ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The study aimed to investigate the potential pharmacological and toxicological differences between Vigabatrin (VGB) and its enantiomers S-VGB and R-VGB. The researchers focused on the toxic effects and antiepileptic activity of these compounds in a rat model. METHODS: The epileptic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, and the antiepileptic activity of VGB, S-VGB, and VGB was observed, focusing on the improvements in seizure latency, seizure frequency and sensory, motor, learning and memory deficits in epileptic rats, as well as the hippocampal expression of key molecular associated with synaptic plasticity and the Wnt/ß-catenin/GSK 3ß signaling pathway. The acute toxic test was carried out and the LD50 was calculated, and tretinal damages in epileptic rats were also evaluated. RESULT: The results showed that S-VGB exhibited stronger antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects with lower toxicity compared to VGB raceme. These findings suggest that S-VGB and VGB may modulate neuronal damage, glial cell activation, and synaptic plasticity related to epilepsy through the Wnt/ß-catenin/GSK 3ß signaling pathway. The study provides valuable insights into the potential differential effects of VGB enantiomers, highlighting the potential of S-VGB as an antiepileptic drug with reduced side effects. CONCLUSION: S-VGB has the highest antiepileptic effect and lowest toxicity compared to VGB and R-VGB.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants , Epilepsy , Vigabatrin , Wnt Signaling Pathway , Animals , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Rats , Male , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Epilepsy/chemically induced , Stereoisomerism , Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects , Kainic Acid/toxicity , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Seizures/chemically induced , Seizures/drug therapy , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Relapse of epileptic spasms after initial treatment of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is common. However, past studies of small cohorts have inconsistently linked relapse risk to etiology, treatment modality, and EEG features upon response. Using a large single-center IESS cohort, we set out to quantify the risk of epileptic spasms relapse and identify specific risk factors. METHODS: We identified all children with epileptic spasms at our center using a clinical EEG database. Using the electronic medical record, we confirmed IESS syndrome classification and ascertained treatment, response, time to relapse, etiology, EEG features, and other demographic factors. Relapse-free survival analysis was carried out using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Among 599 children with IESS, 197 specifically responded to hormonal therapy and/or vigabatrin (as opposed to surgery or other second-line treatments). In this study, 41 (21%) subjects exhibited relapse of epileptic spasms within 12 months of response. Longer duration of IESS prior to response (>3 months) was strongly associated with shorter latency to relapse (hazard ratio = 3.11; 95% CI 1.59-6.10; p = 0.001). Relapse was not associated with etiology, developmental status, or any post-treatment EEG feature. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that long duration of IESS before response is the single largest clinical predictor of relapse risk, and therefore underscores the importance of prompt and successful initial treatment. Further study is needed to evaluate candidate biomarkers of epileptic spasms relapse and identify treatments to mitigate this risk. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Relapse of infantile spasms is common after initially successful treatment. With study of a large group of children with infantile spasms, we determined that relapse is linked to long duration of infantile spasms. In contrast, relapse was not associated with the cause of infantile spasms, developmental measures, or EEG features at the time of initial response. Further study is needed to identify tools to predict impending relapse of infantile spasms.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants , Electroencephalography , Recurrence , Spasms, Infantile , Humans , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy , Female , Male , Infant , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Vigabatrin/therapeutic use , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Child, Preschool , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , Cohort StudiesABSTRACT
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA derivatives have attracted increased attention over the years in the fields of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology due to their interesting biological properties and synthetic relevance. Here, we report a short synthetic route to γ-(het)aryl- and γ-alkenyl-γ-aminobutyric acids, including the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin, from readily available donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and ammonia or methylamine. This protocol includes a facile synthesis of 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamides and their acid hydrolysis to γ-aryl- or γ-alkenyl-substituted GABAs, which can serve as perspective building blocks for the synthesis of various GABA-based N-heterocycles and bioactive compounds.
Subject(s)
Vigabatrin , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Pyrrolidines/chemistry , Pyrrolidines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Targeted intracerebral drug delivery is an attractive experimental approach for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsies. In this regard, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) represents a focus-independent target involved in the remote modulation and propagation of seizure activity. Indeed, acute and chronic pharmacological inhibition of the STN with vigabatrin (VGB), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, has been shown to produce antiseizure effects. This effect, however, is lost over time as tolerance develops with chronic, continuous intracerebral pharmacotherapy. Here we investigated the antiseizure effects of chronic intermittent intra-STN convection-enhanced delivery of VGB in an acute rat seizure model focusing on circumventing tolerance development and preventing adverse effects. Timed intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold testing was conducted before and after implantation of subcutaneous drug pumps and bilateral intra-STN cannulas. Drug pumps infused vehicle or VGB twice daily (0.4 µg) or once weekly (2.5 µg, 5 µg) over three weeks. Putative adverse effects were evaluated and found to be prevented by intermittent compared to previous continuous VGB delivery. Clonic seizure thresholds were more clearly raised by intra-STN VGB compared to myoclonic twitch. Both twice daily and once weekly intra-STN VGB significantly elevated clonic seizure thresholds depending on dose and time point, with responder rates of up to 100% observed at tolerable doses. However, tolerance could not be completely avoided, as tolerance rates of 40-75% were observed with chronic VGB treatment. Results indicate that the extent of tolerance development after intermittent intra-STN VGB delivery varies depending on infusion dose and regimen.
Subject(s)
Subthalamic Nucleus , Vigabatrin , Rats , Animals , Vigabatrin/therapeutic use , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Convection , Seizures/drug therapy , Seizures/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) represent a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are collectively common causes of developmental delay and epilepsy, especially refractory childhood epilepsy. Initial treatment with antiseizure medications is empiric, and consideration of surgery is the standard of care for eligible patients with medically refractory epilepsy. In the past decade, advances in next generation sequencing technologies have accelerated progress in understanding the genetic etiologies of MCDs, and precision therapies for focal MCDs are emerging. Notably, mutations that lead to abnormal activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which provides critical control of cell growth and proliferation, have emerged as a common cause of malformations. These include tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hemimegalencephaly (HME), and some types of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). TSC currently represents the best example for the pathway from gene discovery to relatively safe and efficacious targeted therapy for epilepsy related to MCDs. Based on extensive pre-clinical and clinical data, the mTOR inhibitor everolimus is currently approved for the treatment of focal refractory seizures in patients with TSC. Although clinical studies are just emerging for FCD and HME, we believe the next decade will bring significant advancements in precision therapies for epilepsy related to these and other MCDs.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy/genetics , Epilepsy/therapy , MTOR Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Malformations of Cortical Development/genetics , Malformations of Cortical Development/therapy , Precision Medicine/methods , Animals , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Everolimus/pharmacology , Everolimus/therapeutic use , Humans , MTOR Inhibitors/pharmacology , Malformations of Cortical Development/epidemiology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vigabatrin (VGB) is an approved non-traditional antiepileptic drug that has been revealed to have potential for treating brain tumors; however, its effect on ionic channels in glioma cells remains largely unclear. METHODS: With the aid of patch-clamp technology, we investigated the effects of VGB on various ionic currents in the glioblastoma multiforme cell line 13-06-MG. RESULTS: In cell-attached configuration, VGB concentration-dependently reduced the activity of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (IKCa) channels, while DCEBIO (5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one) counteracted the VGB-induced inhibition of IKCa channels. However, the activity of neither large-conductance Ca2+-activated (BKCa) nor inwardly rectifying K+ (KIR) channels were affected by the presence of VGB in human 13-06-MG cells. However, in the continued presence of VGB, the addition of GAL-021 or BaCl2 effectively suppressed BKCa and KIR channels. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibitory effect of VGB on IKCa channels demonstrated in the current study could be an important underlying mechanism of VGB-induced antineoplastic (e.g., anti-glioma) actions.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Glioma/physiopathology , Humans , Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/physiologyABSTRACT
Vigabatrin (VGB; γ-vinyl-GABA) is an antiepileptic drug that elevates CNS GABA via irreversible inactivation of the GABA catabolic enzyme GABA-transaminase. VGB's clinical utility, however, can be curtailed by peripheral visual field constriction (pVFC) and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Earlier studies from our laboratory revealed disruptions of autophagy by VGB. Here, we tested the hypothesis that VGB administration to animals would reveal alterations of gene expression in VGB-treated retina that associated with autophagy. VGB (140 mg/kg/d; subcutaneous minipump) was continuously administered to mice (n = 6 each VGB/vehicle) for 12 days, after which animals were euthanized. Retina was isolated for transcriptome (RNAseq) analysis and further validation using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). For 112 differentially expressed retinal genes (RNAseq), two databases (Gene Ontology; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) were used to identify genes associated with visual function. Twenty four genes were subjected to qRT-PCR validation, and five (Gb5, Bdnf, Cplx9, Crh, Sox9) revealed significant dysregulation. IHC of fixed retinas verified significant down-regulation of Gb5 in photoreceptor cells. All of these genes have been previously shown to play a role in retinal function/circuitry signaling. Minimal impact of VGB on retinal autophagic gene expression was observed. This is the first transcriptome analysis of retinal gene expression associated with VGB intake, highlighting potential novel molecular targets potentially related to VGB's well known ocular toxicity.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Nerve Net/physiology , Retina/physiology , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Visual Pathways/physiology , Animals , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Nerve Net/chemistry , Nerve Net/drug effects , Retina/chemistry , Retina/drug effects , Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods , Visual Pathways/chemistry , Visual Pathways/drug effectsABSTRACT
Vigabatrin increases GABA concentrations by inhibiting GABA transaminase. In previous studies, it was shown that vigabatrin increases the incidence of Spike and Wave Discharges (SWD) in the WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy. Since following a single dose of vigabatrin GABA concentrations are known to be increased for several days, the present study sheds light on how the previously described changes in SWD characteristics develop over a longer time frame. To achieve this, we injected adult WAG/Rij rats with 500â¯mg/kg and recorded their EEG for 48â¯h. SWD were quantified, and their peak frequencies were calculated. Our results showed three rapid onset effects: a sharp increase in SWD incidence, from 12.5 /hour to 133/hour), this increase lasted only 4.4â¯h, an increase in mean SWD duration, from 4.6â¯s to 8.1â¯s and a drop in peak frequency, from 8 to 6â¯Hz. Since it takes several hours before GABA concentrations are sufficiently increased, we propose that these immediate effects are caused by direct stimulation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors by the molecule vigabatrin. Next, the mean SWD duration decreased below baseline values after 4.4â¯h. Hazard rate analysis showed that this is caused by an increased probability of short SWD. We argue that these changes are caused by increased activation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors in the frontal cortex and the thalamus, and more specifically, in the Reticular Thalamic Nucleus (RTN). After approximately 34â¯h, the probability of short SWD returned to normal. This suggests the occurrence of downregulation of GABA receptors. The decrease in peak frequency was still present 48â¯h after injection. It has been argued that the balance between GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated activity in the RTN is crucial for controlling this SWD characteristic. It can be concluded that a single dose of vigabatrin results in remarkable and opposite effects over time: an initial, proabsence effect is followed by an antiabsence effect.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/drug effects , Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy , Neural Pathways/drug effects , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Frontal Lobe/drug effects , Male , Rats , Thalamus/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vigabatrin, an antiepileptic drug, increases the level of gamma aminobutyric acid in the brain by inhibiting its catabolism. Because gamma aminobutyric acid has been proved to have vasodilatory effects, in the present study, we investigated the effect of vigabatrin to treat experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm. METHODS: A total of 30 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 10 each: the control group, SAH group, and vigabatrin group. Experimental SAH was established by injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna. In the vigabatrin group, the rabbits were administered vigabatrin for 3 days after induction of the SAH. The first dose of vigabatrin was given 2 hours after SAH induction. A daily dose of 500 mg/kg vigabatrin was administered intraperitoneally. After 3 days, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the brains were removed, together with the cerebellum and brainstem. The basilar artery wall thickness and lumen areas were measured. The neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus) was also evaluated. RESULTS: The arterial wall thickness of the vigabatrin group was less than that in the SAH group (P < 0.001), and the mean luminal area of the vigabatrin group was greater than that in the SAH group (P < 0.001). Additionally, the hippocampal neuronal degeneration score of the vigabatrin group was lower than that of the SAH group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings have indicated that vigabatrin has a vasodilatory effect in an experimental SAH model in the rabbit. Moreover, it showed a neuroprotective effect in the hippocampal neurons against secondary injury induced by SAH.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications , Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , RabbitsABSTRACT
Children with infantile spasms are likely to have a poor outcome. Outcome measures for infantile spasms include primary response to treatment, relapse of spasms, neurological development, death, and progression to another type of epilepsy (Consensus Statements of the WEST Delphi Group 2004). This review is based mainly on prospective studies and emphasizes data about the current first-line drugs, adrenocorticotropic hormone, vigabatrin, and prednisolone, taking into account the proportion of patients with known and unknown etiology, which has a very strong effect on seizure outcome. In most studies, hormonal treatment (adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone) is the optimal monotherapy, except for patients with tuberous sclerosis complex, in whom vigabatrin appears superior. Combination therapy (hormones plus vigabatrin) may well be more effective than either agent alone. The underlying etiology is the most important prognostic factor. In studies with a long follow-up (up to 50 years), a favorable cognitive outcome has been observed in approximately one quarter of patients and complete seizure freedom in one-third. Autism is relatively frequent, and premature mortality is high throughout life. Modifiable prognostic factors include early recognition of the spasms with prompt treatment, short duration of hypsarrhythmia, prompt treatment of relapses of spasms and multifocal epileptic discharges, and early treatment of adverse effects. It is hoped that eventually advanced genetics and molecular data will allow an understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of many specific etiologies to allow disease-specific treatment such as is emerging for tuberous sclerosis.
Subject(s)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Glucocorticoids/pharmacology , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Spasms, Infantile/diagnosis , Young AdultABSTRACT
Hypersecretion of glucagon from pancreatic α-cells strongly contributes to diabetic hyperglycemia. Moreover, failure of α-cells to increase glucagon secretion in response to falling blood glucose concentrations compromises the defense against hypoglycemia, a common complication in diabetes therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying glucose regulation of glucagon secretion are poorly understood and likely involve both α-cell-intrinsic and intraislet paracrine signaling. Among paracrine factors, glucose-stimulated release of the GABA metabolite γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) from pancreatic ß-cells might mediate glucose suppression of glucagon release via GHB receptors on α-cells. However, the direct effects of GHB on α-cell signaling and glucagon release have not been investigated. Here, we found that GHB (4-10 µm) lacked effects on the cytoplasmic concentrations of the secretion-regulating messengers Ca2+ and cAMP in mouse α-cells. Glucagon secretion from perifused mouse islets was also unaffected by GHB at both 1 and 7 mm glucose. The GHB receptor agonist 3-chloropropanoic acid and the antagonist NCS-382 had no effects on glucagon secretion and did not affect stimulation of secretion induced by a drop in glucose from 7 to 1 mm Inhibition of endogenous GHB formation with the GABA transaminase inhibitor vigabatrin also failed to influence glucagon secretion at 1 mm glucose and did not prevent the suppressive effect of 7 mm glucose. In human islets, GHB tended to stimulate glucagon secretion at 1 mm glucose, an effect mimicked by 3-chloropropanoic acid. We conclude that GHB does not mediate the inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon secretion.
Subject(s)
Glucagon-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Glucagon/metabolism , Glucose/metabolism , Sodium Oxybate/pharmacology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Benzocycloheptenes/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Female , GABA Agents/pharmacology , Glucagon-Secreting Cells/drug effects , Glucose/pharmacology , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Middle Aged , Propionates/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Purpose: Vigabatrin (VGB) is an effective antiepileptic that increases concentrations of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by inhibiting GABA transaminase. Reports of VGB-associated visual field loss limit its clinical usefulness, and retinal toxicity studies in laboratory animals have yielded conflicting results. Methods: We examined the functional and morphologic effects of VGB in C57BL/6J mice that received either VGB or saline IP from 10 to 18 weeks of age. Retinal structure and function were assessed in vivo by optical coherence tomography (OCT), ERG, and optomotor response. After euthanasia, retinas were processed for immunohistochemistry, and retinal GABA, and VGB quantified by mass spectrometry. Results: No significant differences in visual acuity or total retinal thickness were identified between groups by optomotor response or optical coherence tomography, respectively. After 4 weeks of VGB treatment, ERG b-wave amplitude was enhanced, and amplitudes of oscillatory potentials were reduced. Dramatic rod and cone bipolar and horizontal cell remodeling, with extension of dendrites into the outer nuclear layer, was observed in retinas of VGB-treated mice. VGB treatment resulted in a mean 3.3-fold increase in retinal GABA concentration relative to controls and retinal VGB concentrations that were 20-fold greater than brain. Conclusions: No evidence of significant retinal thinning or ERG a- or b-wave deficits were apparent, although we describe significant alterations in ERG b-wave and oscillatory potentials and in retinal cell morphology in VGB-treated C57BL/6J mice. The dramatic concentration of VGB in retina relative to the target tissue (brain), with a corresponding increase in retinal GABA, offers insight into the pathophysiology of VGB-associated visual field loss.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , GABA Agents/pharmacology , Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects , Retina/drug effects , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Animals , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Oculomotor Muscles/drug effects , Random Allocation , Retina/physiopathology , Retinal Diseases/drug therapy , Retinal Diseases/physiopathology , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Visual Fields/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The goal of our study was to examine the long-term effect of vigabatrin (VGB), a γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inhibitor on clonazepam (CLO), ethosuximide (ETX) and valproate (VPA) anticonvulsive activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. METHODS: VGB was administered for 3 and 7 days. Convulsions were evoked by PTZ at its CD97 (99 mg/kg). The influence of CLO, ETX and VPA alone or in combination with VGB on motor performance and long-term memory was analyzed. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in mice brain and plasma as well as glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured. RESULTS: After 3 days of treatment, VGB in doses up to 500 mg/kg increased PTZ-induced seizure threshold, whereas after 7 days VGB (at the dose of 125 mg/kg) inhibited clonic seizures in experimental mice. 7 days of VGB administration did not change the protective effect of CLO, ETX and VPA against PTZ-induced seizures. 7 days of VGB treatment at a subthreshold dose of 75 mg/kg decreased TD50 of ETX and CLO in the chimney test, but did not affect TD50 value for VPA. 7 days of VGB administration in combination with AEDs did not affect long-term memory in mice. VGB after 3 days or 7 days of administration increased brain GABA concentration. GAD activity was decreased after 3 and 7 days of VGB administration. CONCLUSIONS: The presented results confirm anticonvulsive activity of VGB through GABA metabolism alteration and suggest care when combining VGB with ETX or CLO in the therapy.
Subject(s)
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/antagonists & inhibitors , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Brain/drug effects , Seizures/drug therapy , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Clonazepam/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Therapy, Combination , Ethosuximide/pharmacology , Mice , Pentylenetetrazole/pharmacology , Seizures/metabolism , Time Factors , Valproic Acid/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Recently we demonstrated that ablation of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme, Dnmt3b, resulted in catabolism and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in murine articular cartilage through a mechanism involving increased mitochondrial respiration. In this study, we identify 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (Abat) as a downstream target of Dnmt3b. Abat is an enzyme that metabolizes γ-aminobutyric acid to succinate, a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We show that Dnmt3b binds to the Abat promoter, increases methylation of a conserved CpG sequence just upstream of the transcriptional start site, and inhibits Abat expression. Dnmt3b deletion in articular chondrocytes results in reduced methylation of the CpG sequence in the Abat promoter, which subsequently increases expression of Abat. Increased Abat expression in chondrocytes leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration and elevated expression of catabolic genes. Overexpression of Abat in murine knee joints via lentiviral injection results in accelerated cartilage degradation following surgical induction of OA. In contrast, lentiviral-based knockdown of Abat attenuates the expression of IL-1ß-induced catabolic genes in primary murine articular chondrocytes in vitro and also protects against murine articular cartilage degradation in vivo. Strikingly, treatment with the FDA-approved small-molecule Abat inhibitor, vigabatrin, significantly prevents the development of injury-induced OA in mice. In summary, these studies establish Abat as an important new target for therapies to prevent OA.
Subject(s)
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/genetics , Cartilage, Articular/injuries , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism , Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/antagonists & inhibitors , 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/metabolism , Animals , Cartilage, Articular/cytology , Cartilage, Articular/drug effects , Cartilage, Articular/pathology , Cells, Cultured , Chondrocytes/cytology , Chondrocytes/drug effects , Chondrocytes/immunology , Chondrocytes/pathology , CpG Islands/genetics , DNA Methylation/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Humans , Interleukin-1beta/immunology , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mitochondria/metabolism , Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy , Osteoarthritis, Knee/etiology , Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects , Primary Cell Culture , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Transcription Initiation Site , Transcription, Genetic , Vigabatrin/therapeutic use , DNA Methyltransferase 3BABSTRACT
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter in mammals whose receptor is reported to be regulated by flavonoids. In plants, it is considered to be at the intersection of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, but its relationship with flavonoid metabolism remains unclear. Our recent RNA-seq analysis showed that expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes was influenced in poplar by the blockage of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) activity and the application of GABA under NaCl stress, accompanied by the changes in GABA shunt activity. Here, we further found that the flavonoid accumulation was significantly affected by blocking the activities of α-KGDH and GABA transaminase as well as applying exogenous GABA, coupled with the changes of endogenous GABA contents. Key genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were also significantly influenced, including two PALs, 4CL, and two CHSs. Our results suggest that the GABA shunt is closely associated with the metabolism of flavonoids, which would benefit future understanding of GABA's roles in carbon allocation by regulating the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis under normal or stress conditions.
Subject(s)
Flavonoids/metabolism , Populus/metabolism , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism , Biosynthetic Pathways/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Populus/drug effects , Populus/genetics , Seedlings/drug effects , Seedlings/metabolism , Succinates/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The anticonvulsant vigabatrin (VGB; SabrilR) irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase to increase neural GABA, yet its mechanism of retinal toxicity remains unclear. VGB is suggested to alter several amino acids, including homocarnosine, ß-alanine, ornithine, glycine, taurine, and 2-aminoadipic acid (AADA), the latter a homologue of glutamic acid. Here, we evaluate the effect of VGB on amino acid concentrations in mice, employing a continuous VGB infusion (subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps), dose-escalation paradigm (35-140â¯mg/kg/d, 12 days), and amino acid quantitation in eye, visual and prefrontal cortex, total brain, liver and plasma. We hypothesized that continuous VGB dosing would reveal numerous hitherto undescribed amino acid disturbances. Consistent amino acid elevations across tissues included GABA, ß-alanine, carnosine, ornithine and AADA, as well as neuroactive aspartic and glutamic acids, serine and glycine. Maximal increase of AADA in eye occurred at 35â¯mg/kg/d (41⯱â¯2â¯nmol/g (nâ¯=â¯21, vehicle) to 60⯱â¯8.5 (nâ¯=â¯8)), and at 70â¯mg/kg/d for brain (97⯱â¯6 (nâ¯=â¯21) to 145⯱â¯6 (nâ¯=â¯6)), visual cortex (128⯱â¯6 to 215⯱â¯19) and prefrontal cortex (124⯱â¯11 to 200⯱â¯13; mean⯱â¯SEM; pâ¯<â¯0.05), the first demonstration of tissue AADA accumulation with VGB in mammal. VGB effects on basic amino acids, including guanidino-species, suggested the capacity of VGB to alter urea cycle function and nitrogen disposal. The known toxicity of AADA in retinal glial cells highlights new avenues for assessing VGB retinal toxicity and other off-target effects.
Subject(s)
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/metabolism , Amino Acids/metabolism , Metabolome/physiology , Metabolomics/methods , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/antagonists & inhibitors , Amino Acids/blood , Amino Acids/genetics , Animals , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Male , Metabolome/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Retina/drug effects , Retina/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord ischemia is a serious and catastrophic clinicopathologic condition. Despite studies reported over the last 20 years, alternative and efficient treatment options remain unclear. We examined the neuroprotective effects of vigabatrin on a spinal ischemia-reperfusion model. METHODS: We divided 24 New Zealand rabbits into 4 groups (control, ischemia reperfusion, and low-dose and high-dose vigabatrin). The control group underwent only abdominal surgery, whereas an abdominal aortic cross-clamp model of spinal ischemia was performed in the other groups. Clips were removed after 30 minutes and 50 and 150 mg/kg vigabatrin was administered intraperitoneally to the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. Neurologic examination was performed for 48 hours, after which the rabbits were sacrificed and a blood sample obtained. Biochemical examination of malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, total nitric oxide, and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities in plasma and tissue sample, and histopathologic examination of the spinal cord were performed and statistical results compared between the groups. RESULTS: Low-dose vigabatrin had statistically significant effects of neuroprotection on spinal ischemia. Although high-dose vigabatrin had similar effects, the results were not statistically significant for all parameters of biochemical analysis. In addition, histopathologic examination showed some toxic effects of high-dose vigabatrin. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroprotective effects of vigabatrin are shown. For clinical use, further studies are needed.
Subject(s)
GABA Agents/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Spinal Cord Ischemia/metabolism , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Vigabatrin/pharmacology , Advanced Oxidation Protein Products/drug effects , Advanced Oxidation Protein Products/metabolism , Animals , Constriction , Glutathione/drug effects , Glutathione/metabolism , Male , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rabbits , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Spinal Cord/pathologyABSTRACT
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is one of the most frequent epilepsies in infancy. The first-line recommended therapy for CAE is based on the prescription of the narrow-spectrum ethosuximide and the broad-spectrum valproic acid, which have similar efficacy in the first 12 months. Nevertheless, some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may worsen seizure duration and type in this syndrome. In line with this, we have encountered a case of identical twins with CAE and early exposure to different antiseizure drugs leading to divergent outcomes. From this, we hypothesized that the first AED to treat CAE may determine the long-term prognosis, especially in the developing brain, and that some situations leading to drug resistance may be explained by use of an inappropriate first AED. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis by using a genetic mouse model of absence epilepsy (BS/Orl). Mice received a first appropriate or inappropriate AED followed by the same appropriate AED. Our data demonstrate that an inappropriate first AED has a negative impact on the long-term efficacy of a second appropriate AED. This work supports the necessity to effectively diagnose epileptic syndromes prior to medication use, particularly in children, in order to prevent the deleterious effects of an inappropriate initial AED.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy , Inappropriate Prescribing , Animals , Drug Therapy, Combination , Electroencephalography/drug effects , Ethosuximide/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Saline Solution/pharmacology , Treatment Outcome , Valproic Acid/pharmacology , Vigabatrin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
West syndrome (WS), also known as infantile spasms, occurs in infancy with a peak between 4 and 7 months. Spasms, neurodevelopmental regression and hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalogram (EEG) basically define WS. The International League Against Epilepsy commission classifies the aetiologies of WS into genetic, structural, metabolic and unknown. Early diagnosis and a shorter lag time to treatment are essential for the overall outcome of WS patients. These goals are feasible with the addition of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic and metabolic testing. The present work analysed the medical literature on WS and reports the principal therapeutic protocols of its management. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), vigabatrin (VGB) and corticosteroids are the first-line treatments for WS. There is no unique therapeutic protocol for ACTH, but most of the evidence suggests that low doses are as effective as high doses for short-term treatment, which is generally 2 weeks followed by dose tapering. VGB is generally administered at doses from 50 to 150 mg/kg/day, but its related retinal toxicity, which occurs in 21-34% of infants, is most frequently observed when treatment periods last longer than 6 months. Among corticosteroids, a treatment of 14 days of oral prednisolone (40-60 mg/day) has been considered effective and well tolerated. Considering that an early diagnosis and a shorter lag time to treatment are essential for successful outcomes in these patients, further studies on efficacy of the different therapeutic approaches with evaluation of final outcome after cessation of therapy are needed.