Metabolic syndrome and associated factors among psychiatric patients in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, South West Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a multisystem disorder which coined to describe the recognized clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abnormalities of glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among psychiatric patients in Jimma University Specialized Hospital. METHODS: This study was conducted at Jimma University Specialized hospital psychiatric ward from May 15 to July 16, 2015. A cross-sectional study design and consecutive sampling technique were used. A single population proportion formula was used to include a total of 360 psychiatric patients. An interview administered structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and some clinical data. Anthropometric data were collected based on standard guild line for anthropometric measurement. Five milliliter of venous blood was collected from ante-cubital fossa after overnight fasting for 8 h. Semi-automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Temis Linear) was used for biochemical laboratory analysis. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS version-20 software. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify the association between dependent and independent variables. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant association. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among psychiatric patients was 28.9%. Age greater than 30 years old (AOR: 5.2, CI: 2.3, 11.8, P. value < 0.05); being female (AOR: 7.1, CI: 3.3, 15.2, P. value < 0.05); regularly eating high protein and fat (AOR: 3.3, CI: 1.3, 8.2, P. value < 0.056) were independent determinant variables for high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among diabetic patients in the study area. The other independent variables such as family history of hypertension, chewing chat, Psychotropic drugs, duration of treatment, regularly eating fruits and vegetables had no statistically significant association with metabolic syndrome (P. value > 0.05). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: There was high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the psychiatric patients. Therefore; close assessment, management and treatment of metabolic syndrome among patients with psychiatry problem is essential.

Comparison of anthropometric indices (body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio) in predicting risk of type II diabetes in the population of Yazd, Iran.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the best anthropometric index and calculate the cut-off point for each anthropometric index in predicting the risk of type II diabetes in the population of Yazd city in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present analytical cross-sectional study was performed using the data from Yazd Health Study (YaHS) with a sample size of 9293. All required data including anthropometric indices BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were extracted from the YAHS questionnaire. The ROC curve was employed to compare the predictive power of each anthropometric index in the risk of developing the type II diabetes. RESULTS: WHtR in both genders had better predictive power for the risk of type II diabetes (AUC = 0.692 for males and AUC = 0.708 for females), and BMI showed a weaker predictive power (AUC = 0.603 for males and AUC = 0.632 for females), WC and WHR also revealed similar predictive power in the risk of type II diabetes. The cut-off point of BMI for predicting the risk of diabetes was almost identical in both genders (26.2 in males and 25.9 in females), the cut-off point of WC (91 cm), and WHtR (0.56) in males was lower than in the females (96 cm for WC and 0.605 for WHtR). The cut-off point of WHR in males (0.939) was higher than in females (0.892). CONCLUSION: The WHtR showed the best predictor of diabetes risk compared to other indices, and the BMI was the weakest predictor of the risk for diabetes.

Behavioral and familial predictors of diabetes mellitus in adults aged 20-69 in Yazd, Iran during 2014-2015.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to assess the behavioral and familial predictors of diabetes mellitus as well as their interaction in the risk of diabetes mellitus type2. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted using the Yazd health study (YaHS) data which was collected in 2013-14. Statistical population of this study consisted of all 9340 individuals aged between 20 and 69 in Yazd City. Logistic regression was used to determine behavioral factors and family history of diabetes and their interaction in the risk of diabetes. RESULTS: In the present study, age, family history of type 2 diabetes, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, educational level, physical activity and smoking were considered as the risk factors for type 2 diabetes.There was a significant interaction(negative interaction) between family history of diabetes and other risk factors only for BMI, so that the risk of developing type-2 diabetes was lower in the presence of two risk factors- family history of diabetes and BMI- than the risk of diabetes in the presence of each of these factors. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study suggested that despite the consideration of family history as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, if it was used as a tool to raise the awareness and sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes, it would reduce the risk of developing this type of diabetes in people who had other risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

Lower body functioning and correlates among older American Indians: The Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Consequences in American Indians Study.

BACKGROUND: More than six million American Indians live in the United States, and an estimated 1.6 million will be aged ≥65 years old by 2050 tripling in numbers since 2012. Physical functioning and related factors in this population are poorly understood. Our study aimed to assess lower body functioning and identify the prevalence and correlates of "good" functioning in a multi-tribe, community-based sample of older American Indians. METHODS: Assessments used the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). "Good" lower body functioning was defined as a total SPPB score of ≥10. Potential correlates included demographic characteristics, study site, anthropometrics, cognitive functioning, depressive symptomatology, grip strength, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, prior stroke, smoking, alcohol use, and over-the-counter medication use for arthritis or pain. Data were collected between 2010 and 2013 by the Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Consequences in American Indians Study from community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years (n = 818). RESULTS: The sample's mean age was 73 ± 5.9 years. After adjustment for age and study site, average SPPB scores were 7.0 (95% CI, 6.8, 7.3) in women and 7.8 (95% CI, 7.5, 8.2) in men. Only 25% of the sample were classified with "good" lower body functioning. When treating lower body functioning as a continuous measure and adjusting for age, gender, and study site, the correlates of better functioning that we identified were younger age, male gender, married status, higher levels of education, higher annual household income, Southern Plains study site, lower waist-hip ratio, better cognitive functioning, stronger grip strength, lower levels of depressive symptomatology, alcohol consumption, and the absence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease. In our fully adjusted models, correlates of "good" lower body functioning were younger age, higher annual household income, better cognitive functioning, stronger grip, and the absence of diabetes mellitus and heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that "good" lower body functioning is uncommon in this population, whereas its correlates are similar to those found in studies of other older adult populations. Future efforts should include the development or cultural tailoring of interventions to improve lower body functioning in older American Indians.

Trends and Cut-Point Changes in Obesity Parameters by Age Groups Considering Metabolic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an important issue worldwide. Obesity has a close relationship with NCDs. Various age-related changes should be considered when evaluating obesity. METHODS: National representative cohort data from the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort from 2012 to 2013 were used. Sex-specific and age group-specific (10-year intervals) means for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) were calculated. Optimal cut-points for obesity parameters were defined as the value predicting two or more components of metabolic syndrome (except WC). RESULTS: The mean value and optimal cut-point for BMI decreased with age for men. The mean BMI value for women increased with age, but optimal cut-points showed no remarkable difference. The mean WC of men increased with age, but the optimal cut-points were similar for age groups. For women, the mean value and optimal cut-point for WC increased with age. Regarding WtHR, the mean value and optimal cut-point increased with age for men and women. Differences across age groups were larger for women. CONCLUSION: The mean values of the obesity indices and the optimal cut-points were changed according to age groups. This study supports the necessity of applying age group-specific cut-points for the various obesity parameters.

The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum levels high sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lipid profile and anthropometric characteristics in middle-age women patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of high sensitivity C- reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipid profile and anthropometric characteristics in middle-aged women patients with type-2 diabetes. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study, 20 women patients with type-2 diabetes (mean age, 50.25 ±â€¯4.36 years, Body mass index, 25.51 ±â€¯2.91 kg/m2, and body fat percentage 23.67 ±â€¯3.05%) were randomly categorized into two experimental and control groups. The protocol aerobic training included eight-minute jogging and eight-minute running with 75-85 percent maximum heart rate reserve in the first session. Per both sessions, one minute added to running time and it increased up to 32 min after 12 weeks. Blood sampling and anthropometric measurements, 24 h before and 48 h after the last training session were conducted. RESULT: The result showed a significant reduction in hs-CRP and TNF-α in the experimental than control group (P = 0.01). Exercise training-treated patients showed a significant decrease in TG, LDL and increase HDL in comparison with baseline and the control group (P < .05). The results also showed a significant decrease in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist-hip ratio (P values 0.02, 0.03, 001, 0.04 respectively) following the 12 weeks aerobic training. CONCLUSION: It seems that long-term aerobic training, improved some important anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type-2 diabetes. These observations give a new insight into the mechanisms by which aerobic training can reduce the cardiovascular risk in diabetes.

Sobrevaloración del índice de cintura-cadera como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico / Overestimation of waist-hip index as a marker of cardiovascular risk

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Estimación fiable del perímetro de cintura mediante la talla de pantalón / Trouser size as a reliable estimate of waist circumference

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Association of Body Fat Percentage and Waist-hip Ratio With Brain Cortical Thickness: A Study Among 1777 Cognitively Normal Subjects.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has emerged that there is a link between body weight and the risk of developing dementia. However, the relationship between adiposity and brain structure has not yet been fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the association of body fat composition with cortical thickness in cognitively normal subjects. METHODS: In total, 1777 (887 men and 890 women) cognitively normal subjects, aged 45 years or older, were recruited from the Health Promotion Center in South Korea. Medical records including 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and other factors were reviewed. RESULTS: In men, the percentage of fat was positively associated with cortical thickness and the highest WHR group showed significantly decreased cortical thickness compared with the reference group. WHR showed an inverted U-shaped association with total cortical thickness and frontal lobe thickness in men. Among women, there was no significant association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in men, body fat is positively associated with cortical thickness, whereas abdominal fat is negatively associated with cortical thickness.

Primeras curvas de percentiles de la circunferencia de cintura en un grupo de adolescentes del Estado Lara Venezuela / First percentile curves of waist circumference in a group of teenagers Lara State Venezuela

Desarrollar curvas de percentiles (P) de la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) en adolescentes según edad, sexo y sitio de medición de la CC. Estudio descriptivo transversal con 7.230 adolescentes sanos (3.935 mujeres), de 10 a 19 años de edad, todas las clases sociales, seleccionados aleatoriamente en 27 instituciones educativas, urbanas y rurales, públicas y privadas de 8 parroquias de Iribarren. Se midió la CC en tres sitios anatómicos. Se construyeron curvas suavizadas para P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 y P97 con el método LMS Pro. Para el sitio anatómico (1), mujeres entre 12 y 15 años superaron a los hombres. Entre 16 y 19 años los resultados se invirtieron. A los 19 años, el P90 no parece demostrar continuidad con el criterio diagnóstico de obesidad central de mujeres adultas, según el ATP III. Para el sitio anatómico (2), el P90 de hombres tampoco parece tener continuidad con el criterio diagnóstico de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes para adultos. En los sitios anatómicos (2) y (3), los percentiles siempre fueron superiores en varones. Todos los percentiles difirieron de poblaciones extranjeras. Se confirma la necesidad de desarrollar curvas de percentiles propias, con sus puntos de corte para diagnosticar obesidad central

To develop percentile curves (P) of waist circumference (WC) in adolescents according to age, sex and measurement site of WC. A representative cross-sectional study of 7230 healthy adolescents (3,935 women) aged 10-19 years, of all social classes, randomly selected from 27 urban and rural, public and private, educational institutions, in the state Lara, Venezuela was done. WC was measured at three anatomical sites. Smoothed curves were constructed for P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 and P97 using the LMS Pro method. For the anatomical site (1), the women’s values, aged 12-15 years, were higher than male’s ones. For ages 16-19 years the results were reversed. In 19-year-old women, the P90 does not appear to show continuity with the diagnosticcriteria of central obesity of ATP II in adult women. For the anatomical site (2), P90 male does not seem to have continuity with the diagnostic criteria of the International Diabetes Federation among adult men. For anatomical sites (2) and (3), the percentiles were always higher in males. All percentiles differed from foreign populations. This confirms the need to develop our own percentile curves, with their cutoff points for central obesity diagnosis

Adiposity indicators and dementia over 32 years in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: High midlife and late-life adiposity may increase risk for dementia. Late-life decrease in body mass index (BMI) or body weight within several years of a dementia diagnosis has also been reported. Differences in study designs and analyses may provide different pictures of this relationship. METHODS: Thirty-two years of longitudinal body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) data, from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Sweden, were related to dementia. A representative sample of 1,462 nondemented women was followed from 1968 at ages 38-60 years, and subsequently in 1974, 1980, 1992, and 2000, using neuropsychiatric, anthropometric, clinical, and other measurements. Cox proportional hazards regression models estimated incident dementia risk by baseline factors. Logistic regression models including measures at each examination were related to dementia among surviving participants 32 years later. RESULTS: While Cox models showed no association between baseline anthropometric factors and dementia risk, logistic models showed that a midlife WHR greater than 0.80 increased risk for dementia approximately twofold (odds ratio 2.22, 95% confidence interval 1.00-4.94, p = 0.049) among surviving participants. Evidence for reverse causality was observed for body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in years preceding dementia diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Among survivors to age 70, high midlife waist-to-hip ratio may increase odds of dementia. Traditional Cox models do not evidence this relationship. Changing anthropometric parameters in years preceding dementia onset indicate the dynamic nature of this seemingly simple relationship. There are midlife and late-life implications for dementia prevention, and analytical considerations related to identifying risk factors for dementia.

Secular changes in fatness and fat distribution in Australian children matched for body size.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate secular trends in waist girth and skinfold measures among Australian children from 1985 and 1997/2002, matched for body size. SUBJECTS: A total of 2604 children (10-12 years old) measured in the 1985 Australian Health and Fitness Survey and in two later surveys of South Australian schoolchildren (1997/2002), were matched for age, stature, weight and body mass index (BMI). Measurements. The matched children were compared by ANOVA on waist and hip girths, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and abdominal and triceps skinfolds, taken by trained anthropometrists. RESULTS: Between the survey periods, there were significant increases in waist girth, WHR, and the two skinfold measures, but more so for abdominal skinfold. The differences in abdominal skinfold, waist girth and WHR were greater for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS: In Australian children matched for body size, there have been increases in measures of fatness and central adiposity over the last 20 years. This suggests that reported secular trends in BMI may be under-estimating the looming public health crisis.