Plastisphere-hosted viruses: A review of interactions, behavior, and effects.

Microbial communities, including bacteria, diatoms, and fungi, colonize plastic surfaces, forming biofilms known as the "plastisphere." Recent research has revealed that plastispheres also host a wide range of viruses, sparking interest in microbial ecology and virology. This shared habitat allows viruses to replicate, interact, infect, and spread, potentially impacting the environment and human health. Consequently, viruses attached to microplastics are now recognized to have broad effects on cellular and immune responses. However, the ecology and implications of viruses hosted in plastisphere habitats remain poorly understood, highlighting their fundamental importance as a subject of study. This review explores various pathways for virus attachment to plastispheres, factors influencing these interactions, their impacts within plastisphere and host-associated environments, and associated issues. It also summarizes current research and identifies knowledge gaps. We anticipate that this paper will help improve our predictive understanding of plastisphere viruses in natural settings and emphasizes the need for more research in real-world environments to advance the field.

Tracking of herpesviruses: what have been seen and will be seen? / 生物工程学报

Viral infection of cells is a highly intricate process that involves the complex virus-cell interactions. Recently, virologists can monitor the virus life cycle at the primary infection site in real-time using various virus tracking techniques. Herpesviruses, a class of large enveloped DNA viruses, are important pathogens threatening the health of humans and animals. This review discussed the applications of different virus tracking techniques in herpesvirus studies, to provide new insights into virus-cell interactions and replication mechanisms of herpesviruses. Though the techniques have widely been exploited, some issues need to be addressed, such as the selection of the optimal site to insert reporters and the inability to track the whole process of the virus life cycle. With the updated tracking techniques, hopefully, more complex replication mechanismsof herpesviruses will be revealed in detail.

Ejercicios resistidos, parámetros hematológicos, virológicos y perfil antropométrico en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA / Exercícios resistidos, parâmetros hematologicos e virologicos, e perfil antropometrico em pessoas com HIV/AIDS / Resisted exercises, hematological and virological parameters, and anthropometric profiles in people living with HIV/AIDS

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo fue analizar la relación entre los ejercicios de fuerza y los parámetros hematológicos, virológicos y antropométricos. Método. Fueron analizadas 40 personas de ambos sexos que viven con VIH/SIDA, con edades entre 20 y 50 años, de la ciudad de Mossoró (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil). Todas fueron evaluadas antes y después de ser sometidas a un programa de ejercicios de fuerza. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS 20.0 en su versión en portugués. Resultados. Fue posible encontrar diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en el porcentaje de grasa, la urea y la hemoglobina. Conclusiones. Se concluye que al participar en un programa de ejercicios de fuerza, las personas que viven con VIH/ SIDA obtuvieron mejorías en los parámetros hematológicos, virológicos y en su perfil antropométrico (AU)

Objective. The objective of this descriptive study was to analyze the relationship between strength exercises and hematological, virological and anthropometric parameters. Method. A total of 40 people living with HIV/AIDS from both genders, aged between 20 to 50 years old, and residents in the city of Mossoró-RN (Brazil) were analyzed. All of them were evaluated before and after being subjected to a program of resisted exercises. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program version 20.0 in Portuguese. Results. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the fat percentage, urea, and hemoglobin. Conclusions. It was concluded that by participating in a program of resisted exercises, people living with HIV/AIDS achieved improved hematological and virological parameters and anthropometric profile (AU)

Objetivo. O objetivo deste estudo descritivo foi analisar os efeitos do exercício físico resistido em parâmetros hematológicos e virológicos e o perfil antropometrico de pessoas com HIV/AIDS. Método. Um total de 40 pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 a 50 anos e residentes na cidade de Mossoró-RN foram analisados. Todos foram avaliados antes e depois de ser submetido a um programa de exercícios resistidos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa SPSS versão 20.0 em Português. Resultados. Houve uma diferença significativa (p<0.05) foi observada no percentual de gordura, ureia, e hemoglobina. Conclusões. Conclui-se que, ao participar de um programa de exercícios resistidos, as pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS alcançaram melhorias no parâmetros hematológicos e virológicos e perfil antropométrico (AU)

MicroRNA and Viral Infection / 病毒学报

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding molecules of ribonucleic acid. They are about 22 nucleotides in length, single-stranded, and mediate post-translational regulation by the repression or degradation of messenger RNA(mRNA). miRNA play a key part in the proliferation, differentiation and death of cells. Viral infection is one of the most common causes of human disease. Some studies have found that miRNA has a very close relationship with viral infection, which has an effect on viral replication, the immune response and antiviral immunity. Use of miRNA may become the cornerstone of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection. This article summarizes the progress of research into miRNA and viral infection.

Research Progress in Airway Epithelial Cell Culture as a Respiratory Disease Model / 病毒学报

Respiratory virus poses a serious threat to human life and health. Airway epithelial cells are the body's first line of defense from a wide variety of foreign pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Therefore, successful airway epithelial cell culture can provide a model for investigating the mechanisms underlying respiratory pathogenic diseases following airway virus infection. This respiratory disease model can also be used for the potential development of novel therapeutics. Here we provide a brief review of recent developments on the culture of cells derived from human trachea-bronchial airway epithelium, and the application of this model for studying respiratory virus and disease.

Epstein-Barr virus infection mechanisms / 癌症

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection occurs by distinct mechanisms across different cell types. EBV infection of B cells in vitro minimally requires 5 viral glycoproteins and 2 cellular proteins. By contrast, infection of epithelial cells requires a minimum of 3 viral glycoproteins, which are capable of interacting with one or more of 3 different cellular proteins. The full complement of proteins involved in entry into all cell types capable of being infected in vivo is unknown. This review discusses the events that occur when the virus is delivered into the cytoplasm of a cell, the players known to be involved in these events, and the ways in which these players are thought to function.

Signal transduction of innate immunity to virus infection / 病毒学报

The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three types pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells play a pivotal role in the first line of host defense system. PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Three types PRRs have their own features in ligand recognition and cellular location. Activated PRRs deliver signals to adaptor molecules (MyD88, TRIF, IRAK, IPS-1), which act as important messengers to activate downstream kinases (IKK complex, MAPKs, TBK1, RIP-1) and transcription factors (NF-kappaB, AP-1, IRF3), which produce effected molecules including cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes, and type I interferons. This review focuses on discussing PRRs signaling pathways and achievements in this field in order to provide beneficial strategies for human life and immune diseases prevention.

Roles of COPI related proteins during virus replication / 病毒学报

COPI is a protein complex that transports vesicles from the Golgi complex back to endoplasmic reticulum. Many viruses such as RNA viruses, DNA viruses and retroviruses, hijack or adapt COPI related proteins including coatomer, ARF1 and GBF1 for their own benefits. Here, we summarize the current progress of the roles of COPI related proteins in virus replication.

Cellular ESCRT complex and its roles in enveloped viruses budding / 生物工程学报

In eukaryotic cells, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are required for trafficking of membrane proteins to lysosomes for selective destruction. The sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins into multivesicular bodies and the biogenesis of MVBs are mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Topologically equivalent to the budding of intralumenal vesicles from the limiting membrane of the MVBs, the ESCRT complex is also involved in cytokinetic abscission, phagophore formation, and enveloped virus budding. Many retroviruses and RNA viruses encode "late-domain" motifs that are able to interact with the components of the ESCRT complex, and the interactions recruit ESCRT-III and VPS4 to the viral assembly and budding sites. Recently, few studies revealed that the ESCRT complex is also required for efficient egress of some DNA viruses, including Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex virus type-1, and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Further examination of virus-ESCRT interactions should shed light on the detailed mechanism of virus assembly and budding.

Viruses, definitions and reality

Viruses are known to be abundant, ubiquitous, and to play a very important role in the health and evolution of life organisms. However, most biologists have considered them as entities separate from the realm of life and acting merely as mechanical artifacts that can exchange genes between different organisms. This article reviews some definitions of life organisms to determine if viruses adjust to them, and additionally, considers new discoveries to challenge the present definition of viruses. Definitions of life organisms have been revised in order to validate how viruses fit into them. Viral factories are discussed since these mini-organelles are a good example of the complexity of viral infection, not as a mechanical usurpation of cell structures, but as a driving force leading to the reorganization and modification of cell structures by viral and cell enzymes. New discoveries such as the Mimivirus, its virophage and viruses that produce filamentous tails when outside of their host cell, have stimulated the scientific community to analyze the current definition of viruses. One way to be free for innovation is to learn from life, without rigid mental structures or tied to the past, in order to understand in an integrated view the new discoveries that will be unfolded in future research. Life processes must be looked from the complexity and trans-disciplinarity perspective that includes and accepts the temporality of the active processes of life organisms, their interdependency and interrelation among them and their environment. New insights must be found to redefine life organisms, especially viruses, which still are defined using the same concepts and knowledge of the fifties. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 993-998. Epub 2011 September 01.

Los virus son abundantes, ubicuos, y juegan un papel muy importante en la salud y en la evolución de los organismos vivos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los biólogos los siguen considerado como entidades separadas de la red de la vida y que actúan como meros artefactos mecánicos a la hora de intercambiar genes entre los diferentes organismos. Este artículo revisa varias definiciones de organismos vivos para determinar si los virus se ajustan a ellas, y adicionalmente, considera los nuevos descubrimientos que retan las definiciones actuales de los virus. La fábricas de virus son discutidas ya que estas mini-organelas son un buen ejemplo de la complejidad de las infecciones virales, no como una usurpación mecánica de las estructuras de la célula, pero como una fuerza vital que lleva a la reorganización y la modificación de las estructuras de las células por enzimas celulares y virales. Los nuevos descubrimientos como los Mimivirus, su virófago y virus que producen colas filamentosas cuando se encuentran fuera de la célula, han estimulado a la comunidad científica a analizar la definición actual de los virus. Para la innovación se debe estar libre de estructuras mentales rígidas o apegadas al pasado, para lograr comprender e integrar los nuevos descubrimientos que traerán las investigaciones futuras. Los procesos de la vida deben verse desde la perspectiva de la complejidad y la trans-disciplinariedad que incluye y acepta la temporalidad de los procesos activos de los organismos vivos y su interdependencia e interrelación entre ellos y su ambiente.

Investigating the risk of two model virus in the laboratory / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the survival time of recombination rival in environment and inactivation ability of different disinfectant and ultraviolet radiation against virus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>NC membranes absorbed the recombinant adenovirus (rADV) or herpes simplex virus (rHSV) with green fluorescence protein (GFP) were laid, or immersed in various concentration of different disinfectants such as ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, lysol and geramine and then taked out them every 15 min, or exposed under ultraviolet radiation, then the NC membranes were adsorbed 1 h in cell, 37 degrees C 5% CO2 48 h. The results were observed under the fluorescence microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) the average survival time of rHSV under environment is less than 60 min, rADV is almost up to 2 h. (2) The infection ability of rHSV and rADV was inactived 15 min by both ethanol (100%, 70% and 50%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%, 2.5% and 1.25%). (3) Two virus can be killed by 0.1% bromogeramine. (4) Both 5% and 2.5% lysol, but rADV can not lost the infection on Vero Cell until 75 min by 1.25% Lysol. (5) The rHSV was inactivated under ultraviolet radiation, but rADV was not.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The survival time of is different from both envelope rival and the no-envelope viral under nature environment and the inactivate ability of disinfectant also is different between two model virus; Disinfectant should be choose according to virus type.</p>

Development of Peptide Antibody against Coxsackievirus B3 VP2

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the nonenveloped virus containing a single-stranded positive-sense RNA as a genome. CVB3 infection can induce acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomypathy. CVB3 of icosahedral symmetry has four capsid proteins called VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. Although VP1 is a major antigenic determinant, VP2 is also an important protein for viral physiology, such as maturation cleavage and attenuation. However, VP2 study has been hampered, partly because VP2 antibody is not available. In this study, we developed peptide-based polyclonal VP2 antibody and analyzed its potency by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescent assay. Purified B3-1 antibody (VP2 peptide antibody developed in here) showed the sensitivity and specificity, similar to VP1 monoclonal antibody which is commercially available. Moreover, this peptide antibody may be useful for double-staining with other antibodies derived from mouse. Therefore, the VP2 antibody may allow us to study CVB assembly and understand VP2 function in depth.

Infección persistente por el virus de la Hepatitis C: papel de las células dendríticas / Hepatitis C virus persistent infection: dendritic cell role

El virus de hepatitis C (VHC) es el agente causal de la hepatitis no A no B de transmisión parenteral el cual se caracteriza por producir infección persistente hasta en un 80 por ciento de los individuos infectados. La persistencia viral es atribuida al uso de múltiples estrategias de evasión de la respuesta inmune por el VHC, entre las que se encuentran la generación de variantes virales que escapan a la respuesta de LT citotóxicos y a la capacidad de infectar células del sistema inmune como linfocitos B, macrófagos y células dendríticas. La infección de células del sistema inmune puede inducir modificaciones en su función; algunos estudios postulan que el VHC puede bloquear el proceso de maduración, disminuir la producción de interleuquina 12 y la expresión de moléculas coestimuladoras en células dendríticas (CDs), lo que podría correlacionarse con alteraciones en la capacidad de inducir proliferación de LT por células dendríticas; sin embargo, los mecanismos del VHC para inducir alteraciones en la función de CDs no han sido totalmente dilucidados. El conocimiento de los blancos moleculares del VHC en las células dendríticas humanas será útil en el estudio y desarrollo de medicamentos y vacunas efectivas en el control de la infección por VHC

Fisiopatología de la instalación de las infecciones

La sepsis es una situación clínica que puede terminar abruptamente con la vida, es el efecto clínico y la causa de los cambios sistémicos en la homeostasis, que predispone al desarrollo del fallo orgánico. El cuadro clínico de la sepsis y su consecuencia final, el shock séptico, son el resultado de desórdenes en la función cardíaca, la permeabilidad capilar, el metabolismo celular y el manejo del volumen circulatorio. Los mecanismos compensatorios que se ponen en funcionamiento en respuesta a esta agresión se encuentran orientados a mantener la perfusión cardíaca y cerebral. Se representa un gráfico del proceso de infección activa para su mejor compresión