valuable markers of PVST.

Predictive factors of venous recanalization in upper-extremity vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Upper extremity venous thrombosis (UEVT) represents about 10% of venous thrombo-embolic disease. This is mainly explained by the increasing use of central venous line, for oncologic or nutritional care. The factors associated with venous recanalization are not known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate prognosis factor associated with venous recanalization after UEVT. METHODS: This study included patients with UEVT diagnosed with duplex ultra-sonography (DUS) from January 2015 to December 2017 with DUS evaluations during follow-up. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazards-model analysis was performed to identify predictive factors of UEVT complete recanalization. RESULTS: This study included 494 UEVT, 304 proximal UEVT and 190 distal UEVT. The median age was 58 years, 39.5% were women. Clinical context was: hematological malignancy (40.7%), solid cancer (14.2%), infectious or inflammatory context (49.9%) and presence of venous catheters or pacemaker leads in 86.4%. The rate of recanalization without sequelae of UEVT was 38%. For all UEVT, in multivariate analysis, factors associated with complete vein recanalization were: thrombosis associated with central venous catheter (CVC) (HR:2.40, [1.45;3.95], p<0.001), UEVT limited to a venous segment (HR:1.94, [1.26;3.00], p = 0.003), occlusive thrombosis (HR:0.48 [0.34;0.67], p<0.0001), the presence of a PICC Line (HR:2.29, [1.48;3.52], p<0.001), a thrombosis of deep and distal topography (HR:1.70, [1.10;2.63], p = 0.02) or superficial thrombosis of the forearm (HR:2.79, [1.52;5.12], p<0.001). For deep and proximal UEVT, non-occlusive UEVT (HR:2.23, [1.49;3.33], p<0.0001), thrombosis associated with CVC (HR:1.58, [1.01;2.47], p = 0.04) and infectious or inflammatory context (HR:1.63, [1.10;2.41], p = 0.01) were factors associated with complete vein recanalization. CONCLUSION: In this study, factors associated with UEVT recanalization were UEVT limited to a venous segment, thrombosis associated with CVC, a thrombosis of deep and distal thrombosis topography and superficial thrombosis of the forearm. Occlusive thrombosis was associated with the absence of UEVT recanalization.

Contemporary treatment of May-Thurner Syndrome.

Compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery is a benign anatomic abnormality in most individuals. However, in patients with significant vein compression, outflow obstruction and chronic intraluminal venous damage may lead to May-Thurner Syndrome. This syndrome commonly manifests as unilateral left leg swelling or acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. In addition to clinical findings, diagnosis is made with ultrasound, computed tomography venography, or magnetic resonance venography. The extent of compression of the iliac vein is best determined by venography with intravascular ultrasound. Symptoms and hemodynamic significance of the compression guides the ideal treatment approach. Iliocaval stenting has become the standard treatment for this condition and has promising patency rates and clinical outcomes. This review paper provided an overview of pathophysiology, and utility and limitations of the existing diagnostic modalities and treatment options in the management of May-Thurner Syndrome.

Clinical course of venous thromboembolism following abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially devastating complication following abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction, with a reported incidence of 0.08-4%. The authors aim to describe disease presentation and clinical course following VTE diagnosis in patients within their practice. METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction from January 2007 through December 2018. Patients with VTE diagnosed within 90 days of surgery were included. Demographics, co-morbidities, signs and symptoms, and characteristics of oncologic, surgical, and post-operative care were analyzed. RESULTS: Seven hundred one patients underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction. Eleven patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and four with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were identified, resulting in VTE incidence of 2.1% (0.57% DVT, 1.6% PE). Patients were on average 51 years old and had an average body mass index (BMI) of 31.7 kg/m2. Two had a history of VTE, and none had a known hypercoagulable disorder. Using the 2005 Caprini model, all were high risk and seven were highest risk. Among those with PE, the most common symptom was shortness of breath, and the most common signs were desaturation or supplemental oxygen requirements. VTE was diagnosed on average 14.2 days post-operatively (range 2-52 days). CONCLUSION: VTE is an infrequent complication following abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction. We recommend a high index of suspicion in women reporting shortness of breath or having desaturation, especially in those with high BMI, high Caprini scores, post-operative complications, or early return to the operating room.

Current knowledge and management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an increasingly recognised complication of cirrhosis whose incidence increases in parallel with the severity of cirrhosis. Several risk factors have been associated with the occurrence and progression of PVT. Although the negative effect of complete PVT on the surgical outcome of liver transplant recipients is clear, its impact on cirrhosis progression remains uncertain. Treatment options include anticoagulants and interventional thrombolytic therapies, which are chosen almost on a case-by-case basis depending on the characteristics of the patient and the thrombus. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and classification, natural history, clinical consequences and treatment of non-neoplastic PVT in cirrhosis.

Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 at Admission is a Predictor of Poor Functional Outcome (mRS 2-6) at One Year in Patients with Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors at hospitalization of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) which determine outcome at one year. METHODS: This was an ambispective study with outcome at one year follow up. Patients angiographically proven as CVT were included in study and functional modified Rankin Scale (mRS) determined at one year. They were dichotomized into "good" outcome (mRS 0-1) and "poor" outcome (mRS 2-6). Variables at admission were compared on univariate and then by cox proportional hazard regression for significance. Complications during follow up period were also compared. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy five patients were included, data of 71 was collected prospectively. One hundred and seventeen (66.9%) had "good" outcome while 58 (33.1%) had "poor" outcome. Univariate analysis showed poor outcome associated with age < 30 years, female sex, focal deficit, GCS ≤ 12, ≥3 sinuses involved and intracerebral haemorrhage. On Cox proportional hazard regression only GCS ≤ 12 was significant. Around 96% had complete/ partial recanalization at 6 months. Over one year, the complications included dural AV fistula in 10 (5.7%), intracranial hypertension in 4 (2.3%), venous thromboembolism in 6 (3.4%) and arterial infarct in 4 (2.3%). Proportions with complications in each group were similar. At one year 41 patients (25.2%) were continued on anticoagulation and 97 (55.2%) on antiepileptic drugs. Proportion in each group were similar. CONCLUSION: In patients with CVT, GCS ≤ 12 at admission was a predictor of poor functional outcome (mRS 2-6) at one year. During this period, complications were few and similar in the both the groups.