ABSTRACT
Underground and surface water as a result of human activity are increasingly polluted. Mainly due to improper disposal of waste, discharge of effluents, among other actions that compromise the environment. The water analysis is necessary to determine and evaluate the situation of water supply to the population. This study evaluated the supply situation of three rural communities located in the south of Brazil, where the water is carried out through the abstraction of groundwater. Pastures, fields and remnants of native vegetation characterize the region. The water quality used to supply was what motivated the accomplishment of this work. The wells are unprotected in the middle of the pastures near to black cesspits and crops that use frequently agrochemicals. The water quality was characterized over one year by physicalchemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The results were compared to water potability standards in Brazil. In order to ensure sanitary conditions for this population, environmental education actions were carried out given the importance of access the information. It follows that the resources analyzed need disinfection to ensure better and safer water supply.
Subject(s)
Water Supply, Rural/analysis , Water Physicochemical Characteristics/analysis , Water QualityABSTRACT
Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene behavior cause a tremendous disease burden among the poor This paper evaluates the impact of the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing project in Indonesia, where about 11 percent of children have diarrhea in any two-week period and more than 33,000 children die each year from diarrhea The evaluation utilizes a randomized controlled trial but is unusual in that the program was evaluated when implemented at scale across the province of rural East Java in a way that was designed to strengthen the enabling environment and so be sustainable One hundred and sixty communities across eight rural districts participated, and approximately 2,100 households were interviewed before and after the intervention The authors found that the project increased toilet construction by approximately 3 percentage points (a 31 percent increase in the rate of toilet construction) The changes were primarily among non-poor households that did not have access to sanitation at baseline Open defecation among these households decreased by 6 percentage points (or 17 percent) Diarrhea prevalence was 30 percent lower in treatment communities than in control communities at endline (33 versus 46 percent) The analysis cannot rule out that the differences in drinking water and handwashing behavior drove the decline in diarrhea Reductions in parasitic infestations and improvements in height and weight were found for the non-poor sample with no sanitation at baseline
Subject(s)
Humans , Water Supply, Rural/analysis , Public Health/education , /education , Rural SanitationABSTRACT
Diagnóstico de la distribución y uso del agua; de acuerdo con la distribución de la lluvia en el territorio nacional, 67//del territorio es desértico, árido o semiárido y 33//es húmedo o subhúmedo. Hay insuficiencia en la cobertura de agua potable y saneamiento que se acentúa en el medio rural. Se hicieron estimaciones en 1982 revelando los siguientes niveles de servicios: 76//de la población urbana (excluyendo el D.F.) contaba con agua entubada, 40//en el medio rural; predomina la distribución mediante hidrantes públicos. El servicio de alcantarillado, para los mismos grupos de población era 42//y 20//respectivamente; de este último una parte reducida usa letrinas, no precisamente ajustadas a requerimientos sanitarios, la gran mayoría practica el fecalismo al aire libre, afectando el cultivo por el uso de aguas contaminadas. Propone medidas de solución: la medida fundamental y obvia es dotar a la población de agua potable; desarrollar y proteger las fuentes de abastecimiento y potabilizar el agua de beber; disponer sanitariamente de las excretas humanas (uso de letrinas), clorar el agua. Propuestas de acción: ampliar y mejorar los pequeños sistemas de agua potable y alcantarillado; fomentar el uso de filtros domésticos y pastillas de cloro; instalación de letrinas; reglamentar uso de aguas residuales; realizar estudios epidemiológicos y establecer programas permanentes de educación para la salud
Subject(s)
Excreta Disposal , Septic Latrines , Water Pollution/analysis , Water Supply, Rural/analysis , Mexico , Water Pollution/adverse effects , Water Supply, Rural/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
El sistema de aeración prolongada en una zanja de oxidación, permite tratar por completo las aguas cloacales de colectividdes pequeñas, al mismo costo per cápita que por el sistema convencional de lodos activados de las colectividades grandes. Debe, pues, aceptarse como un medio importante de evitar la contaminación de las aguas superficiales. El tratamiento puede ser contínuo o itermitente, según las características locales y el volumen de aguas cloacales que haya que depurar. En la actualidad están en funcionamiento diversas estaciones depuradoras y su capacidad varía entre la equivalente a colectividades de 200 a 4.000 habitantes. Este sistema puede utilizarse no sólo para la depuración de aguas cloacales domésticas, sino también para el tratamiento de aguas residuales procedentes de lecherías y de otras industrias, aun cuando contengan fenoles, sulfocianuros o carga máxima de cianuros(AU)
