ABSTRACT
WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) is a member of the WD40-repeat protein family that plays a critical role in multiple chromatin-centric processes. Overexpression of WDR5 correlates with a poor clinical outcome in many human cancers, and WDR5 itself has emerged as an attractive target for therapy. Most drug-discovery efforts center on the WIN site of WDR5 that is responsible for the recruitment of WDR5 to chromatin. Here, we describe discovery of a novel WDR5 WIN site antagonists containing a dihydroisoquinolinone bicyclic core using a structure-based design. These compounds exhibit picomolar binding affinity and selective concentration-dependent antiproliferative activities in sensitive MLL-fusion cell lines. Furthermore, these WDR5 WIN site binders inhibit proliferation in MYC-driven cancer cells and reduce MYC recruitment to chromatin at MYC/WDR5 co-bound genes. Thus, these molecules are useful probes to study the implication of WDR5 inhibition in cancers and serve as a potential starting point toward the discovery of anti-WDR5 therapeutics.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemical synthesis , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Quinolones/chemical synthesis , Quinolones/pharmacology , WD40 Repeats/drug effects , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Chromatin/drug effects , Chromatin/genetics , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Drug Discovery , Epigenetic Repression/drug effects , Genes, myc/drug effects , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Antagonism of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with small molecules is becoming more feasible as a therapeutic approach. Successful PPI inhibitors tend to target proteins containing deep peptide-binding grooves or pockets rather than the more common large, flat protein interaction surfaces. Here, we review one of the most abundant PPI domains in the human proteome, the WD40 repeat (WDR) domain, which has a central peptide-binding pocket and is a member of the ß-propeller domain-containing protein family. Recently, two WDR domain-containing proteins, WDR5 and EED, as well as other ß-propeller domains have been successfully targeted by potent, specific, cell-active, drug-like chemical probes. Could WDR domains be a novel target class for drug discovery? Although the research is at an early stage and therefore not clinically validated, cautious optimism is justified, as WDR domain-containing proteins are involved in multiple disease-associated pathways. The druggability and structural diversity of WDR domain binding pockets suggest that understanding how to target this prevalent domain class will open up areas of disease biology that have so far resisted drug discovery efforts.
Subject(s)
Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods , WD40 Repeats/drug effects , Animals , HumansABSTRACT
WD40 repeat (WDR) domains are protein interaction scaffolds that represent one of the largest protein families in human, and a first WDR inhibitor-an allosteric antagonist of polycomb repressive complex 2-just entered the clinic. A systematic analysis of the CORUM database of protein complexes shows that WDR is the most represented domain in transcriptional regulation and one of the most prevalent in the ubiquitin proteasome system, two pathways of high relevance to drug discovery. Parsing the literature and the vulnerability of cancer cell lines to CRISPR knockout indicates that WDR proteins are targets of interest in oncology and other disease areas. A quantitative analysis of WDR structures reveals that druggable binding pockets can be found on multiple surfaces of these multifaceted protein interaction platforms. These data support the development of chemical probes to further interrogate WDR proteins as an emerging therapeutic target class.
